Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Häufige urologisch-sexualmedizinische Themen in der Praxis sind das Thema des MMW-Webinars am 5. Juni von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. Konkret geht es um die Frage, wann bei Harnwegsinfektionen auf Antibiotika verzichtet werden kann, und um ein Update zur Therapie von Libido- und Potenzstörungen des Mannes. Der dritte Vortrag behandelt sexuell übertragbare Krankheiten. Stellen Sie Ihre Fragen an die Experten und sammeln Sie 2 CME-Punkte. Jetzt gleich anmelden!
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Neurocritical Care
Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care 1/2016

01.02.2016 | Review Article

Guideline for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage

A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine

verfasst von: Jennifer A. Frontera, John J. Lewin III, Alejandro A. Rabinstein, Imo P. Aisiku, Anne W. Alexandrov, Aaron M. Cook, Gregory J. del Zoppo, Monisha A. Kumar, Ellinor I. B. Peerschke, Michael F. Stiefel, Jeanne S Teitelbaum, Katja E. Wartenberg, Cindy L. Zerfoss

Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care | Ausgabe 1/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The use of antithrombotic agents, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytics has increased over the last decade and is expected to continue to rise. Although antithrombotic-associated intracranial hemorrhage can be devastating, rapid reversal of coagulopathy may help limit hematoma expansion and improve outcomes.

Methods

The Neurocritical Care Society, in conjunction with the Society of Critical Care Medicine, organized an international, multi-institutional committee with expertise in neurocritical care, neurology, neurosurgery, stroke, hematology, hemato-pathology, emergency medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and guideline development to evaluate the literature and develop an evidence-based practice guideline. Formalized literature searches were conducted, and studies meeting the criteria established by the committee were evaluated.

Results

Utilizing the GRADE methodology, the committee developed recommendations for reversal of vitamin K antagonists, direct factor Xa antagonists, direct thrombin inhibitors, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular weight heparin, heparinoids, pentasaccharides, thrombolytics, and antiplatelet agents in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage.

