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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 11/2014

01.11.2014 | Allgemeinanästhesie

Schlafstörungen bei Ärzten im Schichtdienst

verfasst von: O. Schlafer, V. Wenzel, Prof. Dr. B. Högl

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 11/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Schlafmangel und Schlafstörungen bei Ärzten im Schichtdienst können sowohl direkte gesundheitliche Folgen als auch indirekte, durch Leistungsminderung negative Auswirkungen auf die Patientensicherheit haben. Selbst bei optimaler äußerer Anpassung an Schichtarbeit und Schlafausgleich tagsüber ist Schlafmangel bei Ärzten häufig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Ursachen und Konsequenzen von Schlafstörungen bei Ärzten zu diskutieren sowie Verbesserungsmaßnahmen zur Adaptation bei Schichtarbeit aufzuzeigen.
Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von Schlafstörungen bei Ärzten reichen von genetischen Faktoren bei ca. 15 % der Bevölkerung, Alter über 50 Jahre, komorbid vorhandenen, jedoch oft nichtdiagnostizierten schlafmedizinischen Erkrankungen, Alkoholmissbrauch bzw. Schlafmangel durch Mehrfachbelastungen in Klinik (mit Schichtarbeit), Forschung, Lehre und Familie. Mehrere Studien weisen auf eine erhöhte Fehlerrate von übermüdeten Ärzten hin. Schichtarbeiter haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für psychiatrische, kardiovaskuläre und möglicherweise auch für Krebserkrankungen. Es bestehen Zusammenhänge zwischen kurzer Schlafdauer und gestörter Nahrungsaufnahme, Diabetes mellitus, Adipositas, Bluthochdruck oder koronarer Herzerkrankung. Nikotin- und Alkoholkonsum sind bei Schichtarbeitern häufiger. Sozioökonomisch zeigen sich erhöhte Krankenstände und Unfallraten bei Ärzten auf dem Nachhauseweg, insbesondere nach Nachtschichten.
Um die Leistungsfähigkeit zu verbessern und Ermüdungserscheinungen zu vermindern, sind Kurzschlafepisoden („naps“) während der Schicht, evtl. in Kombination mit Koffein, wirksame Coping-Strategien. Wenn die Naps zu einem Zeitpunkt mit niedrigem zirkadianen Schlafdruck stattfinden, sind sie weniger effektiv, da die Betroffenen nicht immer einschlafen können. Helle Beleuchtung und blaues Licht unterstützen die Wachheit während der Schicht. Bereits auf dem Nachhauseweg von der Schicht sollte direkte Sonnenlichtexposition auf die Retina vermieden werden, z. B. durch Tragen dicht abschließender, sehr dunkler Sonnenbrillen oder von Brillen mit orangenen Gläsern. Nach Schichtende sollte in sehr dunkler Umgebung geschlafen werden, um die endogene Melatoninsekretion nicht zu behindern, was als Nachtsignal gilt und die Schlafkontinuität fördern soll. Schlafstörungen können mit richtigem Umgang mit Licht, Verhaltensstrategien und Umgebungsstrategien therapiert werden, um Schlafdefizite möglichst gut zu kompensieren. Erschöpfung durch Schlafmangel kann nur durch Schlafen konsequent therapiert werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Schlafstörungen bei Ärzten im Schichtdienst
verfasst von
O. Schlafer
V. Wenzel
Prof. Dr. B. Högl
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 11/2014
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-014-2374-z

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