Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Infection
Erschienen in: Infection 1/2016

01.02.2016 | Review

Hepatitis E virus in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety

verfasst von: Soha Yazbek, Khalil Kreidieh, Sami Ramia

Erschienen in: Infection | Ausgabe 1/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mainly transmitted through contaminated water supplies which make the virus endemic in developing countries including countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recent reports suggest potential risk of HEV transmission via blood transfusion.

Methods

Related articles on HEV were collected by searching through the 25 countries of the MENA region using Pubmed and Medline within the past 14 years: January 2000–August 2014.

Results

One hundred articles were extracted, of which 25 were not eligible. The articles discussed the seroprevalence of HEV and HEV markers in 12 countries. Eight articles provided data on HEV in blood donors. The seroprevalence of HEV in the general MENA population ranged from 2.0 to 37.5 % and was higher in males than in females. Prevalence increased with age, but exposure seems to be in early life.

Conclusions

In the MENA region, the role of HEV as an infectious threat to blood safety is under-investigated. More data are needed to quantify the risk of transmission and to assess clinical outcomes. This requires, at least, surveillance screening of donors and recipients for HEV markers using sensitive and specific serological tests. At the present time, serious consideration should be given to selective screening for certain groups of patients (e.g., immunocompromised, pregnant women and others) who commonly require blood transfusion and are at high risk of hepatic failure or chronicity from HEV infection.
Literatur
1.
Payne CJ, Ellis TM, Plant SL, Gregory AR, Wilcox GE. Sequence data suggests big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv) is genetically related to hepatitis E virus. Vet Microbiol. 1999;68:119–25.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Chandra V, Kar-Roy A, Kumari S, Mayor S, Jameel S. The hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein modulates epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking, STAT3 translocation, and the acute-phase response. J Virol. 2008;82:7100–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
3.
Huang FF, Haqshenas G, Shivaprasad HL, Guenette DK, Woolcock PR, Larsen CT, Pierson FW, Elvinger F, Toth TE, Meng XJ. Heterogeneity and seroprevalence of a newly identified avian hepatitis E virus from chickens in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4197–202.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Tsang AK, Joseph M, Wong EY, Tang Y, Sivakumar S, Xie J, Bai R, Wernery R, Wernery U, Yuen KY. New hepatitis E virus genotype in camels, the Middle East. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1044–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
Johne R, Dremsek P, Reetz J, Heckel G, Hess M, Ulrich RG. Hepeviridae: an expanding family of vertebrate viruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;27:212–29.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, Kasture Y, Labrique AB, Wierzba TF. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:308.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
7.
Dalton HR, Hunter JG, Bendall RP. Hepatitits E. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:471–8.PubMed
8.
9.
Meng XJ, Purcell RH, Halbur PG, Lehman JR, Webb DM, Tsareva TS, Haynes JS, Thacker BJ, Emerson SU. A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1997;94:860–9865.
10.
Meng XJ, Dea S, Engle RE, Friendship R, Lyoo YS, Sirinarumitr T, Urairong K, Wang D, Wong D, Yoo D, Zhang Y, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population. J Med Virol. 1999;59:297–302.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Wichmann O, Schimanski S, Koch J, Kohler M, Rothe C, Plentz A, Jilg W, Stark K. Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:1732–41.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Dalton HR, Fellows HJ, Gane EJ, Wong P, Gerred S, Schroeder B, Croxson MC, Garkavenko O. Hepatitits E in New Zealand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:1236–40.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Tsang TH, Denison EK, Williams HV, Venczel LV, Ginsberg MM, Vugia DJ. Acute hepatitis E infection acquired in California. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:618–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Mitsui T, Tsukamoto Y, Hirose A, Suzuki S, Yamazaki C, Masuko K, Tsuda F, Endo K, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Distinct changing profiles of hepatitis A and E virus infection among patients with acute hepatitis, patients on maintenance hemodialysis and healthy individuals in Japan. J Med Virol. 