Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Clinical Research in Cardiology 2/2016

01.02.2016 | Original Paper

Experience matters: long-term results of pulmonary vein isolation using a robotic navigation system for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

verfasst von: Andreas Rillig, Tina Lin, Boris Schmidt, Britta Feige, Christian Heeger, Jascha Wegner, Erik Wissner, Andreas Metzner, Anita Arya, Shibu Mathew, Peter Wohlmuth, Feifan Ouyang, Karl-Heinz Kuck, Roland Richard Tilz

Erschienen in: Clinical Research in Cardiology | Ausgabe 2/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Long-term results after circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) using a robotic navigation system (RNS) have not yet been reported.

Objective

To evaluate long-term results of patients with PAF after CPVI using RNS.

Methods

In this study, 200 patients (n = 151 (75.5 %) male; median age 62.2 (54.7–67.7) years) with PAF were evaluated. In 100 patients, RNS (RN-group) was used for CPVI and compared to 100 manually ablated control patients (MN-group). Radiofrequency was used in conjunction with 3D electroanatomic mapping. Power was limited to 30 watts (W) at the posterior left atrial (LA) wall in the first 49 RNS patients (RN-group-a). After esophageal perforation occurred in one RN-group-a patient, maximum power was reduced to 20 W for the subsequent 51 patients (RN-group-b).

Results

After a median follow-up of 2 years, single (77/100 vs 77/100, p = 0.89) and multiple (90/100 vs 93/100, p = 0.29) procedure success rates were comparable between RN-group and MN-group. Single procedure success rate was significantly lower in RN-group-a as compared to RN-group-b (65.3 vs 88.2 %, p = 0.047). In RN-group-a patients, procedural times [200 (170–230) vs 152 (132–200) minutes, p < 0.01] and fluoroscopy times [16.6 (12.9–21.6) minutes vs 13.7 (9.5–19) minutes, p = 0.043] were significantly longer compared to RN-group-b patients.

