Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 4/2016

20.06.2015 | Pflege

Enterale Ernährungstherapie in der Intensivmedizin

Aktuelles Wissen, Kontroversen und praktische Umsetzung

verfasst von: A. Hohn, D. Stolecki, Prof. Dr. S. Schröder

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die klinische Ernährung ist eine bedeutende Therapiesäule in der Intensivmedizin. Dabei scheint eine frühe enterale Ernährungstherapie positive Effekte auf das klinische Outcome der Patienten zu haben. Dennoch gibt es immer noch viele Unklarheiten über den optimalen Zeitpunkt, die Menge oder die Zusammensetzung der Ernährung des Intensivpatienten. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit sind der aktuelle Wissensstand und Strategien zur praktischen Umsetzung dargestellt.
Literatur
3.
Zurück zum Zitat National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (2006) Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care, London. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (2006) Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care, London.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bankhead R, Boullata J, Brantley S, Corkins M, Guenter P, Krenitsky J, Lyman B, Metheny NA, Mueller C, Robbins S, Wessel J (2009) Enteral nutrition practice recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33:122–167 Bankhead R, Boullata J, Brantley S, Corkins M, Guenter P, Krenitsky J, Lyman B, Metheny NA, Mueller C, Robbins S, Wessel J (2009) Enteral nutrition practice recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33:122–167
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Cahill NE, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, Jiang X, Heyland DK (2010) Nutrition therapy in the critical care setting: what is „best achievable“ practice? An international multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med 38:395–401CrossRefPubMed Cahill NE, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, Jiang X, Heyland DK (2010) Nutrition therapy in the critical care setting: what is „best achievable“ practice? An international multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med 38:395–401CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, Van Cromphaut S, Ingels C, Meersseman P, Muller J, Vlasselaers D, Debaveye Y, Desmet L, Dubois J, Van Assche A, Vanderheyden S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365:506–517CrossRefPubMed Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, Van Cromphaut S, Ingels C, Meersseman P, Muller J, Vlasselaers D, Debaveye Y, Desmet L, Dubois J, Van Assche A, Vanderheyden S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365:506–517CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapman MJ, Nguyen NQ, Deane AM (2013) Gastrointestinal dysmotility: evidence and clinical management. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:209–216CrossRefPubMed Chapman MJ, Nguyen NQ, Deane AM (2013) Gastrointestinal dysmotility: evidence and clinical management. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:209–216CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Chendrasekhar A (1996) Jejunal feeding in the absence of reflux increases nasogastric output in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg 62:887–888PubMed Chendrasekhar A (1996) Jejunal feeding in the absence of reflux increases nasogastric output in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg 62:887–888PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dhaliwal R, Cahill N, Lemieux M, Heyland DK (2014) The Canadian critical care nutrition guidelines in 2013: an update on current recommendations and implementation strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 29:29–43CrossRefPubMed Dhaliwal R, Cahill N, Lemieux M, Heyland DK (2014) The Canadian critical care nutrition guidelines in 2013: an update on current recommendations and implementation strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 29:29–43CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dive A, Michel I, Galanti L, Jamart J, Vander Borght T, Installe E (1999) Gastric acidity and duodenogastric reflux during nasojejunal tube feeding in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 25:574–580CrossRefPubMed Dive A, Michel I, Galanti L, Jamart J, Vander Borght T, Installe E (1999) Gastric acidity and duodenogastric reflux during nasojejunal tube feeding in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 25:574–580CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Elke G, Felbinger TW, Heyland DK (2015) Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive? Nutr Clin Pract 30:59–71CrossRefPubMed Elke G, Felbinger TW, Heyland DK (2015) Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive? Nutr Clin Pract 30:59–71CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Felbinger TW, Hecker M, Elke G (2014) [Nutrition of the critically ill – is less more? How much energy for the ICU patient?]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 49:114–121; quiz 122 Felbinger TW, Hecker M, Elke G (2014) [Nutrition of the critically ill – is less more? How much energy for the ICU patient?]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 49:114–121; quiz 122