Conclusions

This guideline provides timely, evidence-based reversal strategies to assist practitioners in the care of patients with antithrombotic-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Woo D, et al. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68:116–21.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Veltkamp R, Rizos T, Horstmann S. Intracerebral bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013;39:963–71.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Franke CL, de Jonge J, van Swieten JC, Op de Coul AA, van Gijn J. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1990;21:726–30.CrossRef
4.
Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM. The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:880–4.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O’Donnell J, Greenberg SM, Rosand J. Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004;63:1059–64.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Dellinger P, et al. Use of GRADE grid to reach decisions on clinical practice guidelines when consensus is elusive. BMJ. 2008;337:a744.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:380–2.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Guyatt GH, Schunemann HJ, Djulbegovic B, Akl EA. Guideline panels should not GRADE good practice statements. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:597–600.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Brozek JL, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Part 1 of 3. An overview of the GRADE approach and grading quality of evidence about interventions. Allergy. 2009;64:669–77.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy: recent data and ideas. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2005;36:1588–93.CrossRef
12.
Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:160S–98S.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation. 1994;89:635–41.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Chesebro JH, Fuster V. Optimal antithrombotic therapy for mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Circulation. 1996;94:2055–6.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Fihn SD, McDonell M, Martin D, et al. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:511–20.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Wintzen AR, de Jonge H, Loeliger EA, Bots GT. The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage during oral anticoagulant treatment: a population study. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:553–8.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Palareti G, Leali N, Coccheri S, et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. Lancet. 1996;348:423–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Turpie AG, Gent M, Laupacis A, et al. A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:524–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
van der Meer FJ, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E. Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy. An analysis of risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1557–62.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Fang MC, Chang Y, Hylek EM, et al. Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:745–52.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM. Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2003;34:1710–6.CrossRef
22.
Neau JP, Couderq C, Ingrand P, Blanchon P, Gil R, Group VGPS. Intracranial hemorrhage and oral anticoagulant treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:195–200.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Punthakee X, Doobay J, Anand SS. Oral-anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Thromb Res. 2002;108:31–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Sjoblom L, Hardemark HG, Lindgren A, et al. Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2001;32:2567–74.CrossRef
25.
Hylek EM. Complications of oral anticoagulant therapy: bleeding and nonbleeding, rates and risk factors. Sem Vasc Med. 2003;3:271–8.CrossRef
26.
Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Death and disability from warfarin-associated intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages. Am J Med. 2007;120:700–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
Berwaerts J, Webster J. Analysis of risk factors involved in oral-anticoagulant-related intracranial haemorrhages. QJM Mon J Assoc Phys. 2000;93:513–21.
28.
Fogelholm R, Eskola K, Kiminkinen T, Kunnamo I. Anticoagulant treatment as a risk factor for primary intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1992;55:1121–4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Radberg JA, Olsson JE, Radberg CT. Prognostic parameters in spontaneous intracerebral hematomas with special reference to anticoagulant treatment. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1991;22:571–6.CrossRef
30.
Kase CS, Robinson RK, Stein RW, et al. Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 1985;35:943–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Bair H, Ivascu F, Janczyk R, Nittis T, Bendick P, Howells G. Nurse driven protocol for head injured patients on warfarin. J Trauma nurs. 2005;12:120–6.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Hanger HC, Geddes JA, Wilkinson TJ, Lee M, Baker AE. Warfarin-related intracerebral haemorrhage: better outcomes when reversal includes prothrombin complex concentrates. Inter Med J. 2013;43:308–16.CrossRef
33.
Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2006;37:1465–70.CrossRef
34.
Fredriksson K, Norrving B, Stromblad LG. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1992;23:972–7.CrossRef
35.
Ivascu FA, Howells GA, Junn FS, Bair HA, Bendick PJ, Janczyk RJ. Rapid warfarin reversal in anticoagulated patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage reduces hemorrhage progression and mortality. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2005;59(5):1131–9.CrossRef
36.
Kuramatsu JB, Gerner ST, Schellinger PD, et al. Anticoagulant reversal, blood pressure levels, and anticoagulant resumption in patients with anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA. 2015;313:824–36.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Cucchiara B, Messe S, Sansing L, Kasner S, Lyden P, Investigators C. Hematoma growth in oral anticoagulant related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2008;39:2993–6.CrossRef
38.
Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2011;42:227–76.CrossRef
39.
Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2011;42:1158–92.CrossRef
40.
Einhaupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Malhotra OP, Nesheim ME, Mann KG. The kinetics of activation of normal and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-deficient prothrombins. J Biol Chem. 1985;260:279–87.PubMed
42.
Friedman PA, Rosenberg RD, Hauschka PV, Fitz-James A. A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977;494:271–6.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Crowther MA, Wilson S. Vitamin K for the treatment of asymptomatic coagulopathy associated with oral anticoagulant therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2003;16:69–72.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Ageno W, Crowther M, Steidl L, et al. Low dose oral vitamin K to reverse acenocoumarol-induced coagulopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Thromb Haemost. 2002;88:48–51.PubMed
45.
Ageno W, Garcia D, Silingardi M, Galli M, Crowther M. A randomized trial comparing 1 mg of oral vitamin K with no treatment in the management of warfarin-associated coagulopathy in patients with mechanical heart valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:732–3.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Crowther MA, Ageno W, Schnurr T, et al. Oral vitamin K produces a normal INR within 24 hours of its administration in most patients discontinuing warfarin. Haematologica. 2005;90:137–9.PubMed
47.
Pengo V, Banzato A, Garelli E, Zasso A, Biasiolo A. Reversal of excessive effect of regular anticoagulation: low oral dose of phytonadione (vitamin K1) compared with warfarin discontinuation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 1993;4:739–41.CrossRef
48.
Raj G, Kumar R, McKinney WP. Time course of reversal of anticoagulant effect of warfarin by intravenous and subcutaneous phytonadione. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2721–4.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Lubetsky A, Hoffman R, Zimlichman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of a prothrombin complex concentrate (Octaplex) for rapid reversal of oral anticoagulation. Thromb Res. 2004;113:371–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Hung A, Singh S, Tait RC. A prospective randomized study to determine the optimal dose of intravenous vitamin K in reversal of over-warfarinization. Br J Haematol. 2000;109:537–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 1997;28:1–5.CrossRef
52.
Yasaka M, Sakata T, Minematsu K, Naritomi H. Correction of INR by prothrombin complex concentrate and vitamin K in patients with warfarin related hemorrhagic complication. Thromb Res. 2002;108:25–30.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Lubetsky A, Yonath H, Olchovsky D, Loebstein R, Halkin H, Ezra D. Comparison of oral vs intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients with excessive anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2469–73.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Watson HG, Baglin T, Laidlaw SL, Makris M, Preston FE. A comparison of the efficacy and rate of response to oral and intravenous Vitamin K in reversal of over-anticoagulation with warfarin. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:145–9.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Shetty HG, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Routledge PA. Effective reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with low dose vitamin K1. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67:13–5.PubMed
56.
Cosgriff SW. The effectiveness of an oral vitamin K1 in controlling excessive hypoprothrombinemia during anticoagulant therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1956;45:14–22.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Yasaka M, Naritomi H, Minematsu K. Ischemic stroke associated with brief cessation of warfarin. Thromb Res. 2006;118:290–3.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Kalina M, Tinkoff G, Gbadebo A, Veneri P, Fulda G. A protocol for the rapid normalization of INR in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on prescribed warfarin therapy. Am Surg. 2008;74:858–61.PubMed
59.
Frontera JA, Gordon E, Zach V, et al. Reversal of coagulopathy using prothrombin complex concentrates is associated with improved outcome compared to fresh frozen plasma in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21:397–406.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Whitling AM, Bussey HI, Lyons RM. Comparing different routes and doses of phytonadione for reversing excessive anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2136–40.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Nee R, Doppenschmidt D, Donovan DJ, Andrews TC. Intravenous versus subcutaneous vitamin K1 in reversing excessive oral anticoagulation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(286–8):A6–7.
62.
Mi YN, Ping NN, Xiao X, Zhu YB, Liu J, Cao YX. The severe adverse reaction to vitamin k1 injection is anaphylactoid reaction but not anaphylaxis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e90199.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
63.
Riegert-Johnson DL, Volcheck GW. The incidence of anaphylaxis following intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1): a 5-year retrospective review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89:400–6.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Choonara IA, Scott AK, Haynes BP, Cholerton S, Breckenridge AM, Park BK. Vitamin K1 metabolism in relation to pharmacodynamic response in anticoagulated patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20:643–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Butler JM, Groeger AW, Fletcher JS. Characterization of monochlorinated biphenyl products formed by Paul’s Scarlet Rose cells. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992;49:821–6.PubMedCrossRef
