Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 9/2014

01.09.2014 | Original Contribution

The relation between bullying and subclinical psychotic experiences and the influence of the bully climate of school classes

verfasst von: Esther M. B. Horrevorts, Karin Monshouwer, Johanna T. W. Wigman, Wilma A. M. Vollebergh

Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Ausgabe 9/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This study aims to examine the association between the bully climate of school classes and the prevalence of subclinical psychotic experiences among students who are involved in bullying (either as bully or as victim). Data were derived from the Dutch health behavior in school-aged children survey of 2005, a nationally representative cross-sectional study with a total of 5,509 adolescents between the age of 12 and 16. The data were analyzed using a multilevel regression analysis. The study revealed that both bullying and being bullied in school classes was associated with an increased level of subclinical psychotic experiences. The bully climate of a school class moderates this effect, i.e., the higher risk for bully-victims on subclinical psychotic experiences was less strong in classes with a higher percentage of classmates involved in bullying. Thus, bully climate has to be taken into account when studying the psychological experiences associated with being bullied.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Aluede O, Adeleke F, Omoike D, Afen-Akpaida J (2008) A review of the extent, nature, characteristics, and effect of bullying behaviour in schools. J Instr Psychol 35:151–158 Aluede O, Adeleke F, Omoike D, Afen-Akpaida J (2008) A review of the extent, nature, characteristics, and effect of bullying behaviour in schools. J Instr Psychol 35:151–158
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Arseneault L, Bowes L, Shakoor S (2010) Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘much ado about nothing’? Psychol Med 40:717–729PubMedCrossRef Arseneault L, Bowes L, Shakoor S (2010) Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘much ado about nothing’? Psychol Med 40:717–729PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Arsenault L, Cannon M, Fisher HL, Polanczyk G, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2011) Childhood trauma and children’s emerging psychotic symptoms: a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 168:65–72CrossRef Arsenault L, Cannon M, Fisher HL, Polanczyk G, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2011) Childhood trauma and children’s emerging psychotic symptoms: a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 168:65–72CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrowclough C, Tarrier NL, Andrews B, Humphreys L, Ward J, Gregg L (2003) Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. J Abnorm Psychol 112:92–99PubMedCrossRef Barrowclough C, Tarrier NL, Andrews B, Humphreys L, Ward J, Gregg L (2003) Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. J Abnorm Psychol 112:92–99PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Meltzer H (2004) Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage. Evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br J Psychiatry 185:220–226PubMedCrossRef Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Meltzer H (2004) Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage. Evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br J Psychiatry 185:220–226PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bentall RP, Kinderman P, Kaney S (1994) The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behav Res Ther 32:331–341PubMedCrossRef Bentall RP, Kinderman P, Kaney S (1994) The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behav Res Ther 32:331–341PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bentall RP, Corcoran R, Howard R, Blackwood N, Kinderman P (2001) Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev 21:1143–1192PubMedCrossRef Bentall RP, Corcoran R, Howard R, Blackwood N, Kinderman P (2001) Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev 21:1143–1192PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bond L, Carlin JB, Thomas L, Rubin K, Patton G (2001) Does bullying cause emotional problems? a prospective study of young teenagers. Brit Med J 323:480–484PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bond L, Carlin JB, Thomas L, Rubin K, Patton G (2001) Does bullying cause emotional problems? a prospective study of young teenagers. Brit Med J 323:480–484PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Boydell J, Van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, Murray RM (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environment. Br Med J 323:1–4CrossRef Boydell J, Van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, Murray RM (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environment. Br Med J 323:1–4CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell MLC, Morrison AP (2007) The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14-16-year olds. Behav Res Ther 45:1579–1591PubMedCrossRef Campbell MLC, Morrison AP (2007) The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14-16-year olds. Behav Res Ther 45:1579–1591PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, Van Os J (2008) Does the concept of “sensitization” provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophr bull 34:220–225PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, Van Os J (2008) Does the concept of “sensitization” provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophr bull 34:220–225PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cougnard A, Marcelis M, Myin-Germeys I, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen H, Henquet C, Spauwen J, Van Os J (2007) Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? a psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychol Med 37:513–527PubMedCrossRef Cougnard A, Marcelis M, Myin-Germeys I, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen H, Henquet C, Spauwen J, Van Os J (2007) Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? a psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychol Med 37:513–527PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Currie C, Nic Gabhainn S, Godeau E, Roberts C, Smith R, Currie D, Picket W, Richter M, Morgan A, Barnekow V (2008) Inequalities in young people’s health: health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC). International report from the 2005/2006 survey. Health policy for children and adolescents, no.5. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional office for Europe Currie C, Nic Gabhainn S, Godeau E, Roberts C, Smith R, Currie D, Picket W, Richter M, Morgan A, Barnekow V (2008) Inequalities in young people’s health: health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC). International report from the 2005/2006 survey. Health policy for children and adolescents, no.5. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional office for Europe
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Fekkes M, Pijpers FIM, Fredriks AM, Vogels T, Verloove-Vanhorick SP (2006) Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? a prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics 117:1568–1574PubMedCrossRef Fekkes M, Pijpers FIM, Fredriks AM, Vogels T, Verloove-Vanhorick SP (2006) Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? a prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics 117:1568–1574PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Fusar-Poli P, Yung AR, McGorry P, Van Os J (2013) Lessons learned from the psychosis high-risk state: towards a general staging model of prodromal intervention. Psychol Med. Published online: 18 February 2013. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000184 Fusar-Poli P, Yung AR, McGorry P, Van Os J (2013) Lessons learned from the psychosis high-risk state: towards a general staging model of prodromal intervention. Psychol Med. Published online: 18 February 2013. doi: 10.​1017/​S003329171300018​4
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gieling M, Vollebergh W, Van Dorsselaer S (2010) Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epid 45:639–646CrossRef Gieling M, Vollebergh W, Van Dorsselaer S (2010) Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epid 45:639–646CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:581–586PubMedCrossRef Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:581–586PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham S, Juvonen J (1998) Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: an attributional analysis. Dev Psychol 34:587–599PubMedCrossRef Graham S, Juvonen J (1998) Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: an attributional analysis. Dev Psychol 34:587–599PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgins S (2012) Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia: a framework for investigations of causes, and effective treatment, and prevention. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:2505–2518CrossRef Hodgins S (2012) Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia: a framework for investigations of causes, and effective treatment, and prevention. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:2505–2518CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hox J (1998) Multilevel modeling: when and why. In: Balderjahn I, Mathar R, Schader M (eds) Classification, data analysis, and data highways. Springer, New York Hox J (1998) Multilevel modeling: when and why. In: Balderjahn I, Mathar R, Schader M (eds) Classification, data analysis, and data highways. Springer, New York
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, Rimpelä A (2000) Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. J Adolesc 23:661–674PubMedCrossRef Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, Rimpelä A (2000) Bullying at school—an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. J Adolesc 23:661–674PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kärnä A, Voeten M, Poskiparta E, Salmivalli C (2010) Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts. Bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization. Merril Palmer Quart 56:261–282CrossRef Kärnä A, Voeten M, Poskiparta E, Salmivalli C (2010) Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts. Bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization. Merril Palmer Quart 56:261–282CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelleher I, Harley M, Lynch F, Arsenault L, Fitzpatrick C, Cannon M (2008) Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. Br J Psychiatry 193:378–382PubMedCrossRef Kelleher I, Harley M, Lynch F, Arsenault L, Fitzpatrick C, Cannon M (2008) Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. Br J Psychiatry 193:378–382PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington HL, Milne BJ, Poulton R (2003) Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiat 60:709–717PubMedCrossRef Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington HL, Milne BJ, Poulton R (2003) Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiat 60:709–717PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1996) Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: evidence for a defensive model of paranoid ideation. J Abnorm Psychol 105:53–66CrossRef Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1996) Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: evidence for a defensive model of paranoid ideation. J Abnorm Psychol 105:53–66CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Konings M, Bak M, Hanssen M, van Os J, Krabbendam L (2006) Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:55–61PubMedCrossRef Konings M, Bak M, Hanssen M, van Os J, Krabbendam L (2006) Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:55–61PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumpulainen K, Räsänen E (2000) Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence. An epidemiological sample. Child Abus Negl 24:1567–1577CrossRef Kumpulainen K, Räsänen E (2000) Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence. An epidemiological sample. Child Abus Negl 24:1567–1577CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lataster T, Van Os J, Drukker M, Henquet C, Feron F, Gunther N, Myin-Germeys I (2006) Childhood victimisation and developmental expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:423–428PubMedCrossRef Lataster T, Van Os J, Drukker M, Henquet C, Feron F, Gunther N, Myin-Germeys I (2006) Childhood victimisation and developmental expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:423–428PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Lösel F, Bender D (2011) Emotional and antisocial outcomes of bullying and victimization at school: a follow-up from childhood to adolescence. J Aggress Confl Peace Res 3:89–96 Lösel F, Bender D (2011) Emotional and antisocial outcomes of bullying and victimization at school: a follow-up from childhood to adolescence. J Aggress Confl Peace Res 3:89–96
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Mares AMHM (red.) (2005) Jaarboek en onderwijs in cijfers 2005; Feiten en cijfers over het onderwijs in Nederland tot November 2004. Kluwer/Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek Mares AMHM (red.) (2005) Jaarboek en onderwijs in cijfers 2005; Feiten en cijfers over het onderwijs in Nederland tot November 2004. Kluwer/Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Matheson SL, Shepherd AM, Pinchbeck RM, Laurens KR, Carr VJ (2013) Childhood adversity in schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis. Psychol Med 43:225–238PubMedCrossRef Matheson SL, Shepherd AM, Pinchbeck RM, Laurens KR, Carr VJ (2013) Childhood adversity in schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis. Psychol Med 43:225–238PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mynard H, Joseph S (1997) Bully/victim problems and their association with Eysenck’s personality dimensions in 8–13-year-old. Br J Educ Psychol 67:51–54PubMedCrossRef Mynard H, Joseph S (1997) Bully/victim problems and their association with Eysenck’s personality dimensions in 8–13-year-old. Br J Educ Psychol 67:51–54PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishina A, Juvonen J (2005) Daily reports of witnessing and experiencing peer harassment in middle school. Child Dev 76:435–450PubMedCrossRef Nishina A, Juvonen J (2005) Daily reports of witnessing and experiencing peer harassment in middle school. Child Dev 76:435–450PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Olweus D (1997) Bully/victim problems in school: facts and intervention. Eur J Psychol Educ XII:495–510 Olweus D (1997) Bully/victim problems in school: facts and intervention. Eur J Psychol Educ XII:495–510
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, Horwood J, Hollis C, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Thompson A, Zammit S, Duffy L, Salvi G, Harrison G (2009) Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:527–536PubMedCrossRef Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, Horwood J, Hollis C, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Thompson A, Zammit S, Duffy L, Salvi G, Harrison G (2009) Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:527–536PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Selten J, Van der Ven E, Rutten BPF, Cantor-Graae E (2013) The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull 39:1180–1186PubMedCrossRef Selten J, Van der Ven E, Rutten BPF, Cantor-Graae E (2013) The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull 39:1180–1186PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sentse M, Rl Scholte, Salmivalli C, Voeten M (2007) Person-group dissimilarity in involvement in bullying and its relation with social status. J Abnorm Child Psych 35:1009–1019CrossRef Sentse M, Rl Scholte, Salmivalli C, Voeten M (2007) Person-group dissimilarity in involvement in bullying and its relation with social status. J Abnorm Child Psych 35:1009–1019CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Sourander A, Jensen P, Rönning JA, Niemelä S, Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Almqvist F (2007) What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? the finnish “from a boy to a man” study. Pediatrics 120:397–404PubMedCrossRef Sourander A, Jensen P, Rönning JA, Niemelä S, Helenius H, Sillanmäki L, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Almqvist F (2007) What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? the finnish “from a boy to a man” study. Pediatrics 120:397–404PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Stefanis NC, Hanssen M, Smyrnis N, Avramopoulos D, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN, Verdoux H, Van Os J (2002) Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychol Med 32:347–358PubMedCrossRef Stefanis NC, Hanssen M, Smyrnis N, Avramopoulos D, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN, Verdoux H, Van Os J (2002) Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychol Med 32:347–358PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Dorsselaer S, De Looze M, Vermeulen-Smit E, De Roos S, Verdurmen J, Ter Bogt T, Vollebergh W (2010) HBSC 2009 Gezondheid, welzijn en opvoeding van jongeren in Nederland. Trimbos-Instituut, Utrecht Van Dorsselaer S, De Looze M, Vermeulen-Smit E, De Roos S, Verdurmen J, Ter Bogt T, Vollebergh W (2010) HBSC 2009 Gezondheid, welzijn en opvoeding van jongeren in Nederland. Trimbos-Instituut, Utrecht
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Dorsselaer S, Zeijl E, Van den Eeckhout S, Ter Bogt T, Vollebergh WAM (2007) HBSC 2005 Gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland. Trimbos-Instituut, Utrecht Van Dorsselaer S, Zeijl E, Van den Eeckhout S, Ter Bogt T, Vollebergh WAM (2007) HBSC 2005 Gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland. Trimbos-Instituut, Utrecht
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, Lieverse R, Lataster T, Viechtbauer W, Read J, Van Os J, Bentall RP (2012) Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull 38:661–671PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, Lieverse R, Lataster T, Viechtbauer W, Read J, Van Os J, Bentall RP (2012) Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull 38:661–671PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Veenstra R, Huitsing G, Dijkstra JK, Lindenberg S (2008) Wie pest wie? Een netwerkbenadering van pesten. Justitiële Verkenning 34:78–92 Veenstra R, Huitsing G, Dijkstra JK, Lindenberg S (2008) Wie pest wie? Een netwerkbenadering van pesten. Justitiële Verkenning 34:78–92
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Werbelof N, Drukker M, Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Yoffe R, Van Os J, Davidson M, Weiser M (2012) Self-reported attenuated psychotic symptoms as forerunners of severe mental disorders later in life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(5):467–475CrossRef Werbelof N, Drukker M, Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Yoffe R, Van Os J, Davidson M, Weiser M (2012) Self-reported attenuated psychotic symptoms as forerunners of severe mental disorders later in life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(5):467–475CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Wigman JTW, Vollebergh WAM, Raaijmakers QAW, Iedema J, Van Dorsselaer S, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Van Os J (2011) The structure of the extended psychosis phenotype in early adolescence—a cross-sample replication. Schizophr Bull 37:850–860PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wigman JTW, Vollebergh WAM, Raaijmakers QAW, Iedema J, Van Dorsselaer S, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Van Os J (2011) The structure of the extended psychosis phenotype in early adolescence—a cross-sample replication. Schizophr Bull 37:850–860PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The relation between bullying and subclinical psychotic experiences and the influence of the bully climate of school classes
verfasst von
Esther M. B. Horrevorts
Karin Monshouwer
Johanna T. W. Wigman
Wilma A. M. Vollebergh
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Ausgabe 9/2014
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0524-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2014

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 9/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.