Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T08:04:20.750Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

EPA Guidance Mental Health Care of Migrants

Part of: EPA Guidance Papers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2014

D. Bhugra ,
S. Gupta ,
M. Schouler-Ocak ,
I. Graeff-Calliess ,
N.A. Deakin ,
A. Qureshi ,
J. Dales ,
D. Moussaoui ,
M. Kastrup  and
I. Tarricone
...Show all authors
D. Bhugra*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
S. Gupta
Affiliation:
East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
M. Schouler-Ocak
Affiliation:
Psychiatric University Clinic of Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany
I. Graeff-Calliess
Affiliation:
Center for Transcultural Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Wahrendorff Clinic, Sehnde/Hannover, Germany
N.A. Deakin
Affiliation:
St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
A. Qureshi
Affiliation:
Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
J. Dales
Affiliation:
University Hospitals, Leicester, UK
D. Moussaoui
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
M. Kastrup
Affiliation:
Competence centre, Transcultural Psychiatry, Psychiatric Center Ballerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
I. Tarricone
Affiliation:
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
A. Till
Affiliation:
University Hospitals, Leicester, UK
M. Bassi
Affiliation:
Dipartimento Salute Mentale, Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
M. Carta
Affiliation:
University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
*
⁎Corresponding author. E-mail address: dinesh.bhugra@kcl.ac.uk (D. Bhugra).
Get access

Abstract

Migration is an increasingly commonplace phenomenon for a number of reasons. People migrate from rural to urban areas or across borders for reasons including economic, educational or political. There is increasing recent research evidence from many countries in Europe that indicates that migrants are more prone to certain psychiatric disorders. Because of their experiences of migration and settling down in the new countries, they may also have special needs such as lack of linguistic abilities which must be taken into account using a number of strategies at individual, local and national policy levels. In this guidance document, we briefly present the evidence and propose that specific measures must be taken to improve and manage psychiatric disorders experienced by migrants and their descendants. This improvement requires involvement at the highest level in governments. This is a guidance document and not a systematic review.