2006;78:1015–24.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Mizuo H, Yazaki Y, Sugawara K, Tsuda F, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Possible risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis E virus and for the severe form of hepatitis E acquired locally in Hokkaido, Japan. J Med Virol. 2005;76:341–9.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Aggarwal R, Naik S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E: current status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:1484–93.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Mansuy JM, Legrand-Abravanel F, Calot JP, Peron JM, Alric L, Agudo S, Rech H, Destruel F, Izopet J. High prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors from South West France. J Med Virol. 2008;80:289–93.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Wenzel JJ, Preiss J, Schemmerer M, Huber B, Jilg W. Test performance characteristics of anti-HEV IgG assays strongly influence hepatitis E seroprevalence estimates. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:497–500.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Bendall R, Ellis V, Ijaz S, Thurairajah P, Dalton HR. Serological response to hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infection: IgG quantitation, avidity and IgM response. J Med Virol. 2008;80:95–101.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zhu G, Qu Y, Jin N, Sun Z, Liu T, Lee H, Tian M, Wang T. Seroepidemiology and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in Jilin, China. Infection. 2008;36:140–6.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol. 2008;48:494–503.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Aggarwal R, Kumar R, Pal R, Naik S, Semwal SN, Naik SR. Role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection in a disease-endemic area. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002;21:14–8.PubMed
23.
Guthmann JP, Klovstad H, Boccia D, Hamid N, Pinoges L, Nizou JY, Tatay M, Diaz F, Moren A, Grais RF, Ciglenecki I, Nicand E, Guerin PJ. A large outbreak of hepatitis E among a displaced population in Darfur, Sudan, 2004: the role of water treatment methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1685–91.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Kmush B, Wierzba T, Krain L, Nelson K, Labrique AB. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in low-and Middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:15–29.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Viswanathan R. Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res. 1957;45:1–29.PubMed
26.
Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med. 1980;68:818–24.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Balayan MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, Ketiladze ES, Braginsky DM, Savinov AP, Poleschuk VF. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology. 1983;20:23–31.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME, Huang CC, Bradley DW, Fry KE, Reyes GR. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology. 1991;185:120–31.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Rapicetta M, Monarca R, Kondili LA, Chionne P, Madonna E, Madeddu G, Soddu A, Candido A, Carbonara S, Mura MS, Starnini G, Babudieri S. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus exposures in an apparently healthy high-risk population in Italy. Infection. 2013;41:69–76.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Arankalle VA, Chobe LP. Hepatitis E virus: can it be transmitted parenterally? J Viral Hepat. 1999;6:161–4.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Mitsui T, Tsukamoto Y, Yamazaki C, Masuko K, Tsuda F, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among hemodialysis patients in Japan: evidence for infection with a genotype 3 HEV by blood transfusion. J Med Virol. 2004;74:563–72.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Yattoo GN. Hepatitis E virus infection may be transmitted through blood transfusions in an endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:778–84.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Matsubayashi K, Nagaoka Y, Sakata H, Sato S, Fukai K, Kato T, Takahashi K, Mishiro S, Imai M, Takeda N, Ikeda H. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis E virus strain in Hokkaido, Japan. Transfusion. 2004;44:934–40.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, Pratt G, Adams D, Ijaz S, Teo CG. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a “nonhyperendemic” country. Transfus Med. 2006;16:79–83.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Al-Fawaz I, Al-Rasheed S, Al-Mugeiren M, Al-Salloum A, Al-Sohaibani M, Ramia S. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients from Saudi Arabia with sickle cell anaemia and beta-thalassemia major: possible transmission by blood transfusion. J Viral Hepat. 1996;3:203–5.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, Dicks S, Haywood B, Kennedy IT, Kitchen A, Patel P, Poh J, Russell K, Tettmar KI, Tossell J, Ushiro-Lumb I, Tedder RS. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet. 2014;384:1766–73.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Shata MT, Daef EA, Zaki ME, Abdelwahab SF, Marzuuk NM, Sobhy M, Rafaat M, Abdelbaki L, Nafeh MA, Hashem M, El-Kamary SS, Shardell MD, Mikhail NN, Strickland GT, Sherman KE. Protective role of humoral immune responses during an outbreak of hepatitis E in Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:613–8.PubMedCrossRef