13.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartl W, Parhofer K, Kuppinger DD, Rittler P, DGEM Steering Committee (2013) Besonderheiten der Überwachung bei künstlicher Ernährung. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES und der AKE. Aktuel Ernaehrungsmed 38:e90–e100CrossRef Hartl W, Parhofer K, Kuppinger DD, Rittler P, DGEM Steering Committee (2013) Besonderheiten der Überwachung bei künstlicher Ernährung. S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES und der AKE. Aktuel Ernaehrungsmed 38:e90–e100CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA, Bear DE, Segaran E, Beale R, Bellingan G, Leonard R, Mythen MG, Rowan KM (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371:1673–1684CrossRefPubMed Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA, Bear DE, Segaran E, Beale R, Bellingan G, Leonard R, Mythen MG, Rowan KM (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371:1673–1684CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hecker M, Felbinger T, Mayer K (2012) [Nutrition in intensive care medicine]. Anaesthesist 61:553–564CrossRefPubMed Hecker M, Felbinger T, Mayer K (2012) [Nutrition in intensive care medicine]. Anaesthesist 61:553–564CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, Thibault R, Pichard C (2013) Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 381:385–393CrossRefPubMed Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, Thibault R, Pichard C (2013) Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 381:385–393CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, Elke G, Berger MM, Day AG (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368:1489–1497CrossRefPubMed Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, Elke G, Berger MM, Day AG (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368:1489–1497CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P (2003) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27:355–373CrossRefPubMed Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P (2003) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27:355–373CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Jiang X, Day AG (2011) Identifying critically ill patients who benefit the most from nutrition therapy: the development and initial validation of a novel risk assessment tool. Crit Care 15:R268CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Jiang X, Day AG (2011) Identifying critically ill patients who benefit the most from nutrition therapy: the development and initial validation of a novel risk assessment tool. Crit Care 15:R268CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jolliffe DM (2009) Practical gastric physiology. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 9:173–177CrossRef Jolliffe DM (2009) Practical gastric physiology. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 9:173–177CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadamani I, Itani M, Zahran E, Taha N (2014) Incidence of aspiration and gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients using continuous versus bolus infusion of enteral nutrition: a pseudo-randomised controlled trial. Aust Crit Care 27:188–193CrossRefPubMed Kadamani I, Itani M, Zahran E, Taha N (2014) Incidence of aspiration and gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients using continuous versus bolus infusion of enteral nutrition: a pseudo-randomised controlled trial. Aust Crit Care 27:188–193CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasturp M, Heymann C, Schmidt M, Weber-Carstens S, Krebs M (2013) Enterale und parenterale Ernährung. In: Spies C, Kasturp M, Kerner T, Melzer-Gartzke C, Zielke H, Kox WJ (Hrsg) SOPs in Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin Alle relevanten Standards und Techniken für die Klinik. Thieme, Stuttgart Kasturp M, Heymann C, Schmidt M, Weber-Carstens S, Krebs M (2013) Enterale und parenterale Ernährung. In: Spies C, Kasturp M, Kerner T, Melzer-Gartzke C, Zielke H, Kox WJ (Hrsg) SOPs in Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin Alle relevanten Standards und Techniken für die Klinik. Thieme, Stuttgart
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B (2010) Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care 19:261–268CrossRefPubMed Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B (2010) Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care 19:261–268CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z (2003) Nutritional risk screening (NRS2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 22:321–336CrossRefPubMed Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z (2003) Nutritional risk screening (NRS2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 22:321–336CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreymann KG, Berger MM, Deutz NE, Hiesmayr M, Jolliet P, Kazandjiev G, Nitenberg G, van den Berghe G, Wernerman J, Ebner C, Hartl W, Heymann C, Spies C (2006) ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Intensive care. Clin Nutr 25:210–223CrossRefPubMed Kreymann KG, Berger MM, Deutz NE, Hiesmayr M, Jolliet P, Kazandjiev G, Nitenberg G, van den Berghe G, Wernerman J, Ebner C, Hartl W, Heymann C, Spies C (2006) ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Intensive care. Clin Nutr 25:210–223CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kudsk KA (2002) Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 183:390–398CrossRefPubMed Kudsk KA (2002) Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 183:390–398CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuppinger DD, Rittler P, Hartl WH, Ruttinger D (2013) Use of gastric residual volume to guide enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a brief systematic review of clinical studies. Nutrition 29:1075–1079CrossRefPubMed Kuppinger DD, Rittler P, Hartl WH, Ruttinger D (2013) Use of gastric residual volume to guide enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a brief systematic review of clinical studies. Nutrition 29:1075–1079CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat MacLeod JB, Lefton J, Houghton D, Roland C, Doherty J, Cohn SM, Barquist ES (2007) Prospective randomized control trial of intermittent versus continuous gastric feeds for critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 63:57–61CrossRefPubMed MacLeod JB, Lefton J, Houghton D, Roland C, Doherty J, Cohn SM, Barquist ES (2007) Prospective randomized control trial of intermittent versus continuous gastric feeds for critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 63:57–61CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jiang X, Murch L, Heyland DK (2012) Antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 16:R66CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jiang X, Murch L, Heyland DK (2012) Antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 16:R66CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH, DiSario JA, Heyland DK, Maloney JP, Metheny NA, Moore FA, Scolapio JS, Spain DA, Zaloga GP (2002) North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:S80–S85 McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH, DiSario JA, Heyland DK, Maloney JP, Metheny NA, Moore FA, Scolapio JS, Spain DA, Zaloga GP (2002) North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:S80–S85
32.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, Heyland DK (2009) The physiologic response and associated clinical benefits from provision of early enteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 24:305–315CrossRefPubMed McClave SA, Heyland DK (2009) The physiologic response and associated clinical benefits from provision of early enteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 24:305–315CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, Martindale RG, Rice TW, Heyland DK (2014) Feeding the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 42:2600–2610CrossRefPubMed McClave SA, Martindale RG, Rice TW, Heyland DK (2014) Feeding the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 42:2600–2610CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G (2009) Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33:277–316CrossRefPubMed McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G (2009) Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33:277–316CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat McClave SA, Sexton LK, Spain DA, Adams JL, Owens NA, Sullins MB, Blandford BS, Snider HL (1999) Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: factors impeding adequate delivery. Crit Care Med 27:1252–1256CrossRefPubMed McClave SA, Sexton LK, Spain DA, Adams JL, Owens NA, Sullins MB, Blandford BS, Snider HL (1999) Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: factors impeding adequate delivery. Crit Care Med 27:1252–1256CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Metheny NA (2010) Inconclusive evidence regarding the volume of gastric aspirate that can be safely reintroduced following residual volume measurements. Evid Based Nurs 13:71CrossRefPubMed Metheny NA (2010) Inconclusive evidence regarding the volume of gastric aspirate that can be safely reintroduced following residual volume measurements. Evid Based Nurs 13:71CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Muscedere J, Rewa O, McKechnie K, Jiang X, Laporta D, Heyland DK (2011) Subglottic secretion drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 39:1985–1991CrossRefPubMed Muscedere J, Rewa O, McKechnie K, Jiang X, Laporta D, Heyland DK (2011) Subglottic secretion drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 39:1985–1991CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, Clavel M, Frat JP, Plantefeve G, Quenot JP, Lascarrou JB (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:249–256CrossRefPubMed Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, Clavel M, Frat JP, Plantefeve G, Quenot JP, Lascarrou JB (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309:249–256CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Reignier J, Thenoz-Jost N, Fiancette M, Legendre E, Lebert C, Bontemps F, Clementi E, Martin-Lefevre L (2004) Early enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients in the prone position. Crit Care Med 32:94–99CrossRefPubMed Reignier J, Thenoz-Jost N, Fiancette M, Legendre E, Lebert C, Bontemps F, Clementi E, Martin-Lefevre L (2004) Early enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients in the prone position. Crit Care Med 32:94–99CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhoney DH, Parker D Jr., Formea CM, Yap C, Coplin WM (2002) Tolerability of bolus versus continuous gastric feeding in brain-injured patients. Neurol Res 24:613–620CrossRefPubMed Rhoney DH, Parker D Jr., Formea CM, Yap C, Coplin WM (2002) Tolerability of bolus versus continuous gastric feeding in brain-injured patients. Neurol Res 24:613–620CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, Morris A, Dong N, Rock P (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307:795–803CrossRefPubMed Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, Morris A, Dong N, Rock P (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307:795–803CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Ridley E, Gantner D, Pellegrino V (2015) Nutrition therapy in critically ill patients- a review of current evidence for clinicians. Clin Nutr S0261–5614(14)00306–9 (Epub ahead of print) Ridley E, Gantner D, Pellegrino V (2015) Nutrition therapy in critically ill patients- a review of current evidence for clinicians. Clin Nutr S0261–5614(14)00306–9 (Epub ahead of print)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousseau AF, Losser MR, Ichai C, Berger MM (2013) ESPEN endorsed recommendations: nutritional therapy in major burns. Clin Nutr 32:497–502CrossRefPubMed Rousseau AF, Losser MR, Ichai C, Berger MM (2013) ESPEN endorsed recommendations: nutritional therapy in major burns. Clin Nutr 32:497–502CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Saez de la Fuente I, Saez de la Fuente J, Quintana Estelles MD, Garcia Gigorro R, Terceros Almanza LJ, Sanchez Izquierdo JA, Montejo Gonzalez JC (2014) Enteral nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a prone position. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr pii: 0148607114553232 (Epub ahead of print) Saez de la Fuente I, Saez de la Fuente J, Quintana Estelles MD, Garcia Gigorro R, Terceros Almanza LJ, Sanchez Izquierdo JA, Montejo Gonzalez JC (2014) Enteral nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a prone position. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr pii: 0148607114553232 (Epub ahead of print)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoeder S, Claussen M, van Huelst S, Bein B, von Spiegel T (2010) Monitorgestützte bettseitige Anlage postpylorischer Ernährungssonden bei operativen Intensivpatienten. Anästh Intensivmed 687–692 Schoeder S, Claussen M, van Huelst S, Bein B, von Spiegel T (2010) Monitorgestützte bettseitige Anlage postpylorischer Ernährungssonden bei operativen Intensivpatienten. Anästh Intensivmed 687–692
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Schroder S, van Hulst S, Claussen M, Petersen K, Pich B, Bein B, von Spiegel T (2011) [Postpyloric feeding tubes for surgical intensive care patients. Pilot series to evaluate two methods for bedside placement]. Anaesthesist 60:214–220CrossRefPubMed Schroder S, van Hulst S, Claussen M, Petersen K, Pich B, Bein B, von Spiegel T (2011) [Postpyloric feeding tubes for surgical intensive care patients. Pilot series to evaluate two methods for bedside placement]. Anaesthesist 60:214–220CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Doig GS (2010) A systematic review of techniques and interventions for improving adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria during enrolment into randomised controlled trials. Trials 11:17CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Doig GS (2010) A systematic review of techniques and interventions for improving adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria during enrolment into randomised controlled trials. Trials 11:17CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, Griffiths R, Kreyman G, Leverve X, Pichard C, ESPEN (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 28:387–400CrossRefPubMed Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, Griffiths R, Kreyman G, Leverve X, Pichard C, ESPEN (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 28:387–400CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer P, Cohen J (2015) Nutrition in the ICU: proof of the pudding is in the tasting. Intensive Care Med 41:154–156CrossRefPubMed Singer P, Cohen J (2015) Nutrition in the ICU: proof of the pudding is in the tasting. Intensive Care Med 41:154–156CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Stolecki D (2010) Klinische Ernährung. In: Ullrich L, Stolecki D, Grünewald M (Hrsg) Intensivpflege und Anästhesie. Thieme, Stuttgart Stolecki D (2010) Klinische Ernährung. In: Ullrich L, Stolecki D, Grünewald M (Hrsg) Intensivpflege und Anästhesie. Thieme, Stuttgart
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Stolecki D (2000) Unterstützende Systeme zur gastroenteralen Zu- und Ableitung. In: Ullrich L (Hrsg) Zu- und ableitende Systeme. Thieme, Stuttgart Stolecki D (2000) Unterstützende Systeme zur gastroenteralen Zu- und Ableitung. In: Ullrich L (Hrsg) Zu- und ableitende Systeme. Thieme, Stuttgart
53.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Meer YG, Venhuizen WA, Heyland DK, van Zanten AR (2014) Should we stop prescribing metoclopramide as a prokinetic drug in critically ill patients? Crit Care 18:502CrossRef van der Meer YG, Venhuizen WA, Heyland DK, van Zanten AR (2014) Should we stop prescribing metoclopramide as a prokinetic drug in critically ill patients? Crit Care 18:502CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat van Zanten AR, Sztark F, Kaisers UX, Zielmann S, Felbinger TW, Sablotzki AR, De Waele JJ, Timsit JF, Honing ML, Keh D, Vincent JL, Zazzo JF, Fijn HB, Petit L, Preiser JC, van Horssen PJ, Hofman Z (2014) High-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients vs standard high-protein enteral nutrition and nosocomial infections in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312:514–524CrossRefPubMed van Zanten AR, Sztark F, Kaisers UX, Zielmann S, Felbinger TW, Sablotzki AR, De Waele JJ, Timsit JF, Honing ML, Keh D, Vincent JL, Zazzo JF, Fijn HB, Petit L, Preiser JC, van Horssen PJ, Hofman Z (2014) High-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients vs standard high-protein enteral nutrition and nosocomial infections in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312:514–524CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ventura AM, Waitzerg DL (2014) Enteral nutrition protocols for critically ill patients: are they necessary? Nutr Clin Pract 30(3):351–362 Ventura AM, Waitzerg DL (2014) Enteral nutrition protocols for critically ill patients: are they necessary? Nutr Clin Pract 30(3):351–362
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Villet S, Chiolero RL, Bollmann MD, Revelly JP, Cayeux RNM, Delarue J, Berger MM (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr 24:502–509CrossRefPubMed Villet S, Chiolero RL, Bollmann MD, Revelly JP, Cayeux RNM, Delarue J, Berger MM (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr 24:502–509CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Wells DL (2012) Provision of enteral nutrition during vasopressor therapy for hemodynamic instability: an evidence-based review. Nutr Clin Pract 27:521–526CrossRefPubMed Wells DL (2012) Provision of enteral nutrition during vasopressor therapy for hemodynamic instability: an evidence-based review. Nutr Clin Pract 27:521–526CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilmer A, Tack J, Frans E, Dits H, Vanderschueren S, Gevers A, Bobbaers H (1999) Duodenogastroesophageal reflux and esophageal mucosal injury in mechanically ventilated patients. Gastroenterology 116:1293–1299CrossRefPubMed Wilmer A, Tack J, Frans E, Dits H, Vanderschueren S, Gevers A, Bobbaers H (1999) Duodenogastroesophageal reflux and esophageal mucosal injury in mechanically ventilated patients. Gastroenterology 116:1293–1299CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang S, Wu X, Yu W, Li J (2014) Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability: an evidence-based review and practical advice. Nutr Clin Pract 29:90–96CrossRefPubMed Yang S, Wu X, Yu W, Li J (2014) Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability: an evidence-based review and practical advice. Nutr Clin Pract 29:90–96CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Enterale Ernährungstherapie in der Intensivmedizin
Aktuelles Wissen, Kontroversen und praktische Umsetzung
verfasst von
A. Hohn
D. Stolecki
Prof. Dr. S. Schröder
Publikationsdatum
20.06.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 4/2016
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-015-0048-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.