66.
de la Rubia J, Grau E, Montserrat I, Zuazu I, Paya A. Anaphylactic shock and vitamin K1. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:943.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Steiner T, Rosand J, Diringer M. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2006;37:256–62.CrossRef
68.
Parry-Jones AR, Di Napoli M, Goldstein JN, et al. Reversal strategies for vitamin K antagonists in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2015;78:54–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
Woo CH, Patel N, Conell C, et al. Rapid warfarin reversal in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage: a comparison of plasma, recombinant activated factor VII, and prothrombin complex concentrate. World Neurosurg. 2014;81:110–5.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Goldstein JN, Thomas SH, Frontiero V, et al. Timing of fresh frozen plasma administration and rapid correction of coagulopathy in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2006;37:151–5.CrossRef
71.
Ilyas C, Beyer GM, Dutton RP, Scalea TM, Hess JR. Recombinant factor VIIa for warfarin-associated intracranial bleeding. J Clin Anesth. 2008;20:276–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Lee SB, Manno EM, Layton KF, Wijdicks EF. Progression of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage after INR normalization with FFP. Neurology. 2006;67:1272–4.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Chapman SA, Irwin ED, Beal AL, Kulinski NM, Hutson KE, Thorson MA. Prothrombin complex concentrate versus standard therapies for INR reversal in trauma patients receiving warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:869–75.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Makris M, Greaves M, Phillips WS, Kitchen S, Rosendaal FR, Preston EF. Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the relative efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma and clotting factor concentrate on correction of the coagulopathy. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:477–80.PubMed
75.
76.
O’Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, et al. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol. 2004;126:11–28.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:160S–98S.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2009;145:24–33.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Chowdary P, Saayman AG, Paulus U, Findlay GP, Collins PW. Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients. Br J Haematol. 2004;125:69–73.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Santagostino E, Mancuso ME, Morfini M, et al. Solvent/detergent plasma for prevention of bleeding in recessively inherited coagulation disorders: dosing, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. Haematologica. 2006;91:634–9.PubMed
81.
Holland LL, Brooks JP. Toward rational fresh frozen plasma transfusion: the effect of plasma transfusion on coagulation test results. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126:133–9.PubMedCrossRef
82.
83.
Ciavarella N, Antoncecchi S. D’Elia N [Dipyridamole and warfarin in patients with artificial heart valve prosthesis: double-blind tests]. Cardiologia. 1985;30:301–7.PubMed
84.
O’Reilly RA, Aggeler PM. Studies on coumarin anticoagulant drugs. Initiation of warfarin therapy without a loading dose. Circulation. 1968;38:169–77.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013;128:1234–43.PubMed
86.
Brody DL, Aiyagari V, Shackleford AM, Diringer MN. Use of recombinant factor VIIa in patients with warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2:263–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
Menzin J, White LA, Friedman M, et al. Factors associated with failure to correct the international normalised ratio following fresh frozen plasma administration among patients treated for warfarin-related major bleeding. An analysis of electronic health records. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:662–72.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Goldstein JN, Refaai MA, Milling TJ Jr, et al. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2077–87.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Cervera A, Amaro S, Chamorro A. Oral anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2012;259:212–24.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Hickey M, Gatien M, Taljaard M, Aujnarain A, Giulivi A, Perry JJ. Outcomes of urgent warfarin reversal with frozen plasma versus prothrombin complex concentrate in the emergency department. Circulation. 2013;128:360–4.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e152S–84S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
92.
Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC 3rd, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2010;41:2108–29.CrossRef
93.
Dowlatshahi D, Butcher KS, Asdaghi N, et al. Poor prognosis in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage despite anticoagulation reversal. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2012;43:1812–7.CrossRef
94.
Kuwashiro T, Yasaka M, Itabashi R, et al. Effect of prothrombin complex concentrate on hematoma enlargement and clinical outcome in patients with anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;31:170–6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Steiner T, Freiberger A, Griebe M, et al. International normalised ratio normalisation in patients with coumarin-related intracranial haemorrhages–the INCH trial: a randomised controlled multicentre trial to compare safety and preliminary efficacy of fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex–study design and protocol. Int J Stroke. 2011;6:271–7.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Siddiq F, Jalil A, McDaniel C, et al. Effectiveness of Factor IX complex concentrate in reversing warfarin associated coagulopathy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2008;8:36–41.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Majeed A, Meijer K, Larrazabal R, et al. Mortality in vitamin K antagonist-related intracerebral bleeding treated with plasma or 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111:233–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Edavettal M, Rogers A, Rogers F, Horst M, Leng W. Prothrombin complex concentrate accelerates international normalized ratio reversal and diminishes the extension of intracranial hemorrhage in geriatric trauma patients. Am Surg. 2014;80:372–6.PubMed
99.
Cabral KP, Fraser GL, Duprey J, et al. Prothrombin complex concentrates to reverse warfarin-induced coagulopathy in patients with intracranial bleeding. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115:770–4.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Switzer JA, Rocker J, Mohorn P, et al. Clinical experience with three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate to reverse warfarin anticoagulation in intracranial hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2012;43:2500–2.CrossRef
101.
Wojcik C, Schymik ML, Cure EG. Activated prothrombin complex concentrate factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) for the reversal of warfarin-induced coagulopathy. Int J Emerg Med. 2009;2:217–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
102.
Stewart WS, Pettit H. Experiences with an activated 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA) for reversal of warfarin-related bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1251–4.PubMedCrossRef
103.
CSL Behring. Full Prescribing Information: Kcentra® Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (Human). CSL Behring Gmbh; 2014.
104.
Sarode R, Matevosyan K, Bhagat R, Rutherford C, Madden C, Beshay JE. Rapid warfarin reversal: a 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant factor VIIa cocktail for intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2012;116:491–7.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Aledort LM. Factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA)—addressing safety issues. Haemophilia. 2008;14:39–43.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Freeman WD, Brott TG, Barrett KM, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for rapid reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in acute intracranial hemorrhage. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:1495–500.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Jaffe J, AlKhawam L, Du H, et al. Outcome predictors and spectrum of treatment eligibility with prospective protocolized management of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:436–45; discussion 45–6.
108.
Pinner NA, Hurdle AC, Oliphant C, Reaves A, Lobo B, Sills A. Treatment of warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage: a comparison of prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII. World Neurosurg. 2010;74:631–5.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Brown CV, Sowery L, Curry E, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa to correct coagulopathy in patients with traumatic brain injury presenting to outlying facilities before transfer to the regional trauma center. Am Surg. 2012;78:57–60.PubMed
110.
Aledort LM. Comparative thrombotic event incidence after infusion of recombinant factor VIIa versus factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:1700–8.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Butenas S, Brummel KE, Branda RF, Paradis SG, Mann KG. Mechanism of factor VIIa-dependent coagulation in hemophilia blood. Blood. 2002;99:923–30.PubMedCrossRef
112.
O’Connell KA, Wood JJ, Wise RP, Lozier JN, Braun MM. Thromboembolic adverse events after use of recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa. JAMA. 2006;295:293–8.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2127–37.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Refaai MA, Goldstein JN, Lee ML, Durn BL, Milling TJ Jr, Sarode R. Increased risk of volume overload with plasma compared with four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for urgent vitamin K antagonist reversal. Transfusion. 2015;15(11):2722–9.CrossRef
115.
Guest JF, Watson HG, Limaye S. Modeling the cost-effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate compared with fresh frozen plasma in emergency warfarin reversal in the United kingdom. Clin Ther. 2010;32:2478–93.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Jones CA, Ducis K, Petrozzino J, et al. Prevention of treatment-related fluid overload reduces estimated effective cost of prothrombin complex concentrate in patients requiring rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015:1–5.
117.
Pabinger I, Brenner B, Kalina U, Knaub S, Nagy A, Ostermann H. Prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) for emergency anticoagulation reversal: a prospective multinational clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(4):622–31.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Voils SA, Baird B. Systematic review: 3-factor versus 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin reversal: does it matter? Thromb Res. 2012;130(6):833–40.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:799–808.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:699–708.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Bruins Slot KM, Berge E. Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. The. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD008980.PubMed
122.
Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:806–17.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093–104.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981–92.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Hokusai VTEI, Buller HR, Decousus H, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1406–15.CrossRef
126.
Investigators E, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2499–510.CrossRef
127.
Investigators E-P, Buller HR, Prins MH, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1287–97.CrossRef
128.
Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883–91.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Kaatz S, Kouides PA, Garcia DA, et al. Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(Suppl 1):S141–5.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Wang X, Mondal S, Wang J, et al. Effect of activated charcoal on apixaban pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2014;14:147–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
