nach oben

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Erschienen in:

01.11.2014 | Original Paper

Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area

verfasst von: Melissa Tracy, Hal Morgenstern, Kara Zivin, Allison E. Aiello, Sandro Galea

Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Ausgabe 11/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

A substantial proportion of adults experience traumatic events each year, yet little is known about the effects of different types of traumatic events on depression severity over time. We prospectively assessed the effects of traumatic event exposure during a 1-year period on changes in depression severity during that period among a representative sample of adults living in Detroit, Michigan in the United States.

Methods

We used data from 1,054 participants in the first two waves of the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (2008–2010). Depression severity was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the effect of traumatic event exposure on depression severity at Wave 2, adjusting for Wave 1 PHQ-9 score and potential confounders.

Results

The mean depression severity score at Wave 2 among those exposed to at least one traumatic event during follow-up was 1.71 times higher than among those with no traumatic event exposure [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.27–2.29]. Also positively associated with depression severity at Wave 2 (vs. no traumatic events) were assaultive violence (mean ratio 2.49, 95 % CI 1.41–4.38), injuries and other directly experienced shocking events (mean ratio 2.59, 95 % CI 1.62–3.82), and three or more traumatic events (mean ratio 2.58, 95 % CI 1.62–4.09).

Conclusions

Violence, injuries, and other directly experienced traumatic events increase depression severity and may be useful targets for interventions to alleviate the burden of depression in urban areas.

American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:216–222PubMed

Norris FH (1992) Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol 60:409–418PubMed

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E et al (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1048–1060PubMed

Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS et al (1993) Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol 61:984–991PubMed

Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM et al (2004) Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychol Med 34:889–898. doi:10.1017/S0033291703001612 PubMed

Carlson EB, Furby L, Armstrong J, Shlaes J (1997) A conceptual framework for the long-term psychological effects of traumatic childhood abuse. Child Maltreat 2:272–295. doi:10.1177/1077559597002003009

Basoglu M, Livanou M, Crnobarić C et al (2005) Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia. JAMA 294:580–590PubMed

10.

Prorokovic A, Cavka M, Cubela Adoric V (2005) Psychosomatic and depressive symptoms in civilians, refugees, and soldiers: 1993–2004 longitudinal study in Croatia. Croat Med J 46:275–281PubMed

11.

Weissman MM, Bruce ML, Leaf PJ et al (1991) Affective disorders. Psychiatr. Disord. Am. Epidemiol. Catchment Area Study. Free Press, New York, pp 53–80

12.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O et al (2003) The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. JAMA 289:3095–3105PubMed

13.

Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J (1996) Comorbidity of DSM-III—R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry 168:17–30

14.

Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF (2005) Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:1097–1106PubMed

15.

Cuijpers P, Smit F (2002) Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies. J Affect Disord 72:227–236PubMed

16.

Ohayon MM (2007) Epidemiology of depression and its treatment in the general population. J Psychiatr Res 41:207–213PubMed

17.

Penninx BW, Leveille S, Ferrucci L et al (1999) Exploring the effect of depression on physical disability: longitudinal evidence from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Public Health 89:1346–1352PubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Kessler RC, Magee WJ (1993) Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a US national survey. Psychol Med 23:679–690PubMed

19.

Armenian HK, Morikawa M, Melkonian AK et al (2002) Risk factors for depression in the survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. J Urban Health 79:373–382PubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Knudsen HK, Roman PM, Johnson JA, Ducharme LJ (2005) A changed America? The effects of September 11th on depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. J Health Soc Behav 46:260–273PubMed

21.

Miguel-Tobal JJ, Cano-Vindel A, Gonzalez-Ordi H et al (2006) PTSD and depression after the Madrid March 11 train bombings. J Trauma Stress 19:69–80PubMed

22.

Person C, Tracy M, Galea S (2006) Risk factors for depression after a disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis 194:659–666PubMed

23.

Mollica RF, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S (1998) Dose–effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Br J Psychiatry 173:482–488PubMed

24.

Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Solomon Z (2003) Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. JAMA 290:612–620PubMed

25.

Erickson DJ, Wolfe J, King DW et al (2001) Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 69:41–49PubMed

26.

Tracy M, Hobfoll SE, Canetti-Nisim D, Galea S (2008) Predictors of depressive symptoms among Israeli Jews and Arabs during the Al Aqsa Intifada: a population-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 18:447–457PubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Tennant C, Bebbington P, Hurry J (1981) The role of life events in depressive illness: is there a substantial causal relation? Psychol Med 11:379–389PubMed

28.

Grant I, Patterson T, Olshen R, Yager J (1987) Life events do not predict symptoms: symptoms predict symptoms. J Behav Med 10:231–240PubMed

29.

Kessler RC (1997) The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psychol 48:191–214PubMed

30.

Heinrichs M, Wagner D, Schoch W et al (2005) Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: a 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. Am J Psychiatry 162:2276–2286PubMed

31.

McNally RJ (2003) Psychological mechanisms in acute response to trauma. Biol Psychiatry 53:779–788PubMed

32.

Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1999) Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 156:837–841PubMed

33.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL, Schultz L (1997) Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:81–87PubMed

34.

Maciejewski PK, Prigerson HG, Mazure CM (2000) Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. Differences based on history of prior depression. Br J Psychiatry 176:373–378PubMed

35.

Boney-McCoy S, Finkelhor D (1996) Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:1406–1416PubMed

36.

Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ et al (2010) A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res 175:211–216. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010 PubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Ginexi EM, Weihs K, Simmens SJ, Hoyt DR (2000) Natural disaster and depression: a prospective investigation of reactions to the 1993 midwest floods. Am J Community Psychol 28:495–518PubMed

38.

Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J (1991) A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. J Pers Soc Psychol 61:115–121PubMed

39.

Phifer JF, Norris FH (1989) Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: nature, timing, duration, and course. J Gerontol 44:S207–S212PubMed

40.

Bravo M, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino GJ et al (1990) The psychological sequelae of disaster stress prospectively and retrospectively evaluated. Am J Community Psychol 18:661–680PubMed

41.

Soeteman RJ, Yzermans CJ, Spreeuwenberg P et al (2008) Changes in the pattern of service utilisation and health problems of women, men and various age groups following a destructive disaster: a matched cohort study with a pre-disaster assessment. BMC Fam Pract 9:48PubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Parslow RA, Jorm AF, Christensen H (2005) Associations of pre-trauma attributes and trauma exposure with screening positive for PTSD: analysis of a community-based study of 2085 young adults. Psychol Med 36:387–395. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006306 PubMed

43.

Robins LN, Fischbach RL, Smith EM et al (1986) Impact of disaster on previously assessed mental health. In: Shore JH (ed) Disaster stress studies: new methods and findings. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 22–48

44.

Hedtke KA, Ruggiero KJ, Fitzgerald MM et al (2008) A longitudinal investigation of interpersonal violence in relation to mental health and substance use. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:633–647. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.633 PubMed

45.

Green BL, Goodman LA, Krupnick JL et al (2000) Outcomes of single versus multiple trauma exposure in a screening sample. J Trauma Stress 13:271–286PubMed

46.

Turner RJ, Lloyd DA (1995) Lifetime traumas and mental health: the significance of cumulative adversity. J Health Soc Behav 36:360–376PubMed

47.

Suliman S, Mkabile SG, Fincham DS et al (2009) Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Compr Psychiatry 50:121–127PubMed

48.

Shmotkin D, Litwin H (2009) Cumulative adversity and depressive symptoms among older adults in Israel: the differential roles of self-oriented versus other-oriented events of potential trauma. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:989–997PubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Gillespie CF, Bradley B, Mercer K et al (2009) Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in inner city primary care patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31:505–514. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.003 PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Schumm JA, Briggs-Phillips M, Hobfoll SE (2006) Cumulative interpersonal traumas and social support as risk and resiliency factors in predicting PTSD and depression among inner-city women. J Trauma Stress 19:825–836. doi:10.1002/jts.20159 PubMed

51.

Tanskanen A, Hintikka J, Honkalampi K et al (2004) Impact of multiple traumatic experiences on the persistence of depressive symptoms—a population-based study. Nord J Psychiatry 58:459–464PubMed

52.

Goldmann E, Aiello A, Uddin M et al (2011) Pervasive exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress disorder in a predominantly African American Urban Community: the Detroit neighborhood health study. J Trauma Stress 24:747–751. doi:10.1002/jts.20705 PubMed

53.

Keyes KM, McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC et al (2012) Child maltreatment increases sensitivity to adverse social contexts: neighborhood physical disorder and incident binge drinking in Detroit. Drug Alcohol Depend 122:77–85. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.013 PubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16:606–613PubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL (2002) The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann 32:1–7

56.

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB (1999) Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD. JAMA 282:1737–1744PubMed

57.

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B (2010) The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 32:345–359. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 PubMed

58.

Martin A, Rief W, Klaiberg A, Braehler E (2006) Validity of the brief patient health questionnaire mood scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 28:71–77PubMed

59.

Huang FY, Chung H, Kroenke K et al (2006) Using the patient health questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 21:547–552PubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Pinto-Meza A, Serrano-Blanco A, Penarrubia MT et al (2005) Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: can it be carried out over the telephone? J Gen Intern Med 20:738–742PubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Löwe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W, Gräfe K (2004) Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). J Affect Disord 81:61–66PubMed

62.

Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD et al (1998) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:626–632PubMed

63.

Breslau N (2009) The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse 10:198–210. doi:10.1177/1524838009334448 PubMed

64.

Krupnick JL, Green BL, Stockton P et al (2004) Mental health effects of adolescent trauma exposure in a female college sample: exploring differential outcomes based on experiences of unique trauma types and dimensions. Psychiatry Interpers Biol Process 67:264–279

65.

McCutcheon VV, Heath AC, Nelson EC et al (2010) Clustering of trauma and associations with single and co-occurring depression and panic attack over twenty years. Twin Res Hum Genet Off J Int Soc Twin Stud 13:57–65

66.

McCutcheon VV, Heath AC, Nelson EC et al (2008) Accumulation of trauma over time and risk for depression in a twin sample. Psychol Med 39:431–441. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003759 PubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Eaton WW, Muntaner C, Bovasso G, Smith C (2001) Socioeconomic status and depressive syndrome: the role of inter-and intra-generational mobility, government assistance, and work environment. J Health Soc Behav 42:277–294PubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Miech RA, Shanahan MJ (2000) Socioeconomic status and depression over the life course. J Health Soc Behav 41:162–176

69.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT (1997) Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviors and sexual revictimization. Child Abuse Negl 21:789–803PubMed

70.

Marx BP, Heidt JM, Gold SD (2005) Perceived uncontrollability and unpredictability, self-regulation, and sexual revictimization. Rev Gen Psychol 9:67–90

71.

Bifulco A, Brown GW, Adler Z (1991) Early sexual abuse and clinical depression in adult life. Br J Psychiatry 159:115–122PubMed

72.

Duncan RD, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG et al (1996) Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse: findings from a national survey. Am J Orthopsychiatry 66:437–448PubMed

73.

Felitti MD, Vincent J, Anda MD et al (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 14:245–258PubMed

74.

Batten SV, Aslan M, Maciejewski PK, Mazure CM (2004) Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease and depression. J Clin Psychiatry 65:249–254PubMed

75.

Brown GW, Moran PM (1997) Single mothers, poverty and depression. Psychol Med 27:21–33PubMed

76.

Brewer RD, Swahn MH (2005) Binge drinking and violence. JAMA 294:616–618. doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.616 PubMed

77.

Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood L (2009) Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:260–266. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543 PubMed

78.

Paljärvi T, Koskenvuo M, Poikolainen K et al (2009) Binge drinking and depressive symptoms: a 5-year population-based cohort study. Addiction 104:1168–1178. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02577.x PubMed

79.

Wang J, Patten SB (2002) Prospective study of frequent heavy alcohol use and the risk of major depression in the Canadian general population. Depress Anxiety 15:42–45. doi:10.1002/da.1084 PubMed

80.

Gottfredson MR (1981) On the etiology of criminal victimization. J Crim Law Criminol 1973–72:714–726

81.

Schreck CJ, Wright RA, Miller JM (2002) A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Q 19:159–180

82.

Aneshensel CS, Stone JD (1982) Stress and depression: a test of the buffering model of social support. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:1392–1396PubMed

83.

Cohen S, Wills TA (1985) Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull 98:310–357PubMed

84.

Paykel ES (1994) Life events, social support and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89:50–58

85.

Turner RJ (1983) Direct, indirect, and moderating effects of social support and psychological distress and associated conditions. In: Kaplan HB (ed) Psychosocial stress: trends in theory and research. Academic Press, New York, pp 105–155

86.

Boardman JD, Finch BK, Ellison CG et al (2001) Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. J Health Soc Behav 42:151–165PubMed

87.

Boardman JD (2004) Stress and physical health: the role of neighborhoods as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Soc Sci Med 58:2473–2483. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.029 PubMed

88.

Karlamangla A, Zhou K, Reuben D et al (2006) Longitudinal trajectories of heavy drinking in adults in the United States of America. Addiction 101:91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01299.x PubMed

89.

King LA, King DW, Vogt DS et al (2006) Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory: a collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Mil Psychol 18:89–120

90.

Long JS (1997) Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Sage, Thousand Oaks

91.

Byers AL, Allore H, Gill TM, Peduzzi PN (2003) Application of negative binomial modeling for discrete outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 56:559–564. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00028-3 PubMed

92.

Choi NG, Teeters M, Perez L et al (2010) Severity and correlates of depressive symptoms among recipients of meals on wheels: age, gender, and racial/ethnic difference. Aging Ment Health 14:145–154. doi:10.1080/13607860903421078 PubMed

93.