Keywords

MigrantMigrationPsychiatric disordersMental healthPsychiatric illnessesManagement
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , February 2014 , pp. 107 - 115
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aichberger, M.et al.Depression in middle-aged and older first generation migrants in Europe: results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Eur Psychiatry 2010;25(8):468–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J.W.Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Appl Psychol 1997;46(1):5–34.Google Scholar
Berry, J.W.Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In: Chun, B.-O.P.H.Marin, G.Acculturation Washington, DC: American Psychological Press; 2003. p. 17–27.Google Scholar
Berry, J.W.Acculturation and identity. In: Bhugra, D.Bhui, K.S.Textbook of cultural psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 169–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D.Migration and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108(s418):67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D.Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;109(4):243–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.Culture and self-harm. Attempted suicide in South Asians in London. East Sussex: Psychology Press Hove; 2004.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D.Cultural identities and cultural congruency: a new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111(2):84–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Becker, M.Migration: cultural bereavement and cultural identity. World Psychiatry 2005;4(1):18–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Bhui, K.Eating disorders in teenagers in East London: a survey. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2003;11(1):46–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D., Bhui, K.Ethnic and cultural factors in psychopharmacology. In: Bhattacharya, R., Cross, S., Bhugra, D., Clinical topics in cultural psychiatry London: RCPsych Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Gupta, S.Migration in mental health. Cambridge University Press; 2011.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Tantam, D.Psychotherapy, culture and ethnicity. Clinical topics in psychotherapy. London: Gaskell; 1998. 241–255.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D.et al.First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169(5):587–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.et al.Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites: African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med 1997;27(04):791–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D.et al.Attempted suicide in west London: II. Inter-group comparisons. Psychol Med 1999;29(5):1131–1139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.et al.Prevalence of bulimic behaviours and eating attitudes in schoolgirls from Trinidad and Barbados. Transcult Psychiatry 2003;40(3):409–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D.et al.Deliberate self-harm in adolescents in West London: socio-cultural factors. Eur J Psychiatry 2004;18(2):91–98.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D., Craig, T., Bhui, K.Mental health of refugees and asylum seekers. Oxford University Press; 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhugra, D.et al.WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry 2011;10(1):2–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Wojcik, W., Gupta, S.Cultural bereavement, culture shock and culture conflict: adjustments and reactions. Migration Ment Health 2011 139–149.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D.et al.A randomised control trial of assertive outreach versus treatment as usual for black people with severe mental illness. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2011;20:83–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhui, K.et al.Traumatic events: migration characteristics and psychiatric symptoms among Somali refugees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38(1):35–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhui, K., McKenzie, K., Rasul, F.Rates, risk factors and methods of self-harm among minority ethnic groups in the UK: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:336.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhui, K.et al.Cultural competence in mental health care: a review of model evaluations. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boneham, M.A.Ageing and ethnicity in Britain: the case of elderly Sikh women in a Midlands town. J Ethn Migration Stud 1989;15(3):447–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boydell, J.et al.Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environment. BMJ 2001;323(7325):1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruckner, B.et al.Charakteristika von Suizidversuchen turkischer Migranten im Kanton Basel-Stadt. Resultat der WHO/EURO Multizenterstudie. Nervenheilkunde 2011;30(7):517–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, I.et al.Suicidal behaviour in four ethnic groups in The Hague 2002–2004. Crisis 2009;30:63–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor-Graae, E., Pedersen, C.B.Risk of schizophrenia in second-generation immigrants: a Danish population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2007;37(4):485–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor-Graae, E., Selten, J.-P.Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(1):12–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor-Graae, E.et al.Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2003;182(2):117–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carta, M.G.et al.Migration and mental health in Europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1). Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2005;1(1):13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caulford, P., Vali, Y.Providing health care to medically uninsured immigrants and refugees. Can Med Assoc J 2006;174(9):1253–1254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochrane, R.Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales: an analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971. Soc Psychiatry 1977;12(1):25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, R., Bal, S.S.Ethnic density is unrelated to incidence of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153(3):363–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochrane, R., Bal, S.S.Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants to England: a comparison of 1971 and 1981. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1989;24(1):2–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochrane, R., Bal, S.S.Patterns of alcohol consumption by Sikh, Hindu and Muslims seen in West Midlands. Br J Addict 1990;85:759–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, R., Howell, M.Drinking patterns of black and white men in the West Midlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995;30(3):139–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, T.L.et al.Towards a culturally competent system of care: a monograph on effective services for minority children who are severely emotionally disturbed. Washington DC: CASSP Technical Centre; 1989.Google Scholar
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., Danesh, J.Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2005;365(9467):1309–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, P.et al.Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 2006;36(11):1541–1550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garssen, M., Hoogenboezem, J., Kerkhof, A.[Suicide among migrant populations and native Dutch in The Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006;150(39):2143.Google Scholar
Gerritsen, A.A.et al.Use of health care services by Afghan: Iranian, and Somali refugees and asylum seekers living in The Netherlands. Eur J Public Health 2006;16(4):394–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grüsser, S.M.et al.Immigration-associated variables and substance dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2005;66(1):98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, G.G.C., Brewin, J., Cantwell, R., Dallin, T., Fox, R., Jones, P.et al.Increased incidence of psychiatric disorders in migrants from the Caribbean to the UK. Psychol Med 1997;27:799–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinz, A., Kluge, U.Mental health in different groups of migrants and ethnic minority within Europe and beyond: Regional and cross-national challenges and approaches in research, practice and training. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:S1–S3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickling, F.W., Rodgers-Johnson, P.The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167(2):193–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hjern, A., Allebeck, P.Suicide in first and second generation immigrants to Sweden: a comparative study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2002;37:423–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hjern, A., Allebeck, P.Alcohol related disorders in first and second generation immigrants in Sweden: a national cohort study. Addiction 2004;99:229–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofstede, G.H.Culture's consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage; 2001.Google Scholar
Holling, H.et al.Assessing psychopathological problems of children and adolescents from 3–17 years in a nationwide representative sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;17(Suppl. 1):34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, R.L.G., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Gill, B., Meltzer, H.The National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain - initial findings from the household survey. Psychol Med 1997;27:775–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkbride, J., Jones, P.Epidemiological aspects of migration and mental illness. In: Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Migration and mental health Cambridge University Press;2011.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, J.B.et al.Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychol Med 2008;38(8):1083–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, E.et al.Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund ini stationar-psychiatrischen Einrichtungen - Pilotstudie der Arbeitsgruppe ‘Psychiatrie und Migration’ der Bundesdirektorenkonferenz. Nervenarzt 2008 328–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupersmidt, J.B., Martin, S.L.Mental health problems of children of migrant and seasonal farm workers: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(2):224–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laban, C.J.et al.Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004;192(12):843–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laban, C.J.et al.The impact of a long asylum procedure on quality of life: disability and physical health in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008;43(7):507–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lambert, T., Norman, T.Ethnic differences in psychotropic drug response and pharmacokinetics. Ng, C., Ethnopharmacology Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. p. 38–61.Google Scholar
Lindert, J.et al.Depression and anxiety in labour migrants and refugees. Soc Sci Med 2009;69:246–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipsicas, C.B.et al.Attempted suicide among immigrants in European countries: an international perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012;47(2):241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsicas, C.B.et al.Gender distribution of suicide attempts among immigrant groups in European countries—an international perspective. Eur J Public Health 2013;23(2):279–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, I., Cheng, A.Migration and mental illness: an epidemiological perspective. In: Bhugra, G.S.D., Migration and Mental Health Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011 44–55.Google Scholar
Livingston, G.et al.Mental health of migrant elders—the Islington study. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179(4):361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, K., Bhugra, D.Cross-cultural aspects of psychotherapy. Int Rev Psychiatry 1993;5(2-3):291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahy, G.et al.First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:28–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, N.et al.‘They’re all depressed: aren’t they?’ A qualitative study of social care workers and depression in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2005;9(6):508–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modood, T.et al.Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute; 1997.Google Scholar
Nasser, M., Bhugra, D., Chow, V.Concepts of body and self in minority groups. Female Body Mind 2007;192.Google Scholar
Naval, U.C., Hussain, S.K.Striped zebra: the immigrant psyche: a unique, first-ever look at immigrants’ struggles & sufferings, successes & achievements, in quest of the better life. Rupa & Co; 2008.Google Scholar
Ng, C.H., Lin, K.-M., Singh, B.S.Ethno-psychopharmacology: advances in current practice Cambridge University Press; 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, T., Waldemar, G.[Dementia in ethnic minorities]. Ugeskr Laeger 2010;172(20):1527.Google Scholar
Odegaard, O.Emigration and insanity: a study of mental disease among the Norwegian-born population of Minnesota. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1932;7(Suppl. 4):1–206.Google Scholar
OSCE, Trafficking in human beings amounting to torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Vienna: OSCE; 2013.Google Scholar
Pena, J.et al.Immigration generation status and its association with suicide attempts: substance abuse, and depressive symptoms among Latino adolescents in the USA. Prev Sci 2008;9(4):299–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penka, S.et al.Explanatory models of addictive behaviour among native German, Russian-German, and Turkish youth. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23:36–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penka, S.et al.The concept of intercultural opening: the development of an assessment tool for the appraisal of its current implementation in the mental health care system. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:S63–S69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettit, T.et al.Validation and normative data of health status measures in older people: the Islington study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16(11):1061–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, M., Haslam, N.Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons. JAMA 2005;294(5):602–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, M., Haslam, N.Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2005;294(5):606–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qureshi, A.et al.Cultural competency training in psychiatry. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23:49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rack, P.Race, culture and mental disorder. London: Tavistock; 1982.Google Scholar
Rait, G., Burns, A., Chew, C.Age, ethnicity and mental illness: a triple whammy. Br Med J 1996;313:1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razum, O., Zeeb, H.Suizidsterblichkeit unter Turkinnen und Turken in Deutschland. Nervenarzt 2004;75:1092–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reininghaus, U.A.et al.Unemployment, social isolation, achievement–expectation mismatch and psychosis: findings from the ÆSOP Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008;43(9):743–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritsner, M.et al.Somatization in an immigrant population in Israel: a community survey of prevalence, risk factors, and help-seeking behavior. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157(3):385–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, B., Kristensen, M., Schmidt, J.[Dementia in elderly Turkish immigrants]. Ugeskr Laeger 2008;170(50):4109–4113.Google Scholar
Saha, S.et al.The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;114(1):36–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sartorius, N.et al.An international study of psychological problems in primary care: preliminary report from the World Health Organization collaborative project on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:819–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, P., Ashworth, M., Jones, R.Ethnic isolation and psychosis: re-examining the ethnic density effect. Psychol Med 2011;41(6):1263–1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, J.-P., Cantor-Graae, E.Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191(Suppl. 51):59–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpley, M.S.et al.Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England Review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178(40):s60–s68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sieberer, M.et al.Depressive symptoms in first- and second-generation migrants: A cross-sectional study of a multi-ethnic working population. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2012;58(6):605–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silveira, E., Ebrahim, S.Mental health and health status of elderly Bengalis and Somalis in London. Age Ageing 1995;24(6):474–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, M., Gimeno, D., Marmot, M.G.Neighbourhood characteristics and trajectories of health functioning: a multilevel prospective analysis. Eur J Public Health 2008;18(6):604–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straßmayr, C.et al.Coping with legal restrictions of access to mental health care for irregular migrants in Europe-results from the PROMO Study. Psychiatr Prax 2011;38(S01):OP45_EL.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinnen, S.G., Selten, J.-P.Mood disorders and migration meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190(1):6–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tribe, R.Bridging the gap or damming the flow? Some observations on using interpreters/bicultural workers when working with refugee clients: many of whom have been tortured. Br J Med Psychol 1999;72(4):567–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Bergen, D.et al.Suicidal behaviour of young immigrant women in the Netherlands. Can we use Durkheim's concept of ‘fatalistic suicide’ to explain their high incidence of attempted suicide?. Ethn Racial Stud 2009;32(2):302–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bergen, D.et al.Suicidal behaviour and ethnicity of young females in Rotterdam, The Netherlands: rates and risk factors. Ethn Health 2010;15(5):515–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bergen, D.et al.‘I felt so hurt and lonely’: suicidal behaviour in South Asian-Surinamese, Turkish and Moroccan women in The Netherlands. Transcult Psychiatry 2012;49(1):69–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veling, W.et al.Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: a four-year first-contact study. Schizophr Res 2006;86:189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W.et al.Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36(4):761–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W., Hoek, H.W., Mackenbach, J.P.Perceived discrimination and the risk of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008;43(12):953–959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veling, W., Hoek, H.W., Mackenbach, J.P.Perceived discrimination and the risk of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities: a case-control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008;43(12):953–959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vollebergh, W.A.et al.Mental health in immigrant children in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40(6):489–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weich, S.et al.Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC study. Psychol Med 2004;34(08):1543–1551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M.et al.Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 1996;276(0):293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D.R.et al.Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64(3):305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization World health report 2001: mental health: new understanding, new hope. World Health Organization; 2001.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, A., Riecher-Rössler, A.Suizidversuche in der ersten und zweiten Generation der ImmigrantInnen aus der Türkei. Neuropsychiatrie 2008;22:261–267.Google Scholar
Yu, S.-H., Liu, S.-K., Lin, K.-M.Psychopharmacology across cultures. In: Bhugra, D., Bhui, K., Textbook of cultural psychiatry Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 402–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, C., Kiss, L., Hossain, M.Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Med 2011;8(5):e1001034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.