38.
El-Tras WF, Tayel AA, El-Kady NN. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in humans and geographically matched food animals in Egypt. Zoonoses Publ Health. 2013;60:244–51.CrossRef
39.
Gad YZ, Mousa N, Shams M, Elewa A. Seroprevalence of subclinical HEV infection in asymptomatic, apparently healthy, pregnant women in Dakahlya Governorate, Egypt. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2011;5:136–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
El Sayed Zaki M, Othman W. Role of hepatitis E infection in acute on chronic liver failure in Egyptian patients. Liver Int. 2011;31:1001–5.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Kamel AH, Ali MA, El-Nady HG, Deraz A, Aho S, Pothier P, Belliot G. Presence of enteric hepatitis viruses in the sewage and population of Greater Cairo. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1182–5.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Eldin SS, Seddik I, Daef EA, Shata MT, Raafat M. Abdel Baky L, Nafeh MA. Risk factors and immune response to hepatitis E viral infection among acute hepatitis patients in Assiut, Egypt. Egypt J Immunol. 2010;17:73–86.PubMed
43.
Blackard JT, Rouster SD, Nady S, Galal G, Marzuuk N, Rafaat MM, Daef E, El Din SS, Purcell RH, Emerson SU, Sherman KE, Shata MT. Genotypic characterization of symptomatic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in Egypt. J Clin Virol. 2009;46:140–4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
Youssef A, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Abd El-alah EM, Abd El-Hameed Ael E, Serwah Ael H, Hayashi Y. Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis viruses in Ismailia, Egypt. Intervirology. 2009;52:123–31.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zaki Mel S, Salama OS, Mansour FA, Hossein S. Hepatitis E virus coinfection with hepatotropic viruses in Egyptian children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008;41:254–8.
46.
Zakaria S, Fouad R, Shaker O, Zaki S, Hashem A, El-Kamary SS, Esmat G, Zakaria S. Changing patterns of acute viral hepatitis at a Major Urban Referral Center in Egypt. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:e30–6.PubMedCrossRef
47.
El-Sayed Zaki M, El-Deen Zaghloul MH, El Sayed O. Acute sporadic hepatitis E in children: diagnostic relevance of specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G compared with nested reverse transcriptase PCR. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006;48:16–20.
48.
Meky FA, Stoszek SK, Abdel-Hamid M, Selim S, Abdel-Wahab A, Mikhail N, El-Kafrawy S, El-Daly M, Abdel-Aziz F, Sharaf S, Mohamed MK, Engle RE, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Fix AD, Strickland GT. Active surveillance for acute viral hepatitis in rural villages in the Nile Delta. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;2:628–33.CrossRef
49.
Darwish MA, Faris R, Darwish N, Shouman A, Gadallah M, El-Sharkawy MS, Edelman R, Grumbach K, Rao MR, Clemens JD. Hepatitis c and cirrhotic liver disease in the Nile delta of Egypt: a community-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64:147–53.PubMed
50.
El Sayed Zaki M, El Aal AA, Badawy A, El-Deeb DR, El-Kheir NY. Clinicolaboratory study of mother-to-neonate transmission of hepatitis E virus in Egypt. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;140:721–6.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Albatanony MA, El-Shafie MK. Work-related health effects among wastewater treatment plants workers. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2011;2:237–44.PubMed
52.
El-Esnawy NA. Examination for hepatitis E virus in wastewater treatment plants and workers by nested RT-PCR and ELISA. J Egypt Publ Health Assoc. 2000;75:219–31.
53.
El-Esnawy NA, Ali MA, Bayoumi FS, Abo-El-Khir A, Abdel-Wahab KS. Waterborne viruses associated with repeated abortion. J Egypt Publ Health Assoc. 2001;76:487–503.
54.
