Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 8/2012

01.11.2012 | Leitthema

Der schwer entwöhnbare Patient

verfasst von: PD Dr. G.-C. Funk

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 8/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Bei etwa einem von zehn beatmeten Patienten verläuft die Entwöhnung vom Respirator (Weaning) prolongiert. Dies geht mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität einher. Nach einem gescheiterten Spontanatemversuch sollte daher geklärt werden, durch welche Organdysfunktion(en) die erfolgreiche Entwöhnung verhindert wird. Die konkrete Ursache von prolongierter Entwöhnung kann am besten während eines gescheiterten Spontanatemversuches festgestellt werden, anhand der klinischen Untersuchung, der arteriellen und venösen Blutgase, der Echokardiographie u. a. Pathologische Atemmechanik, schwache bzw. überlastete Atemmuskulatur, Herzinsuffizienz und Myokardischämie sowie psychiatrische Probleme können anhand bestimmter Befundkonstellationen erkannt werden. Reduktion der Atemarbeit, Training der Atemmuskulatur sowie Senkung von Vor- und Nachlast sind die entscheidenden Schritte zur Überwindung einer respiratorisch bzw. kardial limitierten Entwöhnbarkeit. Erfolgreiche Strategien zur Vermeidung von Entwöhnungsproblemen sind eine kooperative Sedierung, der frühe Beginn mit einer strukturierten Entwöhnung und die Frührehabilitation schwacher Patienten.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Boles JM, Bion J, Connors A et al (2007) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 29:1033–1056PubMedCrossRef Boles JM, Bion J, Connors A et al (2007) Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 29:1033–1056PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones DP, Byrne P, Morgan C et al (1991) Positive end-expiratory pressure vs T-piece. Extubation after mechanical ventilation. Chest 100:1655–1659PubMedCrossRef Jones DP, Byrne P, Morgan C et al (1991) Positive end-expiratory pressure vs T-piece. Extubation after mechanical ventilation. Chest 100:1655–1659PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes‘ theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias. Intensive Care Med 32:2002–2012PubMedCrossRef Tobin MJ, Jubran A (2006) Variable performance of weaning-predictor tests: role of Bayes‘ theorem and spectrum and test-referral bias. Intensive Care Med 32:2002–2012PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer M, Sellares J, Valencia M et al (2009) Non-invasive ventilation after extubation in hypercapnic patients with chronic respiratory disorders: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:1082–1088PubMedCrossRef Ferrer M, Sellares J, Valencia M et al (2009) Non-invasive ventilation after extubation in hypercapnic patients with chronic respiratory disorders: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:1082–1088PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Nava S, Gregoretti C, Fanfulla F et al (2005) Noninvasive ventilation to prevent respiratory failure after extubation in high-risk patients. Crit Care Med 33:2465–2470PubMedCrossRef Nava S, Gregoretti C, Fanfulla F et al (2005) Noninvasive ventilation to prevent respiratory failure after extubation in high-risk patients. Crit Care Med 33:2465–2470PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassilakopoulos T, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C (2006) Bench-to-bedside review: weaning failure — should we rest the respiratory muscles with controlled mechanical ventilation? Crit Care 10:204PubMedCrossRef Vassilakopoulos T, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C (2006) Bench-to-bedside review: weaning failure — should we rest the respiratory muscles with controlled mechanical ventilation? Crit Care 10:204PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Funk GC, Anders S, Breyer MK et al (2010) Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories. Eur Respir J 35:88–94PubMedCrossRef Funk GC, Anders S, Breyer MK et al (2010) Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories. Eur Respir J 35:88–94PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:126–134PubMedCrossRef Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:126–134PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Seneff MG, Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA et al (1996) Predicting the duration of mechanical ventilation. The importance of disease and patient characteristics. Chest 110:469–479PubMedCrossRef Seneff MG, Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA et al (1996) Predicting the duration of mechanical ventilation. The importance of disease and patient characteristics. Chest 110:469–479PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Penuelas O, Frutos-Vivar F, Fernandez C et al (2011) Characteristics and outcomes of ventilated patients according to time to liberation from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Penuelas O, Frutos-Vivar F, Fernandez C et al (2011) Characteristics and outcomes of ventilated patients according to time to liberation from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigatello LM, Stelfox HT, Berra L et al (2007) Outcome of patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation after critical illness. Crit Care Med 35:2491–2497PubMedCrossRef Bigatello LM, Stelfox HT, Berra L et al (2007) Outcome of patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation after critical illness. Crit Care Med 35:2491–2497PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin AD, Smith B, Davenport P et al (2011) Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients: a randomized trial. Critical Care 15:R84PubMedCrossRef Martin AD, Smith B, Davenport P et al (2011) Inspiratory muscle strength training improves weaning outcome in failure to wean patients: a randomized trial. Critical Care 15:R84PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Beuret P, Roux C, Auclair A et al (2009) Interest of an objective evaluation of cough during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 35:1090–1093PubMedCrossRef Beuret P, Roux C, Auclair A et al (2009) Interest of an objective evaluation of cough during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 35:1090–1093PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinsky MR (1994) Cardiovascular effects of ventilatory support and withdrawal. Anesth Analg 79:567–576PubMedCrossRef Pinsky MR (1994) Cardiovascular effects of ventilatory support and withdrawal. Anesth Analg 