131.
132.
Crowther M, Crowther MA. Antidotes for novel oral anticoagulants: current status and future potential. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(8):1736–45.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zhou W, Zorn M, Nawroth P, et al. Hemostatic therapy in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage associated with rivaroxaban. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2013;44:771–8.CrossRef
134.
Perzborn E, Gruber A, Tinel H, et al. Reversal of rivaroxaban anticoagulation by haemostatic agents in rats and primates. Thromb Haemost. 2013;110:162–72.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Eerenberg ES, Kamphuisen PW, Sijpkens MK, Meijers JC, Buller HR, Levi M. Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation. 2011;124:1573–9.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Perzborn E, Heitmeier S, Laux V, Buchmuller A. Reversal of rivaroxaban-induced anticoagulation with prothrombin complex concentrate, activated prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII in vitro. Thromb Res. 2014;133:671–81.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Dinkelaar J, Molenaar PJ, Ninivaggi M, de Laat B, Brinkman HJ, Leyte A. In vitro assessment, using thrombin generation, of the applicability of prothrombin complex concentrate as an antidote for Rivaroxaban. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:1111–8.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Marlu R, Hodaj E, Paris A, Albaladejo P, Cracowski JL, Pernod G. Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban: a randomised crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108:217–24.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Herrmann R, Thom J, Wood A, Phillips M, Muhammad S, Baker R. Thrombin generation using the calibrated automated thrombinoscope to assess reversibility of dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111:989–95.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Arellano-Rodrigo E, Lopez-Vilchez I, Galan AM, et al. Coagulation factor concentrates fail to restore alterations in fibrin formation caused by rivaroxaban or dabigatran in studies with flowing blood from treated healthy volunteers. Transfus Med Rev. 2015;29:242–9.PubMedCrossRef
141.
142.
Maurice-Szamburski A, Graillon T, Bruder N. Favorable outcome after a subdural hematoma treated with feiba in a 77-year-old patient treated by rivaroxaban. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26:183.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Kiraly A, Lyden A, Periyanayagam U, Chan J, Pang PS. Management of hemorrhage complicated by novel oral anticoagulants in the emergency department: case report from the northwestern emergency medicine residency. Am J Ther. 2013;20:300–6.PubMed
144.
Korber MK, Langer E, Ziemer S, Perzborn E, Gericke C, Heymann C. Measurement and reversal of prophylactic and therapeutic peak levels of rivaroxaban: an in vitro study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20:735–40.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Escolar G, Fernandez-Gallego V, Arellano-Rodrigo E, et al. Reversal of apixaban induced alterations in hemostasis by different coagulation factor concentrates: significance of studies in vitro with circulating human blood. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e78696.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
146.
Godier A, Miclot A, Le Bonniec B, et al. Evaluation of prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII to reverse rivaroxaban in a rabbit model. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:94–102.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Martin AC, Le Bonniec B, Fischer AM, et al. Evaluation of recombinant activated factor VII, prothrombin complex concentrate, and fibrinogen concentrate to reverse apixaban in a rabbit model of bleeding and thrombosis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4228–33.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Fukuda T, Honda Y, Kamisato C, Morishima Y, Shibano T. Reversal of anticoagulant effects of edoxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, with haemostatic agents. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:253–9.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Halim AB, Samama MM, Mendell J. Ex vivo reversal of the anticoagulant effects of edoxaban. Thromb Res. 2014;134:909–13.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Herzog E, Kaspereit F, Krege W, et al. Effective reversal of edoxaban-associated bleeding with four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in a rabbit model of acute hemorrhage. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:387–98.PubMedCrossRef
151.
Zahir H, Brown KS, Vandell AG, et al. Edoxaban effects on bleeding following punch biopsy and reversal by a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Circulation. 2015;131:82–90.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139–51.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2342–52.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:709–18.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Leya F, Hursting MJ, Kelton JG, Argatroban I. Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1849–56.PubMedCrossRef
156.
Hart RG, Diener HC, Yang S, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2012;43:1511–7.CrossRef
157.
Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1206–14.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Zhou W, Schwarting S, Illanes S, et al. Hemostatic therapy in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage associated with the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2011;42:3594–9.CrossRef
159.
Lauer A, Cianchetti FA, Van Cott EM, et al. Anticoagulation with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran does not enlarge hematoma volume in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Circulation. 2011;124:1654–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
160.
Tanoue S, Inamasu J, Yamada M, Toyama H, Hirose Y. Does Dabigatran Increase the Risk of Delayed Hematoma Expansion in a Rat Model of Collagenase-induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24:374–80.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Lexi-comp. Lexicomp Online. Hudson, OH, 2015.
162.
Komori M, Yasaka M, Kokuba K, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage during dabigatran treatment. Circ J. 2014;78:1335–41.PubMedCrossRef
163.
164.
165.
Pharmaceuticals BI. Full Prescribing Information: Praxbind®. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; 2015.
166.
Schiele F, van Ryn J, Canada K, et al. A specific antidote for dabigatran: functional and structural characterization. Blood. 2013;121:3554–62.PubMedCrossRef
167.
van Ryn JS, Schmoll M, Pillu H, et al. Effect of dabigatran on the ability to generate fibrin at a wound site and its reversal by idarucizumab, the antidote to dabigatran, in healthy volunteers: an exploratory marker of blood loss. Circulation. 2014;130(Suppl 2):18403.
168.
Grottke O, van Ryn J, Spronk HM, Rossaint R. Prothrombin complex concentrates and a specific antidote to dabigatran are effective ex vivo in reversing the effects of dabigatran in an anticoagulation/liver trauma experimental model. Crit Care. 2014;18:R27.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
169.
Honickel M, Treutler S, van Ryn J, Tillmann S, Rossaint R, Grottke O. Reversal of dabigatran anticoagulation ex vivo: porcine study comparing prothrombin complex concentrates and idarucizumab. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113(4):728–40.PubMedCrossRef
170.
Glund S, Moschetti V, Norris S, et al. A randomised study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of idarucizumab, a specific antidote to dabigatran. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113:943–51.PubMedCrossRef
171.
Glund S, Stangier J, Schmohl M, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of idarucizumab for the reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran in healthy male volunteers: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9994):680–90.PubMedCrossRef
172.
Glund SS, J.; Schmohl, M.; et. al. Idarucizumab, a specific antidote for dabigatran: immediate, complete and sustained reversal of dabigatran induced anticoagulation in elderly and renally impaired subjects. Am Soc Hematol. 2014;344 (abstract).
173.
Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):511–20.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Greinacher A, Thiele T, Selleng K. Reversal of anticoagulants: an overview of current developments. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113:931–42.PubMedCrossRef
175.
Herzog E, Kaspereit FJ, Krege W, et al. Thrombotic safety of prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) for dabigatran reversal in a rabbit model. Thromb Res. 2014;134:729–36.PubMedCrossRef
176.
Lambourne MD, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Gataiance S, Arnold DM, Crowther MA, Sheffield WP. Prothrombin complex concentrates reduce blood loss in murine coagulopathy induced by warfarin, but not in that induced by dabigatran etexilate. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:1830–40.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Pragst I, Zeitler SH, Doerr B, et al. Reversal of dabigatran anticoagulation by prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) in a rabbit model. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:1841–8.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Khoo TL, Weatherburn C, Kershaw G, Reddel CJ, Curnow J, Dunkley S. The use of FEIBA(R) in the correction of coagulation abnormalities induced by dabigatran. Int J Lab Hematol. 2013;35:222–4.PubMedCrossRef
179.
Hoffman M, Volovyk Z, Monroe DM. Reversal of dabigatran effects in models of thrombin generation and hemostasis by factor VIIa and prothrombin complex concentrate. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:353–62.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Lindahl TL, Wallstedt M, Gustafsson KM, Persson E, Hillarp A. More efficient reversal of dabigatran inhibition of coagulation by activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa than by four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Thromb Res. 2015;135:544–7.PubMedCrossRef
181.
Dager WE, Gosselin RC, Roberts AJ. Reversing dabigatran in life-threatening bleeding occurring during cardiac ablation with factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:e42–6.PubMedCrossRef
182.
183.
Wong H, Keeling D. Activated prothrombin complex concentrate for the prevention of dabigatran-associated bleeding. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:152–3.PubMedCrossRef
184.
Schulman S, Ritchie B, Goy JK, Nahirniak S, Almutawa M, Ghanny S. Activated prothrombin complex concentrate for dabigatran-associated bleeding. Br J Haematol. 2014;164:308–10.PubMedCrossRef
185.
Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2013;15:625–51.PubMedCrossRef
186.
Weitz JI, Quinlan DJ, Eikelboom JW. Periprocedural management and approach to bleeding in patients taking dabigatran. Circulation. 2012;126:2428–32.PubMedCrossRef
187.
Bobbitt L, Merriman E, Raynes J, Henderson R, Blacklock H, Chunilal S. PROTHROMBINEX((R))-VF (PTX-VF) usage for reversal of coagulopathy: prospective evaluation of thrombogenic risk. Thromb Res. 2011;128:577–82.PubMedCrossRef
188.
Dentali F, Marchesi C, Pierfranceschi MG, et al. Safety of prothrombin complex concentrates for rapid anticoagulation reversal of vitamin K antagonists. A Meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106:429–38.PubMedCrossRef
189.
Franchini M, Lippi G. Prothrombin complex concentrates: an update. Blood Transfus = Trasfusione del sangue. 2010;8:149–54.PubMed
190.
Imberti D, Magnacavallo A, Dentali F, et al. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists with 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrates in patients with major bleeding. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2013;36:102–8.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Majeed A, Eelde A, Agren A, Schulman S, Holmstrom M. Thromboembolic safety and efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrates in the emergency reversal of warfarin coagulopathy. Thromb Res. 2012;129:146–51.PubMedCrossRef
