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Erschienen in: Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1/2016

01.02.2016 | Übersichten

Neuromonitoring und operative Therapie beim schweren Schädel-Hirn-Trauma

verfasst von: R. Martínez, MD, PhD

Erschienen in: Trauma und Berufskrankheit | Sonderheft 1/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) ist in industrialisierten Ländern die wichtigste Ursache für die Mortalität und Morbidität im Lebensalter von 20 bis 40 Jahren. Pathophysiologisch wird zwischen dem Primärschaden (Läsion des Gehirns nach einer mechanischen Einwirkung) und dem Sekundärschaden (Schädigung des Gehirns nach sekundär aufgetretenen Noxen, hauptsächlich Hirnödem und Hirnschwellung) unterschieden. Das Management von SHT-Patienten zielt darauf ab, sekundäre Komplikationen zu vermeiden bzw. zu behandeln.

Management und Therapie

Trotz einer großen Anzahl vielversprechender experimenteller Studien ist es bis heute nicht gelungen, eine neuroregenerative Therapie in der Klinik zu etablieren. Daher ist die Rolle des Neuromonitorings zur Prävention des Sekundärschadens nach einem SHT entscheidend. Unterschiedliche Methoden zur Analyse verschiedener Hirnparameter stehen derzeit zur Verfügung. Im klinischen Alltag haben sich die Messung des intrakraniellen Drucks (ICP), der zerebralen Oxygenierung mittels Sauerstoffpartialdrucks (ptiO2), des zerebralen Perfusionsdrucks (CPP) sowie Untersuchungen zu strukturellen intrakraniellen Veränderungen (neuroradiologische Untersuchungen) und zu Hirnfunktionen (elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen) als Routineverfahren etabliert. Die chirurgische Entfernung von Raumforderungen wie Epi- oder Subduralhämatome und Kontusionsblutungen bzw. die dekompressive Hemikraniektomie sind neurochirurgische Maßnahmen, die initial oder während der akuten Phase eines schweren SHT zur Verfügung stehen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Neuromonitoring und operative Therapie beim schweren Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
verfasst von
R. Martínez, MD, PhD
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Trauma und Berufskrankheit / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1436-6274
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-6282
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10039-015-0054-0

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