Conclusion

Long-term success rate after CPVI using RNS was comparable to manual ablation. Despite a lower power limit of 20 W at the posterior LA wall, single procedure success rate was higher in RN-group-b as compared to RN-group-a. Procedure time and fluoroscopy time decreased, whilst success rate increased with increasing experience in the RN-group.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnabel RB, Wilde S, Wild PS, Munzel T, Blankenberg S (2012) Atrial fibrillation: its prevalence and risk factor profile in the German general population. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109(16):293–299PubMedCentralPubMed Schnabel RB, Wilde S, Wild PS, Munzel T, Blankenberg S (2012) Atrial fibrillation: its prevalence and risk factor profile in the German general population. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109(16):293–299PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouyang F, Tilz R, Chun J, Schmidt B, Wissner E, Zerm T, Neven K, Köktürk B, Konstantinidou M, Metzner A, Fuernkranz A, Kuck KH (2010) Long-term results of catheter ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: lessons from a 5 year follow-up. Circulation 122:2368–2377CrossRefPubMed Ouyang F, Tilz R, Chun J, Schmidt B, Wissner E, Zerm T, Neven K, Köktürk B, Konstantinidou M, Metzner A, Fuernkranz A, Kuck KH (2010) Long-term results of catheter ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: lessons from a 5 year follow-up. Circulation 122:2368–2377CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Medi C, Sparks PB, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Halloran K, Rosso R, Vohra JK, Kumar S, Kalman JM (2011) Pulmonary vein antral isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results from long-term follow-up. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22:137–141PubMed Medi C, Sparks PB, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Halloran K, Rosso R, Vohra JK, Kumar S, Kalman JM (2011) Pulmonary vein antral isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results from long-term follow-up. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22:137–141PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Chun KR, Schmidt B, Kuck KH, Andresen D, Willems S, Spitzer SG, Hoffmann E, Schumacher B, Eckardt L, Seidl K, Jünger C, Horack M, Brachmann J, Senges J (2013) Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the young: insights from the German Ablation Registry. Clin Res Cardiol 102(6):459–468CrossRefPubMed Chun KR, Schmidt B, Kuck KH, Andresen D, Willems S, Spitzer SG, Hoffmann E, Schumacher B, Eckardt L, Seidl K, Jünger C, Horack M, Brachmann J, Senges J (2013) Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the young: insights from the German Ablation Registry. Clin Res Cardiol 102(6):459–468CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tilz RR, Rillig A, Thum AM, Arya A, Wohlmuth P, Metzner A, Mathew S, Yoshiga Y, Wissner E, Kuck KH, Ouyang F (2012) Catheter ablation of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: 5-year outcomes of the Hamburg Sequential Ablation Strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(19):1921–1929CrossRefPubMed Tilz RR, Rillig A, Thum AM, Arya A, Wohlmuth P, Metzner A, Mathew S, Yoshiga Y, Wissner E, Kuck KH, Ouyang F (2012) Catheter ablation of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: 5-year outcomes of the Hamburg Sequential Ablation Strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(19):1921–1929CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Lin T, Burchard A, Kamioka M, Heeger C, Makimoto H, Metzner A, Wissner E, Wohlmuth P, Ouyang F, Kuck KH, Tilz RR (2014) Modified energy settings are mandatory to minimize esophageal injury using the novel multipolar irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation. Europace. pii: euu269. (Epub ahead of print) Rillig A, Lin T, Burchard A, Kamioka M, Heeger C, Makimoto H, Metzner A, Wissner E, Wohlmuth P, Ouyang F, Kuck KH, Tilz RR (2014) Modified energy settings are mandatory to minimize esophageal injury using the novel multipolar irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation. Europace. pii: euu269. (Epub ahead of print)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Saliba W, Reddy VY, Wazni O, Cummings JE, Burkhardt JD, Haissaguerre M, Kautzner J, Peichl P, Neuzil P, Schibgilla V, Noelker G, Brachmann J, Di Biase L, Barrett C, Jais P, Natale A (2008) Atrial fibrillation ablation using a robotic catheter remote control system: initial human experience and long-term follow-up results. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2407–2411CrossRefPubMed Saliba W, Reddy VY, Wazni O, Cummings JE, Burkhardt JD, Haissaguerre M, Kautzner J, Peichl P, Neuzil P, Schibgilla V, Noelker G, Brachmann J, Di Biase L, Barrett C, Jais P, Natale A (2008) Atrial fibrillation ablation using a robotic catheter remote control system: initial human experience and long-term follow-up results. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2407–2411CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt M, Dorwarth U, Straube F, Wankerl M, Krieg J, Leber AW, Ebersberger HU, Daccarett M, Huber A, Rummeny E, Hoffmann E (2012) A novel double cryoballoon strategy in persistent atrial fibrillation: a pilot study. Clin Res Cardiol 101(10):777–785CrossRefPubMed Schmidt M, Dorwarth U, Straube F, Wankerl M, Krieg J, Leber AW, Ebersberger HU, Daccarett M, Huber A, Rummeny E, Hoffmann E (2012) A novel double cryoballoon strategy in persistent atrial fibrillation: a pilot study. Clin Res Cardiol 101(10):777–785CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Buiatti A, Hessling G, Semmler V, Ammar S (2014) Remote magnetic navigation for persistent atrial fibrillation ablation via a retrograde aortic access: an approach for patients after atrial septal defect device closure. Clin Res Cardiol 103(12):1028–1030CrossRefPubMed Buiatti A, Hessling G, Semmler V, Ammar S (2014) Remote magnetic navigation for persistent atrial fibrillation ablation via a retrograde aortic access: an approach for patients after atrial septal defect device closure. Clin Res Cardiol 103(12):1028–1030CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt B, Tilz RR, Neven K, Julian Chun KR, Fürnkranz A, Ouyang F (2009) Remote robotic navigation and electroanatomical mapping for ablation of atrial fibrillation: considerations for navigation and impact on procedural outcome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2:120–128CrossRefPubMed Schmidt B, Tilz RR, Neven K, Julian Chun KR, Fürnkranz A, Ouyang F (2009) Remote robotic navigation and electroanatomical mapping for ablation of atrial fibrillation: considerations for navigation and impact on procedural outcome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2:120–128CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hlivák P, Mlčochová H, Peichl P, Cihák R, Wichterle D, Kautzner J (2011) Robotic navigation in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: midterm efficacy and predictors of postablation arrhythmia recurrences. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22(5):534–540CrossRefPubMed Hlivák P, Mlčochová H, Peichl P, Cihák R, Wichterle D, Kautzner J (2011) Robotic navigation in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: midterm efficacy and predictors of postablation arrhythmia recurrences. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22(5):534–540CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Biase L, Wang Y, Horton R, Gallinghouse GJ, Mohanty P, Sanchez J, Patel D, Dare M, Canby R, Price LD, Zagrodzky JD, Bailey S, Burkhardt JD, Natale A (2009) Ablation of atrial fibrillation utilizing robotic catheter navigation in comparison to manual navigation and ablation: single-center experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:1328–1335CrossRefPubMed Di Biase L, Wang Y, Horton R, Gallinghouse GJ, Mohanty P, Sanchez J, Patel D, Dare M, Canby R, Price LD, Zagrodzky JD, Bailey S, Burkhardt JD, Natale A (2009) Ablation of atrial fibrillation utilizing robotic catheter navigation in comparison to manual navigation and ablation: single-center experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:1328–1335CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Birkemeyer R, Treusch F, Kunze M, Miljak T, Zvereva V, Jung W (2010) Remote robotic catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: how fast is it learned and what benefits can be earned? J Inter Cardiac Electrophysiol 29:109–117CrossRef Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Birkemeyer R, Treusch F, Kunze M, Miljak T, Zvereva V, Jung W (2010) Remote robotic catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: how fast is it learned and what benefits can be earned? J Inter Cardiac Electrophysiol 29:109–117CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Willems S, Steven D, Servatius H, Hoffmann BA, Drewitz I, Müllerleile K, Aydin MA, Wegscheider K, Salukhe TV, Meinertz T, Rostock T (2010) Persistence of Pulmonary Vein Isolation After Robotic Remote-Navigated Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation and its Relation to Clinical Outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:1079–1084CrossRefPubMed Willems S, Steven D, Servatius H, Hoffmann BA, Drewitz I, Müllerleile K, Aydin MA, Wegscheider K, Salukhe TV, Meinertz T, Rostock T (2010) Persistence of Pulmonary Vein Isolation After Robotic Remote-Navigated Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation and its Relation to Clinical Outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:1079–1084CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Ullah W, McLean A, Hunter RJ, Baker V, Richmond L, Cantor EJ, Dhinoja MB, Sporton S, Earley MJ, Schilling RJ (2014) Randomized trial comparing robotic to manual ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 11(11):1862–1869CrossRefPubMed Ullah W, McLean A, Hunter RJ, Baker V, Richmond L, Cantor EJ, Dhinoja MB, Sporton S, Earley MJ, Schilling RJ (2014) Randomized trial comparing robotic to manual ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 11(11):1862–1869CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tilz RR, Chun KR, Metzner A, Burchard A, Wissner E, Koektuerk B, Konstantinidou M, Nuyens D, De Potter T, Neven K, Fürnkranz A, Ouyang F, Schmidt B (2010) Unexpected high incidence of esophageal injury following pulmonary vein isolation using robotic navigation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:853–858PubMed Tilz RR, Chun KR, Metzner A, Burchard A, Wissner E, Koektuerk B, Konstantinidou M, Nuyens D, De Potter T, Neven K, Fürnkranz A, Ouyang F, Schmidt B (2010) Unexpected high incidence of esophageal injury following pulmonary vein isolation using robotic navigation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:853–858PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P (2012) ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines-CPG; Document Reviewers: 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation—developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 14(10):1385–1413CrossRefPubMed Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P (2012) ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines-CPG; Document Reviewers: 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation—developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 14(10):1385–1413CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Birkemeyer R, Wiest S, Sauer BM, Staritz M, Jung W (2010) Oesophageal temperature monitoring and incidence of oesophageal lesions after pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system. Europace 12:655–661CrossRefPubMed Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Birkemeyer R, Wiest S, Sauer BM, Staritz M, Jung W (2010) Oesophageal temperature monitoring and incidence of oesophageal lesions after pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system. Europace 12:655–661CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Tilz RR, Talazko J, Arya A, Zvereva V, Birkemeyer R, Miljak T, Hajredini B, Wohlmuth P, Fink U, Jung W (2012) Incidence and long-term follow-up of silent cerebral lesions after pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system as compared with manual ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5(1):15–21CrossRefPubMed Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Tilz RR, Talazko J, Arya A, Zvereva V, Birkemeyer R, Miljak T, Hajredini B, Wohlmuth P, Fink U, Jung W (2012) Incidence and long-term follow-up of silent cerebral lesions after pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system as compared with manual ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5(1):15–21CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Kunze M, Birkemeyer R, Miljak T, Jäckle S, Hajredini B, Treusch F, Jung W (2010) Persistent iatrogenic atrial septal defect after a single-puncture, double-transseptal approach for pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system: results from a prospective study. Europace 12:331–336CrossRefPubMed Rillig A, Meyerfeldt U, Kunze M, Birkemeyer R, Miljak T, Jäckle S, Hajredini B, Treusch F, Jung W (2010) Persistent iatrogenic atrial septal defect after a single-puncture, double-transseptal approach for pulmonary vein isolation using a remote robotic navigation system: results from a prospective study. Europace 12:331–336CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Schmidt B, Feige B, Wissner E, Metzner A, Arya A, Mathew S, Makimoto H, Wohlmuth P, Ouyang F, Kuck KH (2013) Tilz RR (2013) Left atrial isthmus line ablation using a remote robotic navigation system: feasibility, efficacy and long-term outcome. Clin Res Cardiol 102(12):885–893CrossRefPubMed Rillig A, Schmidt B, Feige B, Wissner E, Metzner A, Arya A, Mathew S, Makimoto H, Wohlmuth P, Ouyang F, Kuck KH (2013) Tilz RR (2013) Left atrial isthmus line ablation using a remote robotic navigation system: feasibility, efficacy and long-term outcome. Clin Res Cardiol 102(12):885–893CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Bai R, Biase DI, Valderrabano M, Lorgat F, Mlcochova H, Tilz R, V U, Hranitzky PM, Wazni O, Kanagaratnam P, Doshi RN, Gibson D, Pisapia A, Mohanty P, Saliba W, Ouyang F, Kautzner J, Gallinghouse GJ, Natale V (2012) Worldwide experience with the robotic navigation system in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: methodology, efficacy and safety. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23(8):820–826CrossRefPubMed Bai R, Biase DI, Valderrabano M, Lorgat F, Mlcochova H, Tilz R, V U, Hranitzky PM, Wazni O, Kanagaratnam P, Doshi RN, Gibson D, Pisapia A, Mohanty P, Saliba W, Ouyang F, Kautzner J, Gallinghouse GJ, Natale V (2012) Worldwide experience with the robotic navigation system in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: methodology, efficacy and safety. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23(8):820–826CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Biase L, Natale A, Barrett C, Tan C, Elayi CS, Ching CK, Wang P, Al-Ahmad A, Arruda M, Burkhardt JD, Wisnoskey BJ, Chowdhury P, De Marco S, Armaganijan L, Litwak KN, Schweikert RA, Cummings JE (2009) Relationship between catheter forces, lesion characteristics, “popping”, and char formation: experience with robotic navigation system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:436–440CrossRefPubMed Di Biase L, Natale A, Barrett C, Tan C, Elayi CS, Ching CK, Wang P, Al-Ahmad A, Arruda M, Burkhardt JD, Wisnoskey BJ, Chowdhury P, De Marco S, Armaganijan L, Litwak KN, Schweikert RA, Cummings JE (2009) Relationship between catheter forces, lesion characteristics, “popping”, and char formation: experience with robotic navigation system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20:436–440CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakili R, Clauss S, Schmidt V, Ulbrich M, Hahnefeld A, Schüssler F, Siebermair J, Kääb S, Estner HL (2014) Impact of real-time contact force and impedance measurement in pulmonary vein isolation procedures for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol 103(2):97–106CrossRefPubMed Wakili R, Clauss S, Schmidt V, Ulbrich M, Hahnefeld A, Schüssler F, Siebermair J, Kääb S, Estner HL (2014) Impact of real-time contact force and impedance measurement in pulmonary vein isolation procedures for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Clin Res Cardiol 103(2):97–106CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Steven D, Servatius H, Rostock T, Hoffmann B, Drewitz I, Müllerleile K, Sultan A, Aydin MA, Meinertz T, Willems S (2010) Reduced fluoroscopy during atrial fibrillation ablation: benefits of robotic guided navigation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:6–12CrossRefPubMed Steven D, Servatius H, Rostock T, Hoffmann B, Drewitz I, Müllerleile K, Sultan A, Aydin MA, Meinertz T, Willems S (2010) Reduced fluoroscopy during atrial fibrillation ablation: benefits of robotic guided navigation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21:6–12CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Rillig A, Schmidt B, Steven D, Meyerfeldt U, Biase DI, Wissner E, Becker R, Thomas D, Wohlmuth P, Gallinghouse GJ, Scholz E, Jung W, Willems S, Natale A, Ouyang F, Kuck KH, Tilz R (2013) Study design of the man and machine trial: a prospective international controlled noninferiority trial comparing manual with robotic catheter ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 24(1):40–46CrossRefPubMed Rillig A, Schmidt B, Steven D, Meyerfeldt U, Biase DI, Wissner E, Becker R, Thomas D, Wohlmuth P, Gallinghouse GJ, Scholz E, Jung W, Willems S, Natale A, Ouyang F, Kuck KH, Tilz R (2013) Study design of the man and machine trial: a prospective international controlled noninferiority trial comparing manual with robotic catheter ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 24(1):40–46CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kiliszek M, Miązek N, Peller M, Gajda S, Koźluk E, Lodziński P, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Piątkowski R, Budaj-Fidecka A, Balsam P, Opolski G (2014) Influence of left atrial size on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Kardiol Pol 72(11):1135–1140CrossRefPubMed Kiliszek M, Miązek N, Peller M, Gajda S, Koźluk E, Lodziński P, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Piątkowski R, Budaj-Fidecka A, Balsam P, Opolski G (2014) Influence of left atrial size on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Kardiol Pol 72(11):1135–1140CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Özcan EE, Szeplaki G, Tahin T, Osztheimer I, Szilagyi S, Apor A, Horvath PM, Vago H, Merkely B, Geller L (2014) Impact of respiration gating on image integration guided atrial fibrillation ablation. Clin Res Cardiol 103(9):727–731CrossRefPubMed Özcan EE, Szeplaki G, Tahin T, Osztheimer I, Szilagyi S, Apor A, Horvath PM, Vago H, Merkely B, Geller L (2014) Impact of respiration gating on image integration guided atrial fibrillation ablation. Clin Res Cardiol 103(9):727–731CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahnefeld A, Reithmann C, Ulbrich M, Haserück N, Siebermair J, Steinbeck G (2009) CARTO versus NavX bei der Ablation von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern. (CAVERNA AF Studie): vergleich bei 222 konsekutiven Patienten. Clin Res Cardiol 98(1):V270 Hahnefeld A, Reithmann C, Ulbrich M, Haserück N, Siebermair J, Steinbeck G (2009) CARTO versus NavX bei der Ablation von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern. (CAVERNA AF Studie): vergleich bei 222 konsekutiven Patienten. Clin Res Cardiol 98(1):V270
Metadaten
Titel
Experience matters: long-term results of pulmonary vein isolation using a robotic navigation system for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
verfasst von
Andreas Rillig
Tina Lin
Boris Schmidt
Britta Feige
Christian Heeger
Jascha Wegner
Erik Wissner
Andreas Metzner
Anita Arya
Shibu Mathew
Peter Wohlmuth
Feifan Ouyang
Karl-Heinz Kuck
Roland Richard Tilz
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Clinical Research in Cardiology / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 1861-0684
Elektronische ISSN: 1861-0692
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-015-0892-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2016

Clinical Research in Cardiology 2/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.