192.
Song HK, Tibayan FA, Kahl EA, et al. Safety and efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrates for the treatment of coagulopathy after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:1036–40.PubMedCrossRef
193.
Song MM, Warne CP, Crowther MA. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC, Octaplex) in patients requiring immediate reversal of vitamin K antagonist anticoagulation. Thromb Res. 2012;129:526–9.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Toth P, Makris M. Prothrombin complex concentrate-related thrombotic risk following anticoagulation reversal. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:599.PubMedCrossRef
195.
Kumar R, Smith RE, Henry BL. A review of and recommendations for the management of patients with life-threatening dabigatran-associated hemorrhage: a single-center university hospital experience. J Intensive Care Med. 2015;30(8):462–72.PubMedCrossRef
196.
Singh T, Maw TT, Henry BL, et al. Extracorporeal therapy for dabigatran removal in the treatment of acute bleeding: a single center experience. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1533–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
197.
Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stahle H, Mazur D. Influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dabigatran etexilate: an open-label, parallel-group, single-centre study. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49:259–68.PubMedCrossRef
198.
Khadzhynov D, Wagner F, Formella S, et al. Effective elimination of dabigatran by haemodialysis. A phase I single-centre study in patients with end-stage renal disease. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:596–605.PubMedCrossRef
199.
Chang DN, Dager WE, Chin AI. Removal of dabigatran by hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61:487–9.PubMedCrossRef
200.
Osgood M, Compton R, Carandang R, Hall W, Kershaw G, Muehlschlegel S. Rapid unexpected brain herniation in association with renal replacement therapy in acute brain injury: caution in the neurocritical care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2015;22:176–83.PubMedCrossRef
201.
Davenport A. Changing the hemodialysis prescription for hemodialysis patients with subdural and intracranial hemorrhage. Hemodialysis Int Symp Home Hemodialysis. 2013;17(Suppl 1):S22–7.CrossRef
202.
Fletcher JJ, Bergman K, Carlson G, Feucht EC, Blostein PA. Continuous renal replacement therapy for refractory intracranial hypertension? J Trauma. 2010;68:1506–9.PubMedCrossRef
203.
Fletcher JJ, Bergman K, Feucht EC, Blostein P. Continuous renal replacement therapy for refractory intracranial hypertension. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11:101–5.PubMedCrossRef
204.
Lin CM, Lin JW, Tsai JT, et al. Intracranial pressure fluctuation during hemodialysis in renal failure patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;101:141–4.PubMedCrossRef
205.
Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1477–88.PubMedCrossRef
206.
Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:677–81.PubMedCrossRef
207.
Koopman MM, Prandoni P, Piovella F, et al. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. The Tasman Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:682–7.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:447–52.PubMedCrossRef
209.
Racanelli A, Fareed J. Neutralization of the antithrombotic effects of heparin and Fraxiparin by protamine sulfate. Thromb Res. 1992;68:211–22.PubMedCrossRef
210.
Michalski R, Lane DA, Pepper DS, Kakkar VV. Neutralization of heparin in plasma by platelet factor 4 and protamine sulphate. Br J Haematol. 1978;38:561–71.PubMedCrossRef
211.
Levy JH, Cormack JG, Morales A. Heparin neutralization by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:35–7.PubMed
212.
Silver PJ, Broughton R, Bouthillier J, Quinn TA, Wallace AM, Weishaar RE. Neutralase reverses the anti-coagulant but not the anti-thrombotic activity of heparin in a rabbit model of venous thrombosis. Thromb Res. 1998;91:143–50.PubMedCrossRef
213.
Jaques LB, Charles A, Best C. The administration of heparin. Acta Med Scand. 1938;90:190.
214.
Chargaff E, Olson KB. Studies on the chemistry of blood coagulation: studies on the action of heparin and other anti-coagulants; the influence of protamine on the anticoagulant effect in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1937;122:153–67.
215.
Lillehei CW, Sterns LP, Long DM, Lepley D. Comparative study of polybrene and protamine for heparin neutralization in open heart surgery. Ann Surg. 1960;151(1):11–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
216.
Lindblad B, Borgstrom A, Wakefield TW, Whitehouse WM Jr, Stanley JC. Haemodynamic and haematologic alterations with protamine reversal of anticoagulation: comparison of standard heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment. Eur J Vasc Sur. 1987;1:181–5.CrossRef
217.
Racanelli A, Fareed J. Ex vivo activity of heparin is not predictive of blood loss after neutralization by protamine. Thromb Res. 1992;67:263–73.PubMedCrossRef
218.
Parkin TW, Kvale WF. Neutralization of the anticoagulant effects of heparin with protamine (salmine). Am Heart J. 1949;37:333–42.PubMedCrossRef
219.
Andrassy K, Eschenfelder V, Weber E. Neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of low molecular weight heparin LU 47311 (Clivarin) in man by protamine chloride. Thromb Res. 1994;73:85–93.PubMedCrossRef
220.
Kikura M, Lee MK, Levy JH. Heparin neutralization with methylene blue, hexadimethrine, or vancomycin after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:223–7.PubMed
221.
Dehmer GJ, Haagen D, Malloy CR, Schmitz JM. Anticoagulation with heparin during cardiac catheterization and its reversal by protamine. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1987;13:16–21.PubMedCrossRef
222.
Dehmer GJ, Lange RA, Tate DA, et al. Randomized trial of recombinant platelet factor 4 versus protamine for the reversal of heparin anticoagulation in humans. Circulation. 1996;94:II347–52.PubMed
223.
Stafford-Smith M, Lefrak EA, Qazi AG, et al. Efficacy and safety of heparinase I versus protamine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:229–40.PubMedCrossRef
224.
Wolzt M, Weltermann A, Nieszpaur-Los M, et al. Studies on the neutralizing effects of protamine on unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) at the site of activation of the coagulation system in man. Thromb Haemost. 1995;73:439–43.PubMed
225.
Gatti G, Pugliese P. Heparin reversal in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: complete, partial, or no reversal? Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;10:245–50.PubMedCrossRef
226.
Dorman BH, Elliott BM, Spinale FG, et al. Protamine use during peripheral vascular surgery: a prospective randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22:248–55 discussion 56.PubMedCrossRef
227.
Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J, et al. Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1109–14.PubMedCrossRef
228.
229.
Lowary LR, Smith FA, Coyne E, Dunham NW. Comparative neutralization of lung- and mucosal-derived heparin by protamine sulfate using in vitro and in vivo methods. J Pharm Sci. 1971;60:638–40.PubMedCrossRef
230.
231.
232.
Guffin AV, Dunbar RW, Kaplan JA, Bland JW Jr. Successful use of a reduced dose of protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1976;55:110–3.PubMedCrossRef
233.
234.
Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: american College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:141S–59S.PubMedCrossRef
235.
Pharmacists ASoH-S. Protamine sulfate: antiheparin agents. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-system Pharmacists;1999.
236.
Fresenius Kabi USA. Full Prescribing Information: Protamine Sulfate Injection, USP. PremierPro Rx; 2013.
237.
Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e227S–77S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
238.
Adkins JR, Hardy JD. Sodium heparin neutralization and the anticoagulant effects of protamine sulfate. Arch Surg. 1967;94:175–7.PubMedCrossRef
239.
Egerton WS, Robinson CL. The anti-heparin, anticoagulant and hypotensive properties of hexadimethrine and protamine. Lancet. 1961;2:635–7.PubMedCrossRef
240.
Andersen MN, Mendelow M, Alfano GA. Experimental studies of heparin-protamine activity with special reference to protamine inhibition of clotting. Surgery. 1959;46:1060–8.PubMed
241.
Hirsh J, Guyatt G, Albers GW, Harrington R, Schunemann HJ, American College of Chest P. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy: american college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:110S–2S.PubMedCrossRef
242.
Chen KC, Payne D, Lazo-Langner A, Ross I, Kiaii B. Successful intraoperative reversal of heparin with factor VII in a patient with protamine reaction. Innovations. 2011;6:48–50.PubMed
243.
Lauritzen B, Hedner U, Johansen PB, Tranholm M, Ezban M. Recombinant human factor VIIa and a factor VIIa-analogue reduces heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-induced bleeding in rats. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:804–11.PubMedCrossRef
244.
Jaschinski U, Ried M, Lichtwarck-Aschoff M, Forst H. Bleeding diathesis due to failed antagonism of heparin: successful treatment with recombinant factor VIIa. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1872.PubMedCrossRef
245.
von Heymann C, Hotz H, Konertz W, Kox WJ, Spies C. Successful treatment of refractory bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa after redo coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16:615–6.CrossRef
246.
Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM, American College of Chest P. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e24S–43S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
247.
Dolovich LR, Ginsberg JS, Douketis JD, Holbrook AM, Cheah G. A meta-analysis comparing low-molecular-weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: examining some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type, and dosing frequency. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:181–8.PubMedCrossRef
248.
van Dongen CJ, van den Belt AGM, Prins MH, Lensing AWA. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004. doi:10.​1002/​14651858.​CD001100.​pub2.PubMed
249.
Group PIftCCCT, the A, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials G, et al. Dalteparin versus unfractionated heparin in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1305–14.
250.
Sherman DG, Albers GW, Bladin C, et al. The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet. 2007;369:1347–55.PubMedCrossRef
251.
Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R, et al. Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke J Cereb Circul. 2006;37:139–44.CrossRef
252.
Shorr AF, Jackson WL, Sherner JH, Moores LK. Differences between low-molecular-weight and unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism prevention following ischemic stroke: a metaanalysis. Chest. 2008;133:149–55.PubMedCrossRef
253.
Agnelli G, Piovella F, Buoncristiani P, et al. Enoxaparin plus compression stockings compared with compression stockings alone in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective neurosurgery. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:80–5.PubMedCrossRef
254.
Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:793–800.PubMedCrossRef
255.
Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M, et al. Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin: an assessment of safety and pharmacodynamics: the DIRECT study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1805–12.PubMedCrossRef
256.
Gatt A, van Veen JJ, Woolley AM, Kitchen S, Cooper P, Makris M. Thrombin generation assays are superior to traditional tests in assessing anticoagulation reversal in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100:350–5.PubMed
257.
Crowther MA, Berry LR, Monagle PT, Chan AK. Mechanisms responsible for the failure of protamine to inactivate low-molecular-weight heparin. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:178–86.PubMedCrossRef
