A 10-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with progressive vertigo, nausea, and vomiting for 17 days. Neurological examination indicated left hemiparesis and multiple cranial nerves palsy of right third, sixth, seventh, and bilateral ninth, tenth. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a partially thrombosed giant aneurysm of the BA trunk without any sign of bleeding. Mass effect on the brainstem was prominent, and the aneurysm measured 40 mm on MRI (Fig.
1a–
d). Selective vertebral with 3-dimensional rotational angiography confirmed the giant fusiform, probably dissecting basilar aneurysm, which originated approximately 0.5 cm distal to the both anterior inferior cerebellar arteries and apparently ended in both posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs), and neither of the superior cerebellar arteries can be found. At bilateral internal carotid artery injection, there was no filling of both PCAs over the circle of Willis. The first digital subtraction angiography was conducted in other hospital; the balloon occlusion test and carotid compression test were not performed. After multidisciplinary discussion, it was decided that the best solution was to overlay two or three Enterprise stent (because it was impossible to obtain a high-density mesh stent, such as Silk or Pipeline) from the proximal BA to PCA P1 segment to divert the blood flow direction and then fill the patent portion of aneurysm with minimum coils, and hoping that the mass effect could be limited to least extent. The alternative treatment based on the collateral circulation checking, if the patient has sufficient collaterals over the posterior communicating arteries, was that the proximal basilar trunk be occluded by coils, if not, a superficial temporal artery to PCA bypass surgery is needed preceding BA occlusion.
The procedure was performed under general anesthesia. The patent portion of aneurysm is 39.7*20.8 mm (Fig.
2a–
b). First, an attempt was made to catheterize the distal BA and left PCAs with a microcatheter (Headway 17, MicroVention, Inc. 75 Columbia, Ste A. Aliso Viejo, California 92656, USA) through the aneurysm, but this proved impossible because of the volume of the aneurysm and the pulsations in the sac. Therefore, bilateral carotid compression test was performed separately. A retrograde filling of the left posterior communicating artery (PCoA) and internal carotid artery was seen on the vertebral artery (VA) injection and left carotid compression, proving the functionality of the circulus of Willis on the left (Fig.
2c–
d). Then, we decided to partially embolize the patent portion of aneurysm and occlude the BA above both anterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Assistance with temporal occlusion of the proximal BA by Hyperform 7*7 mm balloon (ev3 Inc. 9600 54th Avenue N.Plymouth, MN 55442- 2111 USA), the patent portion of aneurysm was partially embolized with coils (Axium, two 25mm*50 cm, one 20mm*50 cm, and one 18mm*44 cm, ev3 Inc), and then the mid-BA was occluded by coils (Axium, one 4mm*12 cm, hydrocoil, one 3mm*10 cm, and one 2mm*6 cm, ev3 Inc) above the level of the origin of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (Fig.
2e). Final angiographic evaluation confirmed total exclusion of the blood flow from BA to aneurysm (Fig.
2f), and bilateral PCAs were filled through left PCoA at the left internal carotid artery injection (Fig.
2g–
h). The patient has had aspirin 100 mg and clopidogrel 50 mg for 4 days before treatment. After endovascular therapy, clopidogrel 50 mg were given continuously for 3 days combined with low-molecular-weight heparin calcium injection (GlaxoSmithKline, 0.4 ml, q12h) for 1 week. Follow-up MR in the next week confirmed the thrombosis of the aneurysm with an increase in the mass effect on the brainstem (Fig.
1e–
h). Slight aggravation of symptoms was found in the patient after endovascular treatment for 2 weeks. After that, gradual improvement of the neurological deficits was observed, and all symptoms resolved within 3 months. The 3-month MRI revealed significant reduction in the size of the aneurysm and in the mass effect on the brainstem (Fig.
1i–
l). MRI at 7- and 23-month showed further shrinkage of the aneurysm (Fig.
1m–
p). Magnetic resonance angiography at the next week (Fig.
3a–
b) and at 23-month (Fig.
3c–
d) show the collateral circulation over the left PCoA supplying bilateral PCA and top of BA, and exclude any kind of endoleak situation.