79:567–576PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D et al (1998) Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning from mechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1763–1769PubMed Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D et al (1998) Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning from mechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1763–1769PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Zapata L, Vera P, Roglan A et al (2011) B-type natriuretic peptides for prediction and diagnosis of weaning failure from cardiac origin. Intensive Care Med 37:477–485PubMedCrossRef Zapata L, Vera P, Roglan A et al (2011) B-type natriuretic peptides for prediction and diagnosis of weaning failure from cardiac origin. Intensive Care Med 37:477–485PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamia B, Maizel J, Ochagavia A et al (2009) Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure elevation during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 37:1696–1701PubMedCrossRef Lamia B, Maizel J, Ochagavia A et al (2009) Echocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure elevation during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 37:1696–1701PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Adrogue HJ, Madias NE (1998) Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 338:107–111PubMedCrossRef Adrogue HJ, Madias NE (1998) Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 338:107–111PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Moviat M, Pickkers P, Voort PH van der et al (2006) Acetazolamide-mediated decrease in strong ion difference accounts for the correction of metabolic alkalosis in critically ill patients. Crit Care 10:R14PubMedCrossRef Moviat M, Pickkers P, Voort PH van der et al (2006) Acetazolamide-mediated decrease in strong ion difference accounts for the correction of metabolic alkalosis in critically ill patients. Crit Care 10:R14PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiang LL, Wang LY, Wu CP et al (2006) Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Phys Ther 86:1271–1281PubMedCrossRef Chiang LL, Wang LY, Wu CP et al (2006) Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Phys Ther 86:1271–1281PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassilakopoulos T, Petrof BJ (2004) Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:336–341PubMedCrossRef Vassilakopoulos T, Petrof BJ (2004) Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:336–341PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B et al (2004) Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 291:1753–1762PubMedCrossRef Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B et al (2004) Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 291:1753–1762PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Lawm G, Kelly J et al (2010) Depressive disorders during weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 36:828–835PubMedCrossRef Jubran A, Lawm G, Kelly J et al (2010) Depressive disorders during weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 36:828–835PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Holliday JE, Hyers TM (1990) The reduction of weaning time from mechanical ventilation using tidal volume and relaxation biofeedback. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1214–1220PubMed Holliday JE, Hyers TM (1990) The reduction of weaning time from mechanical ventilation using tidal volume and relaxation biofeedback. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1214–1220PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Schonhofer B, Wenzel M, Geibel M et al (1998) Blood transfusion and lung function in chronically anemic patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 26:1824–1828PubMedCrossRef Schonhofer B, Wenzel M, Geibel M et al (1998) Blood transfusion and lung function in chronically anemic patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 26:1824–1828PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hebert PC, Blajchman MA, Cook DJ et al (2001) Do blood transfusions improve outcomes related to mechanical ventilation? Chest 119:1850–1857PubMedCrossRef Hebert PC, Blajchman MA, Cook DJ et al (2001) Do blood transfusions improve outcomes related to mechanical ventilation? Chest 119:1850–1857PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Girault C, Daudenthun I, Chevron V et al (1999) Noninvasive ventilation as a systematic extubation and weaning technique in acute-on-chronic respiratory failure: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:86–92PubMed Girault C, Daudenthun I, Chevron V et al (1999) Noninvasive ventilation as a systematic extubation and weaning technique in acute-on-chronic respiratory failure: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:86–92PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Arancibia F et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation during persistent weaning failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:70–76PubMedCrossRef Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Arancibia F et al (2003) Noninvasive ventilation during persistent weaning failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:70–76PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Terragni PP, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R et al (2010) Early vs late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult icu patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303:1483–1489PubMedCrossRef Terragni PP, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R et al (2010) Early vs late tracheotomy for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult icu patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303:1483–1489PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gracey DR, Hardy DC, Koenig GE (2000) The chronic ventilator-dependent unit: a lower-cost alternative to intensive care. Mayo Clin Proc 75:445–449PubMed Gracey DR, Hardy DC, Koenig GE (2000) The chronic ventilator-dependent unit: a lower-cost alternative to intensive care. Mayo Clin Proc 75:445–449PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Der schwer entwöhnbare Patient
verfasst von
PD Dr. G.-C. Funk
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 8/2012
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-012-0134-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2012

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 8/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.