258.
Holst J, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, et al. Protamine neutralization of intravenous and subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (tinzaparin, Logiparin). An experimental investigation in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 1994;5:795–803.CrossRef
259.
Xu Y, Cai C, Chandarajoti K, et al. Homogeneous low-molecular-weight heparins with reversible anticoagulant activity. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10:248–50.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
260.
Harenberg J, Siegele M, Dempfle CE, Stehle G, Heene DL. Protamine neutralization of the release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity by heparins. Thromb Haemost. 1993;70:942–5.PubMed
261.
Holst J, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Hedner U, Nordfang O, Ostergaard P. The effect of protamine sulphate on plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor released by intravenous and subcutaneous unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin in man. Thromb Res. 1997;86:343–8.PubMedCrossRef
262.
Massonnet-Castel S, Pelissier E, Bara L, et al. Partial reversal of low molecular weight heparin (PK 10169) anti-Xa activity by protamine sulfate: in vitro and in vivo study during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Haemostasis. 1986;16:139–46.PubMed
263.
Nieuwenhuis HK, Albada J, Banga JD, Sixma JJ. Identification of risk factors for bleeding during treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with heparin or low molecular weight heparin. Blood. 1991;78:2337–43.PubMed
264.
Diness V, Ostergaard PB. Neutralization of a low molecular weight heparin (LHN-1) and conventional heparin by protamine sulfate in rats. Thromb Haemost. 1986;56:318–22.PubMed
265.
Van Ryn-McKenna J, Cai L, Ofosu FA, Hirsh J, Buchanan MR. Neutralization of enoxaparine-induced bleeding by protamine sulfate. Thromb Haemost. 1990;63:271–4.PubMed
266.
van Veen JJ, Maclean RM, Hampton KK, et al. Protamine reversal of low molecular weight heparin: clinically effective? Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 2011;22:565–70.CrossRef
267.
Makris M, Hough RE, Kitchen S. Poor reversal of low molecular weight heparin by protamine. Br J Haematol. 2000;108:884–5.PubMedCrossRef
268.
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Full Prescribing Information: Lovenox®. Sanofi-Aventis U.S., LLC; 2013.
269.
Pfizer, Inc. Full Prescribing Information: Fragmin®. Pfizer Labs; 2015.
270.
Leo Pharmaceutical Products. Full Prescribing Information: Innohep®. Leo Pharma, Inc.; 2008.
271.
Gerotziafas GT, Zafiropoulos A, Van Dreden P, et al. Inhibition of factor VIIa generation and prothrombin activation by treatment with enoxaparin in patients with unstable angina. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:611–7.PubMedCrossRef
272.
Young G, Yonekawa KE, Nakagawa PA, Blain RC, Lovejoy AE, Nugent DJ. Recombinant activated factor VII effectively reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, argatroban, and bivalirudin ex vivo as measured using thromboelastography. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 2007;18:547–53.CrossRef
273.
Chan S, Kong M, Minning DM, Hedner U, Marder VJ. Assessment of recombinant factor VIIa as an antidote for bleeding induced in the rabbit by low molecular weight heparin. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:760–5.PubMedCrossRef
274.
Firozvi K, Deveras RA, Kessler CM. Reversal of low-molecular-weight heparin-induced bleeding in patients with pre-existing hypercoagulable states with human recombinant activated factor VII concentrate. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:582–9.PubMedCrossRef
275.
Wang CH, Chen YC, Tsao CW, Yang SS. Dalteparin-associated catastrophic retroperitoneal hematoma successfully treated with recombinant factor VIIa. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44:1091–5.PubMedCrossRef
276.
Cherfan A, Arabi Y. Al Askar A, Al Shimemeri A. Recombinant activated factor VII treatment of retroperitoneal hematoma in a patient with renal failure receiving enoxaparin and clopidogrel. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:755–9.PubMedCrossRef
277.
Byrne M, Zumberg M. Intentional low-molecular-weight heparin overdose: a case report and review. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 2012;23:772–4.CrossRef
278.
Vavra KA, Lutz MF, Smythe MA. Recombinant factor VIIa to manage major bleeding from newer parenteral anticoagulants. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:718–26.PubMedCrossRef
279.
Ng HJ, Koh LP, Lee LH. Successful control of postsurgical bleeding by recombinant factor VIIa in a renal failure patient given low molecular weight heparin and aspirin. Ann Hematol. 2003;82:257–8.PubMed
280.
Culic S, Kuljis D, Armanda V, Jankovic S. Successful management of bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) in a patient with Burkitt lymphoma and thrombosis of the left femoral and left common iliac veins. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49:332–5.PubMedCrossRef
281.
Hu Q, Brady JO. Recombinant activated factor VII for treatment of enoxaparin-induced bleeding. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:827.PubMedCrossRef
282.
Schmid P, Brodmann D, Odermatt Y, Fischer AG, Wuillemin WA. Study of bioaccumulation of dalteparin at a therapeutic dose in patients with renal insufficiency. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:1629–32.PubMedCrossRef
283.
Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bosman RJ, Koopmans M, et al. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:545–52.PubMedCrossRef
284.
Schmid P, Brodmann D, Fischer AG, Wuillemin WA. Study of bioaccumulation of dalteparin at a prophylactic dose in patients with various degrees of impaired renal function. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:552–8.PubMedCrossRef
285.
Chawla LS, Moore G, Seneff MG. Incomplete reversal of enoxaparin toxicity by protamine: implications of renal insufficiency, obesity, and low molecular weight heparin sulfate content. Obes Surg. 2004;14:695–8.PubMedCrossRef
286.
Egger SS, Sawatzki MG, Drewe J, Krahenbuhl S. Life-threatening hemorrhage after dalteparin therapy in a patient with impaired renal function. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:881–5.PubMedCrossRef
287.
Mismetti P, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Navarro C, et al. Aging and venous thromboembolism influence the pharmacodynamics of the anti-factor Xa and anti-thrombin activities of a low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin). Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:1162–5.PubMed
288.
Lim W, Cook DJ, Crowther MA. Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:3192–206.PubMedCrossRef
289.
Oudemans-van Straaten HM, van Schilfgaarde M, Molenaar PJ, Wester JP, Leyte A. Hemostasis during low molecular weight heparin anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a randomized cross-over trial comparing two hemofiltration rates. Crit Care. 2009;13:R193.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
290.
Nigten J, de Groot KA, Grootendorst DC, Koolen SL, Herruer MH, Schut NH. Pharmacokinetics of dalteparin during haemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;124:179–83.PubMedCrossRef
291.
de Valk HW, Banga JD, Wester JW, et al. Comparing subcutaneous danaparoid with intravenous unfractionated heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:1–9.PubMedCrossRef
292.
Meuleman DG. Orgaran (Org 10172): its pharmacological profile in experimental models. Haemostasis. 1992;22:58–65.PubMed
293.
Funk DM. Coagulation assays and anticoagulant monitoring. Hematology/the Education Program of the American Society of Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program; 2012:460–5.
294.
Turpie AG, Gent M, Cote R, et al. A low-molecular-weight heparinoid compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A randomized, double-blind study. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:353–7.PubMedCrossRef
295.
Dumas R, Woitinas F, Kutnowski M, et al. A multicentre, double-blind, randomized study to compare the safety and efficacy of once-daily ORG 10172 and twice-daily low-dose heparin in preventing deep-vein thrombosis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Age Ageing. 1994;23:512–6.PubMedCrossRef
296.
Low molecular weight heparinoid. ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. JAMA. 1998;279:1265–72.CrossRef
297.
Schmahl KS, Ganjoo AK, Harloff MG. Orgaran (Org 10172) for cardiopulmonary bypass in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: role of adjunctive plasmapheresis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997;11:262–3.PubMedCrossRef
298.
Decousus H, Prandoni P, Mismetti P, et al. Fondaparinux for the treatment of superficial-vein thrombosis in the legs. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1222–32.PubMedCrossRef
299.
Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e152S–84S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
300.
Nagler M, Haslauer M, Wuillemin WA. Fondaparinux—data on efficacy and safety in special situations. Thromb Res. 2012;129:407–17.PubMedCrossRef
301.
Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Gallus AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;332:325–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
302.
Choay J, Petitou M, Lormeau JC, Sinay P, Casu B, Gatti G. Structure-activity relationship in heparin: a synthetic pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin III and eliciting high anti-factor Xa activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983;116:492–9.PubMedCrossRef
303.
Beguin S, Choay J, Hemker HC. The action of a synthetic pentasaccharide on thrombin generation in whole plasma. Thromb Haemost. 1989;61:397–401.PubMed
304.
Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, et al. Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1695–702.PubMedCrossRef
305.
Warkentin TE, Crowther MA. Reversing anticoagulants both old and new. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49:S11–25.PubMed
306.
Elmer J, Wittels KA. Emergency reversal of pentasaccharide anticoagulants: a systematic review of the literature. Transfus Med. 2012;22:108–15.PubMedCrossRef
307.
Desmurs-Clavel H, Huchon C, Chatard B, Negrier C, Dargaud Y. Reversal of the inhibitory effect of fondaparinux on thrombin generation by rFVIIa, aPCC and PCC. Thromb Res. 2009;123:796–8.PubMedCrossRef
308.
Corbonnois G, Martin M, Hacquard M, et al. Fondaparinux reversal with activated prothrombin complex concentrate in anesthetised bleeding rats. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109:560–3.PubMedCrossRef
309.
Godier A, Durand M, Emmerich J, Dizier B, Lecompte T, Samama CM. Efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrate to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in a rabbit model. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105:161–8.PubMedCrossRef
310.
Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Boekholdt SM, et al. Ability of recombinant factor VIIa to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in healthy volunteers. Circulation. 2002;106:2550–4.PubMedCrossRef
311.
Bijsterveld NR, Vink R, van Aken BE, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa reverses the anticoagulant effect of the long-acting pentasaccharide idraparinux in healthy volunteers. Br J Haematol. 2004;124:653–8.PubMedCrossRef
312.
Lisman T, Bijsterveld NR, Adelmeijer J, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa reverses the in vitro and ex vivo anticoagulant and profibrinolytic effects of fondaparinux. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:2368–73.PubMedCrossRef
313.
Gerotziafas GT, Depasse F, Chakroun T, Samama MM, Elalamy I. Recombinant factor VIIa partially reverses the inhibitory effect of fondaparinux on thrombin generation after tissue factor activation in platelet rich plasma and whole blood. Thromb Haemost. 2004;91:531–7.PubMed
314.
Lisman T, Adelmeijer J, Nieuwenhuis HK, de Groot PG. Enhancement of fibrinolytic potential in vitro by anticoagulant drugs targeting activated factor X, but not by those inhibiting thrombin or tissue factor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis Int J Haemost Thromb. 2003;14:557–62.CrossRef
315.
Luporsi P, Chopard R, Janin S, et al. Use of recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven((R))) in 8 patients with ongoing life-threatening bleeding treated with fondaparinux. Acute Card Care. 2011;13:93–8.PubMedCrossRef
316.
Moser M, Nordt T, Peter K, et al. Platelet function during and after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction with reteplase, alteplase, or streptokinase. Circulation. 1999;100:1858–64.PubMedCrossRef
317.
Sun X, Berthiller J, Trouillas P, Derex L, Diallo L, Hanss M. Early fibrinogen degradation coagulopathy: a predictive factor of parenchymal hematomas in cerebral rt-PA thrombolysis. J Neurol Sci. 2015;351:109–14.PubMedCrossRef
318.
Sun X, Berthiller J, Derex L, Trouillas P, Diallo L, Hanss M. Post-thrombolysis haemostasis changes after rt-PA treatment in acute cerebral infarct. Correlations with cardioembolic aetiology and outcome. J Neurol Sci. 2015;349:77–83.PubMedCrossRef
319.
Mueller HS, Rao AK, Forman SA. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI): comparative studies of coronary reperfusion and systemic fibrinogenolysis with two forms of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:479–90.PubMedCrossRef
320.
Topol EJ, Morris DC, Smalling RW, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a new form of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (activase) in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9:1205–13.PubMedCrossRef
321.
Matrat A, De Mazancourt P, Derex L, et al. Characterization of a severe hypofibrinogenemia induced by alteplase in two patients thrombolysed for stroke. Thromb Res. 2013;131:e45–8.PubMedCrossRef
322.
Trouillas P, Derex L, Philippeau F, et al. Early fibrinogen degradation coagulopathy is predictive of parenchymal hematomas in cerebral rt-PA thrombolysis: a study of 157 cases. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2004;35:1323–8.CrossRef
323.
Beer J, Coller BS. Evidence that platelet glycoprotein IIIa has a large disulfide-bonded loop that is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:17564–73.PubMed
324.
Hoffmann JJ. Blood viscosity and platelet function in thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1990;11(Suppl F):29–35.
325.
Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–7.
326.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2013;44:870–947.CrossRef
327.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317–29.PubMedCrossRef
328.
Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Heusel G, Heinrich F, Kasper W. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1143–50.PubMedCrossRef
329.
O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:e78–140.PubMedCrossRef
330.
Semba CP, Bakal CW, Calis KA, et al. Alteplase as an alternative to urokinase. Advisory panel on catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:279–87.PubMedCrossRef
331.
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113:e463–654.PubMedCrossRef
332.
Bruen KJ, Ballard JR, Morris SE, Cochran A, Edelman LS, Saffle JR. Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy. Arch Surg. 2007;142:546–51 discussion 51-3.PubMedCrossRef
333.
Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuunemann HJ. Executive summary: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:7S–47S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
334.
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:2440–92.PubMedCrossRef
335.
Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:518–26.PubMedCrossRef
336.
Cohen A. Pharmacokinetics of the recombinant thrombolytic agents: what is the clinical significance of their different pharmacokinetic parameters? BioDrugs Clin Immunother Biopharm Gene Ther. 1999;11:115–23.
337.
Eisenberg PR, Sherman LA, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Ludbrook PA, Sobel BE, Jaffe AS. Sustained fibrinolysis after administration of t-PA despite its short half-life in the circulation. Thromb Haemost. 1987;57:35–40.PubMed
338.
Larsen GR, Metzger M, Henson K, Blue Y, Horgan P. Pharmacokinetic and distribution analysis of variant forms of tissue-type plasminogen activator with prolonged clearance in rat. Blood. 1989;73:1842–50.PubMed
339.
Longstaff C, Williams S, Thelwell C. Fibrin binding and the regulation of plasminogen activators during thrombolytic therapy. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2008;6:212–23.PubMedCrossRef
340.
Nilsson S, Einarsson M, Ekvarn S, Haggroth L, Mattsson C. Turnover of tissue plasminogen activator in normal and hepatectomized rabbits. Thromb Res. 1985;39:511–21.PubMedCrossRef
341.
Tanswell P, Modi N, Combs D, Danays T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tenecteplase in fibrinolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41:1229–45.PubMedCrossRef
342.
Chapman DF, Lyden P, Lapchak PA, Nunez S, Thibodeaux H, Zivin J. Comparison of TNK with wild-type tissue plasminogen activator in a rabbit embolic stroke model. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2001;32:748–52.CrossRef
343.
Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;384:1929–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
344.
Hill MD, Buchan AM, Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study I. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ Canad Med Assoc = journal journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2005;172:1307–12.CrossRef
345.
Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P, Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. JAMA. 2000;283:1145–50.PubMedCrossRef
346.
Mazya M, Egido JA, Ford GA, et al. Predicting the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous alteplase: safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke (SITS) symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage risk score. Stroke. 2012;43:1524–31.PubMedCrossRef
347.
348.
Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317–29.PubMedCrossRef
349.
Goldstein JN, Marrero M, Masrur S, et al. Management of thrombolysis-associated symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:965–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
350.
Yaghi S, Boehme AK, Dibu J, et al. Treatment and outcome of thrombolysis-related hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective study. JAMA Neurol. 2015;26:1–7.
351.
Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007;38:2001–23.PubMedCrossRef
352.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:870–947.PubMedCrossRef
353.
Mannucci PM, Duga S, Peyvandi F. Recessively inherited coagulation disorders. Blood. 2004;104:1243–52.PubMedCrossRef
354.
Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2013;17:R76.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
355.
Levy JH, Welsby I, Goodnough LT. Fibrinogen as a therapeutic target for bleeding: a review of critical levels and replacement therapy. Transfusion. 2014;54:1389–405 (quiz 8).PubMedCrossRef
356.
Alderazi YJ, Barot NV, Peng H, et al. Clotting factors to treat thrombolysis-related symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:e207–14.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
357.
Yaghi S, Eisenberger A, Willey JZ. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke after thrombolysis with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a review of natural history and treatment. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:1181–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
358.
French KF, White J, Hoesch RE. Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage with tranexamic acid after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:107–11.PubMedCrossRef
359.
Ivascu FA, Howells GA, Junn FS, Bair HA, Bendick PJ, Janczyk RJ. Predictors of mortality in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on preinjury aspirin or clopidogrel. J Trauma. 2008;65:785–8.PubMedCrossRef
360.
Roquer J, Rodriguez Campello A, Gomis M, Ois A, Puente V, Munteis E. Previous antiplatelet therapy is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2005;252:412–6.PubMedCrossRef
361.
Saloheimo P, Ahonen M, Juvela S, Pyhtinen J, Savolainen ER, Hillbom M. Regular aspirin-use preceding the onset of primary intracerebral hemorrhage is an independent predictor for death. Stroke. 2006;37:129–33.PubMedCrossRef
362.
Toyoda K, Okada Y, Minematsu K, et al. Antiplatelet therapy contributes to acute deterioration of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;65:1000–4.PubMedCrossRef
363.
Wong DK, Lurie F, Wong LL. The effects of clopidogrel on elderly traumatic brain injured patients. J Trauma. 2008;65:1303–8.PubMedCrossRef
364.
Ahmed N, Bialowas C, Kuo YH, Zawodniak L. Impact of preinjury anticoagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. South Med J. 2009;102:476–80.PubMedCrossRef
365.
Fortuna GR, Mueller EW, James LE, Shutter LA, Butler KL. The impact of preinjury antiplatelet and anticoagulant pharmacotherapy on outcomes in elderly patients with hemorrhagic brain injury. Surgery. 2008;144:598–603 (Discussion-5).PubMedCrossRef
366.
Sansing LH, Messe SR, Cucchiara BL, et al. Prior antiplatelet use does not affect hemorrhage growth or outcome after ICH. Neurology. 2009;72:1397–402.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
367.
Caso V, Paciaroni M, Venti M, et al. Effect of on-admission antiplatelet treatment on patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24:215–8.PubMedCrossRef
368.
Moussouttas M, Malhotra R, Fernandez L, et al. Role of antiplatelet agents in hematoma expansion during the acute period of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2010;12:24–9.PubMedCrossRef
369.
Memon MA, Blankenship JC, Wood GC, Frey CM, Menapace FJ. Incidence of intracranial hemorrhage complicating treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors: a pooled analysis of major clinical trials. Am J Med. 2000;109:213–7.PubMedCrossRef
370.
Campbell PG, Sen A, Yadla S, Jabbour P, Jallo J. Emergency reversal of antiplatelet agents in patients presenting with an intracranial hemorrhage: a clinical review. World Neurosurg. 2010;74:279–85.PubMedCrossRef
371.
Sinzinger H, Fitscha P, Peskar BA. Platelet half-life, plasma thromboxane-B2 and circulating endothelial-cells in peripheral vascular-disease. Angiology. 1986;37:112–8.PubMedCrossRef
372.
Grossman CM, Macewan AM, Dilley J. The halflife of human platelet phosphatide. Nature. 1960;188:950–1.PubMedCrossRef
373.
Li X, Sun Z, Zhao W, et al. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid usage and platelet transfusion on postoperative hemorrhage and activities of daily living in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2013;118:94–103.PubMedCrossRef
374.
Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:387–97.PubMedCrossRef
375.
Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, Murray GD, Gholkar A, Mitchell PM. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):397–408.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
376.
Naidech AM, Liebling SM, Rosenberg NF, et al. Early platelet transfusion improves platelet activity and may improve outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16:82–7.PubMedCrossRef
377.
Washington CW, Schuerer DJ, Grubb RL Jr. Platelet transfusion: an unnecessary risk for mild traumatic brain injury patients on antiplatelet therapy. J Trauma. 2011;71:358–63.PubMedCrossRef
378.
Joseph B, Pandit V, Sadoun M, et al. A prospective evaluation of platelet function in patients on antiplatelet therapy with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care. 2013;75:990–4.CrossRef
379.
Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Zacharia BE, et al. Impact of platelet transfusion on hematoma expansion in patients receiving antiplatelet agents before intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2010;32:706–10.PubMedCrossRef
380.
Leong LB, David TK. Is platelet transfusion effective in patients taking antiplatelet agents who suffer an intracranial hemorrhage? J Emerg Med. 2015;49(4):561–72.PubMedCrossRef
381.
Kim DY, O’Leary M, Nguyen A, et al. The effect of platelet and desmopressin administration on early radiographic progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1815–21.PubMedCrossRef
382.
Naidech AM, Rosenberg NF, Bernstein RA, Batjer HH. Aspirin use or reduced platelet activity predicts craniotomy after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:442–6.PubMedCrossRef