Stoszek SK, Engle RE, Abdel-Hamid M, Mikhail N, Abdel-Aziz F, Medhat A, Fix AD, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Strickland GT. Hepatitis E antibody seroconversion without disease in highly endemic rural Egyptian communities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:89–94.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Stoszek SK, Abdel-Hamid M, Saleh DA, El Kafrawy S, Narooz S, Hawash Y, Shebl FM, El Daly M, Said A, Kassem E, Mikhail N, Engle RE, Sayed M, Sharaf S, Fix AD, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Strickland GT. High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in pregnant Egyptian women. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:95–101.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Fix AD, Abdel-Hamid M, Purcell RH, Shehata MH, Abdel-Aziz F, Mikhail N, el Sebai H, Nafeh M, Habib M, Arthur RR, Emerson SU, Strickland GT. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E in two rural Egyptian communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:519–23.PubMed
57.
Zaki Mel S, Foud MF, Mohamed AF. Value of hepatitis E virus detection by cell culture compared with nested PCR and serological studies by IgM and IgG. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56:73–9.CrossRef
58.
Zekavat OR, Makarem A, Karami MY, Amanat A, Mohandes M, Habibagahi M. Serological investigation for hepatitis E virus infection in the patients with chronic maintenance hemodialysis from southwest of Iran. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2013;7:21–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
60.
Taremi M, Khoshbaten M, Gachkar L, EhsaniArdakani M, Zali M. Hepatitis E virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a seroepidemiological survey in Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
Rostamzadeh Khameneh Z, Sepehrvand N, Khalkhali HR. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E among pregnant women in Urmia, Iran. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e10931.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Miri R, Hedayatimoghadam M, Shamsian A, Bidkhori H, Fathimoghadam F, Rezaee SA. Population movement and virus spreading: HEV spreading in a Pilgrimage City, Mashhad in Northeast Iran: an example. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e10255.
63.
Ramezani A, Velayati AA, Khorami-Sarvestani S, Eslamifar A, Mohraz M, Banifazl M, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Yaghmaei F, McFarland W, Foroughi M, Keyvani H, Mostafavi E, Aghakhani A. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in an endemic area in Iran. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:769–74.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Mohebbi SR, Rostami Nejad M, Tahaei SM, Pourhoseingholi MA, Habibi M, Azimzadeh P, Naghoosi H, Karayiannis P, Zali MR. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and E virus infections in Tehran, Iran: a population based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:528–31.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Raoofi R, Nazer MR, Pournia Y. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Western Iran. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012;16:302–3.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Saffar MJ, Farhadi R, Ajami A, Khalilian AR, Babamahmodi F, Saffar H. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in 2–25-year-olds in Sari district, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2009;15:136–42.PubMed
67.
Ataei B, Nokhodian Z, Javadi AA, Kassaian N, Shoaei P, Farajzadegan Z, Adibi P. Hepatitis E virus in Isfahan Province: a population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:67–71.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Taremi M, Mohammad Alizadeh AH, Ardalan A, Ansari S, Zali MR. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran: a population-based study. East Mediterr Health J. 2008;14:157–62.PubMed
69.
Utba NM. The prevalence of hepatitis E virus in Al-Sadr City—Baghdad. Clin Lab. 2013;59:115–20.PubMed
70.
Al-Nasrawi KK, Al Diwan JK, Al-Hadithi TS, Saleh AM. Viral hepatitis E outbreak in Al-Sadr city, Baghdad, Iraq. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:1128–32.PubMed
71.
Al-Naaimi AS, Turky AM, Khaleel HA, Jalil RW, Mekhlef OA, Kareem SA, Hasan NY, Dhadain AA. Predicting acute viral hepatitis serum markers (A and E) in patients with suspected acute viral hepatitis attending primary health care centers in Baghdad: a one year cross-sectional study. Glob J Health Sci. 2012;4:172–83.PubMed
72.
Myint KS, Duripunt P, Mammen MP Jr, Sirisopana N, Rodkvamtook W, Gibbons RV. Hepatitis E virus infection in Thai troops deployed with U.N. peacekeeping forces. Mil Med. 2007;172:1217–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in Refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection. 2003;31:70–4.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Lachish T, Tandlich M, Schwartz E. Acute hepatitis in Israeli travelers. J Travel Med. 2013;20:232–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Potasman I, Koren L, Peterman M, Srugo I. Lack of hepatitis E infection among backpackers to tropical countries. J Travel Med. 2000;7:208–10.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Ayoola A, Aderoju A, Gadour MO, Al-Hazmi M, Hamza MK, Ene D, Hafeez M, Anderson D, Riddell M. Serological profile of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in an area of hyper-endemic hepatitis B virus infection. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2001;7:95–102.PubMed
77.
Ayoola EA, Want MA, Gadour MO, Al-Hazmi MH, Hamza MK. Hepatitis E virus infection in haemodialysis patients: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol. 2002;66:329–34.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Boccia D, Guthmann JP, Klovstad H, Hamid N, Tatay M, Ciglenecki I, Nizou JY, Nicand E, Guerin PJ. High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1679–84.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Nicand E, Armstrong GL, Enouf V, Guthmann JP, Guerin JP, Caron M, Nizou JY, Andraghetti R. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus in Darfur, Sudan, and Neighboring Chad. J Med Virol. 2005;77:519–21.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Ahmed RE, Karsany MS, Adam I. Brief report: acute viral hepatitis and poor maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant sudanese women. J Med Virol. 2008;80:1747–8.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Mudawi HM, Yousif BA. Fulminant hepatic failure in an African setting: etiology, clinical course, and predictors of mortality. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:3266–9.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Hannachi N, Boughammoura L, Marzouk M, Tfifha M, Khlif A, Soussi S, Skouri H, Boukadida J. Viral infection risk in polytransfused adults: seroprevalence of seven viruses in central Tunisia. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2011;104:220–5.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Hannachi N, Hidar S, Harrabi I, Mhalla S, Marzouk M, Ghzel H, Ghannem H, Khairi H, Boukadida J. Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis E among pregnant women in central Tunisia. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2011;59:e115–8.CrossRef
84.
Rezig D, Ouneissa R, Mhiri L, Mejri S, Haddad-Boubaker S, Ben Alaya N, Triki H. Seroprevalences of hepatitis A and E infections in Tunisia. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2008;56:148–53.CrossRef
85.
Bayram A, Eksi F, Mehli M, Sözen E. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Intervirology. 2007;50:281–6.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Uçar E, Cetin M, Kuvandik C, Helvaci MR, Güllü M, Hüzmeli C. Hepatitis E virus seropositivity in hemodialysis patients in Hatay province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43:299–302.PubMed
87.
Cevahir N, Demir M, Bozkurt AI, Ergin A, Kaleli I. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among primary school children. Pak J Med Sci. 2013;29:629–32.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
88.
Maral I, Budakoglu II, Ceyhan MN, Atak A, Bumin MA. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology and its change during 1 year in primary school students in Ankara, Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:831–5.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Eker A, Tansel O, Kunduracilar H, Tokuç B, Yuluğkural Z, Yüksel P. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in adult population in Edirne province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2009;43:251–8.PubMed
90.
Kaya AD, Ozturk CE, Yavuz T, Ozaydin C, Bahcebasi T. Changing patterns of hepatitis A and E sero-prevalences in children after the 1999 earthquakes in Duzce, Turkey. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44:205–7.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Oncu S, Oncu S, Okyay P, Ertug S, Sakarya S. Prevalence and risk factors for HEV infection in pregnant women. Med Sci Monit 2006;12:CR36-39.
92.
Sencan I, Sahin I, Kaya D, Oksuz S, Yildirim M. Assessment of HAV and HEV seroprevalence in children living in post-earthquake camps from Diizce. Turkey. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19:461–5.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Atabek ME, Fýndýk D, Gulyuz A, Erkul I. Prevalence of anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies in Konya, Turkey. Health Policy. 2004;67:265–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Cevrioglu AS, Altindis M, Tanir HM, Aksoy F. Investigation of the incidence of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in Turkey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004;30:48–52.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Ceylan A, Ertem M, Ilcin E, Ozekinci T. A special risk group for hepatitis E infection: Turkish agricultural workers who use untreated waste water for irrigation. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131:753–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
