Introduction
Methods
Participants
Measures
Analyses
Results
Descriptives of participants and prevalence rates of parental psychiatric problems
Girls (n = 296) | Boys (n = 375) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 11.7 (3.4) | 10.5 (3.2) |
Depression | 7.1 (4.6) | 5.4 (4.0) |
Anxiety | 4.5 (3.1) | 3.6 (2.7) |
ADH | 5.4 (3.7) | 7.2 (3.6) |
Oppositional defiant | 3.7 (2.8) | 4.2 (2.5) |
Conduct | 3.5 (4.2) | 4.4 (4.2) |
Mothers (n = 701) | Fathers (n = 530) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 41.9 (6.4) | 44.9 (6.7) |
Parental education: low/middle/high | 26/58/16 | 27/57/19 |
Depression | 107 (15.3) | 67 (12.7) |
Anxiety | 52 (7.4) | 32 (6.1) |
Avoidant personality | 59 (8.4) | 55 (10.4) |
ADH | 71 (10.2) | 49 (9.3) |
Antisocial personality | 36 (5.1) | 34 (6.4) |
Total | 174 (24.8) | 127 (24) |
Girls | Boys | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (114) | M + F (205) | F (13) | M (85) | No (167) | M + F (264) | F (24) | M (98) | |
Dep | 6.3 (4.7) | 6.7 (4.4) | 6.7 (4.3) | 8.6 (4.8)* | 5.6 (4.1) | 5.3 (3.9) | 5.5 (4.3) | 5.6 (4.1) |
Anx | 3.7 (2.8) | 4.6 (3.1) | 4.4 (2.4) | 4.5 (3.0) | 3.7 (2.7) | 3.8 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.1) | 3.3 (2.6) |
ADH | 5.5 (3.8) | 5.2 (3.6) | 5.2 (4.1) | 6.0 (3.9) | 7.4 (3.7) | 7.3 (3.6) | 6.3 (3.7) | 7.5 (3.6) |
OD | 3.4 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.6) | 2.9 (1.9) | 4.3 (3.1) | 4.2 (2.8) | 4.1 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.6) |
Conduct | 3.7 (4.4) | 2.9 (3.6) | 3.0 (3.5) | 5.1 (5.6)* | 4.9 (4.9) | 4.2 (4.1) | 5.5 (5.7) | 4.8 (4.1) |
Parent–offspring associations
Mother | Father | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dep | Anx | Avoid | ADH | Anti | Dep | Anx | Avoid | ADH | Anti | |
Dep. | ||||||||||
Girls |
0.27
|
0.28
|
0.25
|
0.17
|
0.12
|
0.30
|
0.27
|
0.12
|
0.23
|
0.20
|
Boys |
0.22
|
0.30
|
0.22
|
0.20
|
0.18
|
0.31
|
0.36
|
0.25
|
0.27
|
0.19
|
Anx. | ||||||||||
Girls |
0.16
|
0.26
|
0.28
|
0.18
| 0.08 | 0.13 |
0.21
|
0.14
| 0.04 | −0.03 |
Boys |
0.13
|
0.23
|
0.19
| 0.10 | 0.01 |
0.25
|
0.33
|
0.18
|
0.25
|
0.16
|
ADH | ||||||||||
Girls |
0.18
|
0.21
|
0.18
|
0.25
|
0.14
|
0.26
| 0.11 |
0.15
|
0.32
|
0.17
|
Boys |
0.15
|
0.19
|
0.14
|
0.27
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.13
| 0.05 |
0.20
| 0.03 |
OD | ||||||||||
Girls |
0.23
|
0.23
|
0.18
|
0.23
|
0.20
|
0.32
|
0.22
|
0.20
|
0.32
|
0.21
|
Boys |
0.16
|
0.21
|
0.15
|
0.16
|
0.16
|
0.14
|
0.17
| 0.08 |
0.25
|
0.15
|
Conduct | ||||||||||
Girls |
0.15
|
0.17
| 0.10 |
0.19
|
0.15
|
0.26
| 0.10 |
0.18
|
0.22
|
0.18
|
Boys |
0.18
|
0.21
| 0.10 |
0.17
|
0.17
| 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
0.16
|
0.13
|
Childhood dep | Childhood anx | Childhood ADH | Childhood OD | Childhood conduct | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
| SE |
p
|
β
| SE |
p
|
β
| SE |
p
|
β
| SE |
p
|
β
| SE |
p
| |
Mother | |||||||||||||||
Dep | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.58 | −0.15
|
0.07
|
0.04
| −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.004 | 0.07 | 0.95 |
Anx |
0.21
|
0.06
| <0.001
|
0.25
|
0.06
| <0.001
|
0.15
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
0.06
|
0.01
|
0.14
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
Avoid |
0.13
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
0.05
| <0.001
| 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.86 | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
ADH | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.43 |
0.24
|
0.05
| <0.001
| 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.16 |
Anti | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.88 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Father | |||||||||||||||
Dep | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.27 |
Anx |
0.18
|
0.06
|
0.01
|
0.25
|
0.07
|
0.001
| −0.004 | 0.07 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.56 |
Avoid | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.44 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.50 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.63 |
ADH | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.55 |
0.23
|
0.06
| <0.001
|
0.20
|
0.06
|
0.001
| 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
Anti | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.45 | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.43 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.31 |