383.
Naidech AM, Bendok BR, Garg RK, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with more intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2009;65:684–8 (Discussion 8).PubMedCrossRef
384.
Naidech AM, Bernstein RA, Levasseur K, et al. Platelet activity and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2009;65:352–6.PubMedCrossRef
385.
Slichter SJ, Kaufman RM, Assmann SF, et al. Dose of prophylactic platelet transfusions and prevention of hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:600–13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
386.
Vamvakas EC, Blajchman MA. Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention. Blood. 2009;113:3406–17.PubMedCrossRef
387.
Creutzfeldt CJ, Weinstein JR, Longstreth WT Jr, Becker KJ, McPharlin TO, Tirschwell DL. Prior antiplatelet therapy, platelet infusion therapy, and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18:221–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
388.
Naidech AM, Jovanovic B, Liebling S, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with early clot growth and worse 3-month outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009;40:2398–401.PubMedCrossRef
389.
Tcheng JE. Clinical challenges of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor therapy: bleeding, reversal, thrombocytopenia, and retreatment. Am Heart J. 2000;139:S38–45.PubMedCrossRef
390.
Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Bonaca MP, et al. Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1404–13.PubMedCrossRef
391.
Tricoci P, Huang Z, Held C, et al. Thrombin-receptor antagonist vorapaxar in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:20–33.PubMedCrossRef
392.
de Gans K, de Haan RJ, Majoie CB, et al. PATCH: platelet transfusion in cerebral haemorrhage: study protocol for a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:19.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
393.
Zeigler ZR, Megaludis A, Fraley DS. Desmopressin (d-DAVP) effects on platelet rheology and von Willebrand factor activities in uremia. Am J Hematol. 1992;39:90–5.PubMedCrossRef
394.
Gordz S, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Park JW, Jung F. Effect of desmopressin (DDAVP) on platelet membrane glycoprotein expression in patients with von Willebrand’s disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2005;32:83–7.PubMed
395.
Calmer S, Ferkau A, Larmann J, et al. Desmopressin (DDAVP) improves recruitment of activated platelets to collagen but simultaneously increases platelet endothelial interactions in vitro. Platelets. 2014;25:8–15.PubMedCrossRef
396.
Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, et al. Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:8–12.PubMedCrossRef
397.
Kim JH, Baek CH, Min JY, Kim JS, Kim SB, Kim H. Desmopressin improves platelet function in uremic patients taking antiplatelet agents who require emergent invasive procedures. Ann Hematol. 2015;94:1457–61.PubMedCrossRef
398.
Reiter R, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Horvath M, Jilma B. Additive effects between platelet concentrates and desmopressin in antagonizing the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide. Transfusion. 2005;45:420–6.PubMedCrossRef
399.
Reiter RA, Mayr F, Blazicek H, et al. Desmopressin antagonizes the in vitro platelet dysfunction induced by GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and aspirin. Blood. 2003;102:4594–9.PubMedCrossRef
400.
Naidech AM, Maas MB, Levasseur-Franklin KE, et al. Desmopressin improves platelet activity in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2014;45:2451–3.CrossRef
401.
Cattaneo M, Lombardi R, Bettega D, Lecchi A, Mannucci PM. Shear-induced platelet aggregation is potentiated by desmopressin and inhibited by ticlopidine. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:393–7.PubMedCrossRef
402.
Leithauser B, Zielske D, Seyfert UT, Jung F. Effects of desmopressin on platelet membrane glycoproteins and platelet aggregation in volunteers on clopidogrel. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2008;39:293–302.PubMed
403.
Mannucci PM, Vicente V, Vianello L, et al. Controlled trial of desmopressin in liver cirrhosis and other conditions associated with a prolonged bleeding time. Blood. 1986;67:1148–53.PubMed
404.
Ranucci M, Nano G, Pazzaglia A, Bianchi P, Casana R, Tealdi DG. Platelet mapping and desmopressin reversal of platelet inhibition during emergency carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:851–4.PubMedCrossRef
405.
Teng R, Mitchell PD, Butler K. The effect of desmopressin on bleeding time and platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers administered ticagrelor. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39:186–91.PubMedCrossRef
406.
Flordal PA, Sahlin S. Use of desmopressin to prevent bleeding complications in patients treated with aspirin. Br J Surg. 1993;80:723–4.PubMedCrossRef
407.
Keyl C, Kmitta E, Kueri S, Zietak T, Trenk D. Effects of aspirin and desmopressin on platelet reactivity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105:113–21.PubMedCrossRef
408.
Lethagen S, Olofsson L, Frick K, Berntorp E, Bjorkman S. Effect kinetics of desmopressin-induced platelet retention in healthy volunteers treated with aspirin or placebo. Haemophilia. 2000;6:15–20.PubMedCrossRef
409.
Schulz-Stubner S, Zielske D, Rossaint R. Comparison between nasal and intravenous desmopressin for the treatment of aminosalicylic acid-induced platelet dysfunction. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2002;19:647–51.PubMedCrossRef
410.
Tsui PY, Cheung CW, Lee Y, Leung SW, Ng KF. The effectiveness of low-dose desmopressin in improving hypothermia-induced impairment of primary haemostasis under influence of aspirin—a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
411.
Swieringa F, Lance MD, Fuchs B, et al. Desmopressin treatment improves platelet function under flow in patients with postoperative bleeding. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:1503–13.PubMedCrossRef
412.
Wademan BH, Galvin SD. Desmopressin for reducing postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements following cardiac surgery in adults. Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg. 2014;18:360–70.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
413.
Jin L, Ji HW. Effect of desmopressin on platelet aggregation and blood loss in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128:644–7.CrossRef
414.
Ansell J, Klassen V, Lew R, et al. Does desmopressin acetate prophylaxis reduce blood loss after valvular heart operations? A randomized, double-blind study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:117–23.PubMed
415.
Clagett GP, Valentine RJ, Myers SI, Chervu A, Heller J. Does desmopressin improve hemostasis and reduce blood loss from aortic surgery? A randomized, double-blind study. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22:223–9 discussion 9-30.PubMedCrossRef
416.
417.
Van Herzeele C, De Bruyne P, Evans J, et al. Safety profile of desmopressin tablet for enuresis in a prospective study. Adv Ther. 2014;31:1306–16.PubMedCrossRef
418.
419.
Altman R, Scazziota A. M DELH, Gonzalez C. Recombinant factor VIIa reverses the inhibitory effect of aspirin or aspirin plus clopidogrel on in vitro thrombin generation. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:2022–7.PubMedCrossRef
420.
McMillian WD, Rogers FB. Management of prehospital antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in traumatic head injury: a review. J Trauma. 2009;66:942–50.PubMedCrossRef
421.
Li YF, Spencer FA, Becker RC. Comparative efficacy of fibrinogen and platelet supplementation on the in vitro reversibility of competitive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor-directed platelet inhibition. Am Heart J. 2002;143:725–32.PubMedCrossRef
422.
Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. ACP J Club. 2008;149:2.PubMed
423.
Micromedex. Micromedex healthcare series. 2015 ed. Greenwood Village, CO.: Thomson Micromedex.; 2015.
424.
Ansell JE, Bakhru SH, Laulicht BE, et al. Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2141–2.PubMedCrossRef
425.
Bakhru SH, Laulicht B, Jiang X, et al. Reversal of anticoagulant-induced bleeding in external and internal bleeding models by PER977, a small molecule anticoagulant antidote. Circulation. 2014;130:A19361 (abstract).
426.
Laulicht B, Bakhru S, Lee C, et al. Small molecule antidote for anticoagulants. Circulation. 2012;126(21 Supplement):A11395 abstract.
427.
Laulicht BB S, Jiang X, et. al. Antidote for new oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action and binding specificity of PER977. Presented at the 24th Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, abstract 2013.
428.
Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ, et al. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Nat Med. 2013;19:446–51.PubMedCrossRef
429.
Crowther MAK, M; Lorenz, T, et. al. A phase 2 randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial of PRT064445, a novel, universal antidote for direct and indirect factor Xa inhibitors. 55th ASH annual meeting, New Orleans 2013; abstract.
430.
Crowther MA, Lu G, Conley P, et al. Sustained reversal of apixaban anticoagulation with andexanet alpha using a bolus plus infusion regimen in a phase II placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(Suppl):137 (abstract).
431.
Crowther MAL, Lu G, et al. A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrating reversal of edoxaban-induced anticoagulation in healthy subjects by andexanet alfa (PRT064445), a Universal Antidote for Factor Xa (FXa) Inhibitors. ASH 2014; Abstract 4269.
432.
Crowther MAL, Lu G, et al. ANNEXA-A: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, demonstrating reversal of apixaban-induced anticoagulation in older subjects by andexanet alfa (PRT064445), a Universal Antidote for Facotr Xa (fXa) Inhibitors. AHA 2014;CS.03 (abstract).
433.
Crowther MAM, V.; Kitt, M; et. al. A phase 2 randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial demonstrating reversal of rivaroxaban-induced anticoagulation in healthy subjects by andexanet alpha (PRT064445), an antidote for factor Xa inhibitors. 55th ASH annual meeting, New Orleans 2013; abstract.
434.
Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Bernstein R, et al. Design and rationale for RE-VERSE AD: a phase 3 study of idarucizumab, a specific reversal agent for dabigatran. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114:198–205.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Guideline for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage
A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine
verfasst von
Jennifer A. Frontera
John J. Lewin III
Alejandro A. Rabinstein
Imo P. Aisiku
Anne W. Alexandrov
Aaron M. Cook
Gregory J. del Zoppo
Monisha A. Kumar
Ellinor I. B. Peerschke
Michael F. Stiefel
Jeanne S Teitelbaum
Katja E. Wartenberg
Cindy L. Zerfoss
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Neurocritical Care / Ausgabe 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Elektronische ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0222-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

Neurocritical Care 1/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Recognizing 2015 Manuscript Reviewers

Review Article

Prophylaxis of Venous Thrombosis in Neurocritical Care Patients: An Evidence-Based Guideline: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society

Original Article

Therapeutic Hypothermia After Resuscitation From a Non-Shockable Rhythm Improves Outcomes in a Regionalized System of Cardiac Arrest Care

Original Article

Factors Associated with Acute and Chronic Hydrocephalus in Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Original Article

Multi-Center Study of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Coma After Cardiac Arrest

Practical Pearl

Bowel Ischemia in Refractory Status Epilepticus: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

29.05.2024 Morbus Alzheimer Nachrichten

Mit einem Neurotrophin-Rezeptor-Modulator lässt sich möglicherweise eine bestehende Alzheimerdemenz etwas abschwächen: Erste Phase-2-Daten deuten auf einen verbesserten Synapsenschutz.

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise