Skip to main content
Erschienen in: CardioVasc 1/2015

23.02.2015 | Schwerpunkt_CME

Unterschätztes Risiko bei geriatrischen Patienten

Hypertonieassoziierte Sturzneigung

verfasst von: PD Dr. Markus Tölle

Erschienen in: CardioVasc | Ausgabe 1/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Über eine lange Zeit stellte sich die Frage, wie die Anzahl an nicht behandelten Hypertonikern reduziert werden kann, welche Blutdruckzielwerte für die beste Versorgung unserer Patienten angestrebt werden sollten und wie die Anzahl an kontrolliert behandelten Hypertonikern gesteigert werden kann. Neben den Vorteilen einer antihypertensiven Therapie auf das kardiovaskuläre Überleben stellen therapieassoziierte Nebenwirkungen in der Praxis häufig große Probleme dar. Bei geriatrischen Patienten sind sowohl die arterielle Hypertonie als auch die erhöhte Sturzgefährdung bedeutsame Faktoren. Daneben zeigen sich in der geriatrischen Bevölkerung gehäuft Nebenwirkungen einer antihypertensiven Therapie, die unter Umständen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die individuelle Morbidität und Mortalität haben. Ein wichtiger pathophysiologischer Mechanismus für Stürze ist die orthostatische Hypotonie. Diese tritt sowohl bei schwerer unkontrollierter Hypertonie aber auch unter einer antihypertensiven Therapie gehäuft auf. Durch die Erhöhung der Sturzneigung mit der konsekutiven Gefahr einer schweren körperlichen Verletzung (Hüftfraktur, intrazerebrale Verletzung) und anschließender Verminderung der funktionellen Eigenständigkeit des Patienten bestehen erhebliche Risiken. Daher ist es wichtig, auf der einen Seite geriatrische Patienten mit unkontrollierter Hypertonie zu identifizieren und zu behandeln und auf der anderen Seite die antihypertensive Therapie mit Augenmaß zu beginnen und im Verlauf kontinuierlich zu überwachen.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(18):2363–9CrossRefPubMed Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(18):2363–9CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemmelgarn BR, Chen G, Walker R et al. Trends in antihypertensive drug prescriptions and physician visits in Canada between 1996 and 2006. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24(6):507–12CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Hemmelgarn BR, Chen G, Walker R et al. Trends in antihypertensive drug prescriptions and physician visits in Canada between 1996 and 2006. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24(6):507–12CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1003–10CrossRefPubMed Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1003–10CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu Q, Burt VL, Dillon CF, Yoon S. Trends in antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among United States adults with hypertension: the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 to 2010. Circulation. 2012;126(17):2105–14CrossRefPubMed Gu Q, Burt VL, Dillon CF, Yoon S. Trends in antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among United States adults with hypertension: the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 to 2010. Circulation. 2012;126(17):2105–14CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2434–506CrossRefPubMed Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2434–506CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Peel NM. Epidemiology of falls in older age. Canadian journal on aging = La revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2011;30(1):7–19CrossRefPubMed Peel NM. Epidemiology of falls in older age. Canadian journal on aging = La revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2011;30(1):7–19CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Callisaya ML, Blizzard L, Schmidt MD et al. Gait, gait variability and the risk of multiple incident falls in older people: a population-based study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):481–7CrossRefPubMed Callisaya ML, Blizzard L, Schmidt MD et al. Gait, gait variability and the risk of multiple incident falls in older people: a population-based study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):481–7CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Speechley M, Tinetti M. Falls and injuries in frail and vigorous community elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(1):46–52PubMed Speechley M, Tinetti M. Falls and injuries in frail and vigorous community elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(1):46–52PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander BH, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(7):1020–3CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Alexander BH, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(7):1020–3CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF et al. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing. 1990;19(2):136–41CrossRefPubMed Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF et al. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing. 1990;19(2):136–41CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Tinetti ME, Doucette J, Claus E, Marottoli R. Risk factors for serious injury during falls by older persons in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(11):1214–21PubMed Tinetti ME, Doucette J, Claus E, Marottoli R. Risk factors for serious injury during falls by older persons in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(11):1214–21PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):865–72CrossRefPubMed Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):865–72CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Tajeu GS, Delzell E, Smith W et al. Death, debility, and destitution following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(3):346–53.CrossRefPubMed Tajeu GS, Delzell E, Smith W et al. Death, debility, and destitution following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(3):346–53.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV et al. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths-United States, 1997-2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(5):1–32PubMed Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV et al. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths-United States, 1997-2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(5):1–32PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Barry PJ, Gallagher P, Ryan C. Inappropriate prescribing in geriatric patients. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(1):37–43CrossRefPubMed Barry PJ, Gallagher P, Ryan C. Inappropriate prescribing in geriatric patients. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(1):37–43CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(21):1952–60CrossRefPubMed Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(21):1952–60CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell AJ. Drug treatment as a cause of falls in old age. A review of the offending agents. Drugs Aging. 1991;1(4):289–302CrossRefPubMed Campbell AJ. Drug treatment as a cause of falls in old age. A review of the offending agents. Drugs Aging. 1991;1(4):289–302CrossRefPubMed
18.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Shannon RP, Wei JY, Rosa RM et al. The effect of age and sodium depletion on cardiovascular response to orthostasis. Hypertension. 1986;8(5):438–43CrossRefPubMed Shannon RP, Wei JY, Rosa RM et al. The effect of age and sodium depletion on cardiovascular response to orthostasis. Hypertension. 1986;8(5):438–43CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Rutan GH, Hermanson B, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension. 1992;19(6 Pt 1):508–19CrossRefPubMed Rutan GH, Hermanson B, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension. 1992;19(6 Pt 1):508–19CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JS, Kwok T, Leung PC, Woo J. Medical illnesses are more important than medications as risk factors of falls in older community dwellers? A cross-sectional study. Age Ageing. 2006;35(3):246–51CrossRef Lee JS, Kwok T, Leung PC, Woo J. Medical illnesses are more important than medications as risk factors of falls in older community dwellers? A cross-sectional study. Age Ageing. 2006;35(3):246–51CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerdhem P, Ringsberg KA, Akesson K, Obrant KJ. Clinical history and biologic age predicted falls better than objective functional tests. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(3):226–32CrossRefPubMed Gerdhem P, Ringsberg KA, Akesson K, Obrant KJ. Clinical history and biologic age predicted falls better than objective functional tests. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(3):226–32CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(3):263–8CrossRefPubMed Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(3):263–8CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong AK, Lord SR, Sturnieks DL et al. Angiotensin system-blocking medications are associated with fewer falls over 12 months in community- dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):776–81CrossRefPubMed Wong AK, Lord SR, Sturnieks DL et al. Angiotensin system-blocking medications are associated with fewer falls over 12 months in community- dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):776–81CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Butt DA, Mamdani M, Austin PC et al. The risk of hip fracture after initiating antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(22):1739–44CrossRefPubMed Butt DA, Mamdani M, Austin PC et al. The risk of hip fracture after initiating antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(22):1739–44CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Butt DA, Mamdani M, Austin PC et al. The risk of falls on initiation of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(10):2649–57CrossRefPubMed Butt DA, Mamdani M, Austin PC et al. The risk of falls on initiation of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(10):2649–57CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gribbin J, Hubbard R, Gladman J et al. Risk of falls associated with antihypertensive medication: self-controlled case series. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(8):879–84CrossRefPubMed Gribbin J, Hubbard R, Gladman J et al. Risk of falls associated with antihypertensive medication: self-controlled case series. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(8):879–84CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):588–95CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):588–95CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):51–6CrossRefPubMed Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):51–6CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris T, Lipsitz LA, Kleinman JC, Cornoni-Huntley J. Postural change in blood pressure associated with age and systolic blood pressure. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II. J Gerontol. 1991;46(5):M159–63 Harris T, Lipsitz LA, Kleinman JC, Cornoni-Huntley J. Postural change in blood pressure associated with age and systolic blood pressure. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II. J Gerontol. 1991;46(5):M159–63
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kario K, Tobin JN, Wolfson LI et al. Lower standing systolic blood pressure as a predictor of falls in the elderly: a community-based prospective study. J Am Col Cardiol. 2001;38(1):246–52CrossRef Kario K, Tobin JN, Wolfson LI et al. Lower standing systolic blood pressure as a predictor of falls in the elderly: a community-based prospective study. J Am Col Cardiol. 2001;38(1):246–52CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):841–7CrossRefPubMed Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):841–7CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Lipsitz LA. Abnormalities in blood pressure homeostasis that contribute to falls in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 1985;1(3):637–48PubMed Lipsitz LA. Abnormalities in blood pressure homeostasis that contribute to falls in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 1985;1(3):637–48PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Gangavati A, Hajjar I, Quach L et al. Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and the risk of falls in a community-dwelling elderly population: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly of Boston study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(3):383–9.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Gangavati A, Hajjar I, Quach L et al. Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and the risk of falls in a community-dwelling elderly population: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly of Boston study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(3):383–9.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Campese V, Schneider EL. Reevaluating the use of antihypertensive medications, a first step toward reducing polypharmacy in very old patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12(8):621–4CrossRef Campese V, Schneider EL. Reevaluating the use of antihypertensive medications, a first step toward reducing polypharmacy in very old patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12(8):621–4CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuo HK, Sorond F, Iloputaife I et al. Effect of blood pressure on cognitive functions in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(11):1191–4CrossRefPubMed Kuo HK, Sorond F, Iloputaife I et al. Effect of blood pressure on cognitive functions in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(11):1191–4CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hajjar I, Hart M, Chen YL et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on cognitive function in early executive cognitive impairment: a doubleblind randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(5):442–4CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Hajjar I, Hart M, Chen YL et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on cognitive function in early executive cognitive impairment: a doubleblind randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(5):442–4CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887–98CrossRefPubMed Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887–98CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(4):CD000028PubMed Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(4):CD000028PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Lipsitz LA, Gagnon M, Vyas M et al. Antihypertensive therapy increases cerebral blood flow and carotid distensibility in hypertensive elderly subjects. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):216–21CrossRefPubMed Lipsitz LA, Gagnon M, Vyas M et al. Antihypertensive therapy increases cerebral blood flow and carotid distensibility in hypertensive elderly subjects. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):216–21CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Dhruva SS, Redberg RF. Variations between clinical trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for Medicare national coverage decisions. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(2):136–40CrossRefPubMed Dhruva SS, Redberg RF. Variations between clinical trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for Medicare national coverage decisions. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(2):136–40CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Callisaya ML, Sharman JE, Close J et al. Greater daily defined dose of antihypertensive medication increases the risk of falls in older people a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(8):1527–33CrossRefPubMed Callisaya ML, Sharman JE, Close J et al. Greater daily defined dose of antihypertensive medication increases the risk of falls in older people a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(8):1527–33CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Batchelor FA, Mackintosh SF, Said CM, Hill KD. Falls after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(6):482–90 Batchelor FA, Mackintosh SF, Said CM, Hill KD. Falls after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(6):482–90
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Shuto H, Imakyure O, Matsumoto J et al. Medication use as a risk factor for inpatient falls in an acute care hospital: a case-crossover study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69(5):535–42CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Shuto H, Imakyure O, Matsumoto J et al. Medication use as a risk factor for inpatient falls in an acute care hospital: a case-crossover study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69(5):535–42CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Velde N, Stricker BH, Pols HA, {van der} Cammen TJ. Risk of falls after withdrawal of fall-risk-increasing drugs: a prospective cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):232–7CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed van der Velde N, Stricker BH, Pols HA, {van der} Cammen TJ. Risk of falls after withdrawal of fall-risk-increasing drugs: a prospective cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):232–7CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Tinetti ME, McAvay GJ, Fried TR et al. Health outcome priorities among competing cardiovascular, fall injury, and medication-related symptom outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(8):1409–16CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Tinetti ME, McAvay GJ, Fried TR et al. Health outcome priorities among competing cardiovascular, fall injury, and medication-related symptom outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(8):1409–16CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Unterschätztes Risiko bei geriatrischen Patienten
Hypertonieassoziierte Sturzneigung
verfasst von
PD Dr. Markus Tölle
Publikationsdatum
23.02.2015
Verlag
Urban & Vogel
Erschienen in
CardioVasc / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1617-4933
Elektronische ISSN: 1618-3851
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15027-015-0535-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2015

CardioVasc 1/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Aktuell_Deutscher Hochdruckliga-Kongress

Transzendentale Meditation wirkt blutdrucksenkend

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.