Sachdev PS, Parslow RA, Lux O et al (2005) Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample. Psychol Med 35:529–538. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003721 PubMed

94.

U.S. Census Bureau (2007) American Community Survey 2005–2007 estimates for Detroit city. Washington, DC

95.

Van der Laan MJ, Robins JM (2003) Unified methods for censored longitudinal data and causality. Springer, New York

96.

Galea S, Ahern J, Tracy M et al (2008) Longitudinal determinants of posttraumatic stress in a population-based cohort study. Epidemiol Camb Mass 19:47–54. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c1dbf

97.

Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JM, Van Hoewyk J, Solenberger P (2001) A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Surv Methodol 27:85–96

98.

Raghunathan TE, Solenberger PW, Van Hoewyk J (2002) IVEware: imputation and variance estimation software. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

99.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P (1995) Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: a prospective analysis. Am J Psychiatry 152:529–535PubMed

100.

Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R, Resnick HS et al (1997) A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. J Consult Clin Psychol 65:834–847PubMed

101.

Vaughn MG, Fu Q, Delisi M et al (2010) Criminal victimization and comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the NESARC. Ann Epidemiol 20:281–288. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.11.011 PubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Chu JA (1992) The revictimization of adult women with histories of childhood abuse. J Psychother Pract Res 1:259–269PubMedPubMedCentral

103.

Desai S, Arias I, Thompson MP, Basile KC (2002) Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men. Violence Vict 17:639–653PubMed

104.

Pearlin LI (1989) The sociological study of stress. J Health Soc Behav 30:241–256PubMed

105.

Hammen C (1991) Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. J Abnorm Psychol 100:555–561PubMed

106.

Yzermans CJ, Donker GA, Kerssens JJ et al (2005) Health problems of victims before and after disaster: a longitudinal study in general practice. Int J Epidemiol 34:820–826PubMed

107.

Smith EM, Robins LN, Przybeck TR et al (1986) Psychosocial consequences of a disaster. In: Shore JH (ed) Disaster stress studies: new methods and findings. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 50–76

108.

Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T et al (1998) Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 155:630–637PubMed

109.

De Jong JT, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M et al (2001) Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. JAMA 286:555–562PubMed

110.

Frans O, Rimmo P-A, Aberg L, Fredrikson M (2005) Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111:291–290. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x

111.

Perkonigg A, Kessler RC, Storz S, Wittchen H-U (2000) Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101:46–59PubMed

112.

Wiseman T, Foster K, Curtis K (2012) Mental health following traumatic physical injury: an integrative literature review. Injury. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.02.015 PubMed

113.

O’Donnell M, Bryant R, Creamer M, Carty J (2008) Mental health following traumatic injury: toward a health system model of early psychological intervention. Clin Psychol Rev 28:387–406. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.008 PubMed

114.

Glass TA, Kasl SV, Berkman LF (1997) Stressful life events and depressive symptoms among the elderly Evidence from a prospective community study. J Aging Health 9:70–89PubMed

115.

Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1998) Stressful life events and major depression: risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. J Nerv Ment Dis 186:661–669PubMed

116.

Schraedley PK, Turner RJ, Gotlib IH (2002) Stability of retrospective reports in depression: traumatic events, past depressive episodes, and parental psychopathology. J Health Soc Behav 43:307–316PubMed

117.

Brewin CR, Andrews B, Gotlib IH (1993) Psychopathology and early experience: a reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychol Bull 113:82–98PubMed

118.

Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Moser D et al (2004) Major depression following traumatic brain injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:42–50. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.42 PubMed

119.

Rao V, Rosenberg P, Bertrand M et al (2009) Aggression after traumatic brain injury: prevalence and correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21:420–429PubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Farley R, Danziger S, Holzer HJ (2002) Detroit divided. Russell Sage Foundation, New York

121.

Sugrue TJ (2005) The origins of the urban crisis: race and inequality in postwar Detroit, revised edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton

Titel: Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area
verfasst von: Melissa Tracy
Hal Morgenstern
Kara Zivin
Allison E. Aiello
Sandro Galea
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2014
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Ausgabe 11/2014
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0884-2

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

23.04.2024 | Demenz | Nachrichten

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Psychiatrie

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2014

Rehospitalization risk of former voluntary and involuntary patients with schizophrenia

Comparing algorithms for deriving psychosis diagnoses from longitudinal administrative clinical records

The impact of immigration and visible minority status on psychosis symptom profile

Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment and psychotic symptomatology: a study in patients, siblings and controls

The influence of different types of war experiences on depression and anxiety in a Ugandan cohort of war-affected youth: the WAYS study

Somatization in refugees: a review

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Update Psychiatrie