Yayli G, Kiliç S, Ormeci AR. Hepatitis agents with enteric transmission—an epidemiological analysis. Infection. 2002;30:334–7.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Cesur S, Akin K, Doğaroğlu I, Birengel S, Balik I. Hepatitis A and hepatitis E seroprevalence in adults in the Ankara area. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2002;36:79–83.PubMed
98.
Colak D, Ogunc D, Gunseren F, Velipasaoglu S, Aktekin MR, Gültekin M. Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in pediatric age groups in Turkey. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2002;49:93–7.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Sidal M, Unüvar E, Oğuz F, Cihan C, Onel D, Badur S. Age-specific seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and E infections among children in Istanbul, Turkey. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17:141–4.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Abro AH, Abdou AM, Saleh AA, Ustadi AM, Hussaini HS. Hepatitis E: a common cause of acute viral hepatitis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59:92–4.PubMed
101.
Kumar RM, Uduman S, Rana S, Kochiyil JK, Usmani A, Thomas L. Sero-prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis E virus among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;100:9–15.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Bawazir AA, Hart CA, Sallam TA, Parry CM, Beeching NJ, Cuevas LE. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses in Aden, Yemen. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:801–5.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Ibrahim EH, Abdelwahab SF, Nady S, Hashem M, Galal G, Sobhy M, Saleh AS, Shata MT. Prevalence of Anti-HEV IgM among blood donors in Egypt. Egypt J Immunol. 2011;18:47–58.PubMed
104.
Ehteram H, Ramezani A, Eslamifar A, Sofian M, Banifazl M, Ghassemi S, Aghakhani A, Mashayekhi P. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus infection among volunteer blood donors in central province of Iran in 2012. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5:172–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
105.
Assarehzadegan MA, Shakerinejad G, Amini A, Rezaee SA. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in blood donors in Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:387–90.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Taremi M, Gachkar L, MahmoudArabi S, Kheradpezhouh M, Khoshbaten M. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among male blood donors in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13:98–102.PubMed
107.
Johargy AK, Mahomed MF, Khan MM, Kabrah S. Anti-Hepatitis E virus seropositivity in a group of male blood donors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63:185–9.PubMed
108.
Houcine N, Jacques R, Salma F, Anne-Gaëlle D, Amin S, Mohsen H, Hamadi B, Christophe R, Patrice A, Mahjoub A, Caroline S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in rural and urban populations, Tunisia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:E119-2.CrossRef
109.
Vollmer T, Diekmann J, Johne R, Eberhardt M, Knabbe C, Dreier J. Novel approach for detection of hepatitis E virus infection in German blood donors. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2708–13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
110.
Baylis SA, Gärtner T, Nick S, Ovemyr J, Blümel J. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus RNA in plasma donations from Sweden, Germany and the United States. Vox Sang. 2012;103:89–90.PubMedCrossRef
111.
112.
Pawlotsky JM. Hepatitis E screening for blood donations: an urgent need? Lancet. 2014;384:1729–30.PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
Matsubayashi K, Kang JH, Sakata H, Takahashi K, Shindo M, Kato M, Sato S, Kato T, Nishimori H, Tsuji K, Maguchi H, Yoshida J, Maekubo H, Mishiro S, Ikeda H. A case of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route. Transfusion. 2008;48:1368–75.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Tamura A, Shimizu YK, Tanaka T, Kuroda K, Arakawa Y, Takahashi K, Mishiro S, Shimizu K, Moriyama M. Persistent infection of hepatitis E virus transmitted by blood transfusion in a patient with T-cell lymphoma. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:113–20.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Matsubayashi K, Sakata H, Ikeda H. Hepatitis E virus infection and blood transfusion in Japan. ISBT Sci Ser. 2011;6:344–9.CrossRef
117.
Arankalle VA, Chobe LP. Retrospective analysis of blood transfusion recipients: evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis E. Vox Sang. 2000;79:72–4.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Toyoda H, Honda T, Hayashi K, Katano Y, Goto H, Kumada T, Takahashi K, Abe N, Mishiro S, Takamatsu J. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus IgG antibody in Japanese patients with hemophilia. Intervirology. 2008;51:21–5.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002;21:183–4.PubMed
120.
Verghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:689–97.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Dalton HR, Stableforth W, Thurairajah P, Hazeldine S, Remnarace R, Usama W, Farrington L, Hamad N, Sieberhagen C, Ellis V, Mitchell J, Hussaini SH, Banks M, Ijaz S, Bendall RP. Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:784–90.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Mansuy JM, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Sauné K, Miédouge M, Ellis V, Rech H, Destruel F, Kamar N, Dalton HR, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:2309–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
123.
Clayson ET, Myint KS, Snitbhan R, Vaughn DW, Innis BL, Chan L, Cheung P, Shrestha MP. Viremia, fecal shedding and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:927–33.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Passos-Castilho AM, Porta G, Miura IK, Pugliese RP, Danesi VL, Porta A, Guimarães T, Seda J, Antunes E, Granato CF. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a pediatric female liver transplant recipient. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:4425–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
125.
Nelson KE, Kmush B, Labrique AB. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Exp Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9:1133–48.CrossRef
126.
Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB, Garrigue V, Pischke S, Chauvet C, Dumortier J, Cannesson A, Cassuto-Viguier E, Thervet E, Conti F, Lebray P, Dalton HR, Santella R, Kanaan N, Essig M, Mousson C, Radenne S, Roque-Afonso AM, Izopet J, Rostaing L. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:1481–9.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Pfefferle S, Frickmann H, Gabriel M, Schmitz N, Günther S, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Fatal course of an autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with leukemia in Germany. Infection. 2012;40:451–4.
128.
Neukam K, Barreiro P, Macías J, Avellón A, Cifuentes C, Martín-Carbonero L, Echevarría JM, Vargas J, Soriano V, Pineda JA. Chronic hepatitis E in HIV patients: rapid progression to cirrhosis and response to oral ribavirin. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:465–8.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Te HS, Drobeniuc J, Kamili S, Dong C, Hart J, Sharapov UM. Hepatitis E virus infection in a liver transplant recipient in the United States: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2013;45:810–3.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Hepatitis E virus in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety
verfasst von
Soha Yazbek
Khalil Kreidieh
Sami Ramia
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Infection / Ausgabe 1/2016
Print ISSN: 0300-8126
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-0973
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0807-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

Infection 1/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Case Report

Development of visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV+ patient upon immune reconstitution following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy

Correspondence

Response to comment on: “antibiotic use varies substantially among adults—a cross‑national study from five European Countries in the ARITMO project”

Original Paper

Dual treatment of acute HCV infection in HIV co-infection: influence of HCV genotype upon treatment outcome

Original Paper

High seroprevalence of HCV in the Abruzzo Region, Italy: results on a large sample from opt-out pre-surgical screening

Original Paper

Determinants of bacteriological outcomes in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Original Paper

Clinical features and outcome of patients with descending necrotizing mediastinitis: prospective analysis of 34 cases

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

19.04.2024 | Vorhofflimmern | Nachrichten

Parodontalbehandlung verbessert Prognose bei Katheterablation

18.04.2024 | Arterielle Hypertonie | Nachrichten

Antihypertensiva schützen auch alte Menschen noch vor Demenz

18.04.2024 | Wirbelsäulenmetastase | Nachrichten

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

17.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Nachrichten

Denken Sie bei starker Blutung auch an die Hemmkörper-Hämophilie
weitere anzeigen

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise