Background
Methods
CHD # | Age at Study (years) | Age at Surgery | Time since Surgery (years) | Weight at Study (kg) | Weight at Surgery (kg) | NYHA Class | Diagnosis | Surgical Procedure | Medications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9 | 11 days | 9 | 31.5 | Unknown | I | Pulmonary stenosis | Balloon valvuloplasty | – |
2 | 10 | N/A | N/A | 34.5 | N/A | I | Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | None | ASA, Carvedilol, Enalapril, Spironolactone |
3 | 14 | aNeonate; b9 years; c13 years | 1 | 48.0 | Unknown | I | Aortic stenosis | aBalloon valvuloplasty; b-cAortic valve reconstruction × 2 | ASA, Ranitidine, Warfarin |
4 | 10 | a1 day; b10 days; c2 years; d4 years | 6 | 33.0 | d15.8 | I | Transposition of the great arteries | aBalloon atrial septostomy; bArterial switch; cBalloon branch pulmonary artery stenosis; dRight ventricular outflow tract patch | – |
5 | 12 | 3 months | 12 | 48.0 | 4.5 | I | Tetralogy of Fallot | Tetralogy of Fallot repair | Fluoxetine, Lisdexamfetamine, Melatonin |
6 | 14 | a8 days; b10 months; c3 years; d6 years | 8 | 38.7 | d18.8 | I | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | aNorwood/BT shunt; bGlenn; cFontan; dTricuspid valve reconstruction | ASA, Enalapril |
7 | 9 | 6 months | 8.5 | 28.0 | 7.6 | I | Double outlet right ventricle, atrial septal defect | Atrial and ventricular septal defect patches, right ventricular muscle bundle resection, main pulmonary artery arterioplasty | – |
8 | 9 | 6 months | 8.5 | 35.0 | 7.2 | I | Tetralogy of Fallot | Ventricular septal defect patch, right ventricle muscle bundle resection, pulmonary valvuloplasty | ASA |
9 | 13 | a2 weeks; b6 months; c2.75 years | 10 | 57.0 | Unknown | I | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | aNorwood/BT shunt; bGlenn; cFontan | ASA |
10 | 8 | 18 months | 6.5 | 27.0 | 12.0 | I | Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | Heart transplant | Atorvastatin, Cyclosporine, Enalapril, Mycophenolic acid, Vitamin D |
11 | 14 | a3 months; b2 years | 12 | 44.0 | Unknown | I | Tricuspid atresia, ventricular septal defect | aGlenn; bFontan | ASA, Norethisterone |
12 | 9 | a1 month; b5 month | 8.5 | 27.0 | Unknown | I | Coarctation of the aorta | aEnd-to-end coarctation repair; bBalloon recoarctation | – |
13 | 16 | 12 years | 4 | 135.0 | 83.0 | I | Dilated/restrictive cardiomyopathy | Transplant | Atorvastatin, Mycophenolic acid, Tacrolimus, Vitamin D |
14 | 9 | a7 months; b5 years | 4 | 47.5 | 18.6 | I | Pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect, tricuspid regurgitation | aBalloon valvuloplasty; bAtrial septal defect closure and tricuspid valve repair | Fluticasone propionate, Salbutamol, Omega 3 |
15 | 8 | 7 years | 1 | 21.8 | Unknown | I | Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries | Pacemaker | ASA, Methylphenidate |
16 | 13 | 10 years | 3 | 35.5 | 32.0 | I | Perimembraneous ventricular septal defect | Perimembraneous ventricular septal defect suture closure, right ventricular muscle bundle resection | – |
17 | 10 | a10 days; b1 year; c1 year | 9 | 27.0 | Unknown | IV | Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary stenosis | aRight BT shunt; bLeft BT shunt; cGlenn; | ASA, Enalapril, Omeprazole |
18 | 11 | a2 weeks; b5 months | 10.5 | 33.0 | a2.6; b5.6 | I | Tetralogy of Fallot | aRight BT shunt; bTetralogy of Fallot repair | – |
19 | 10 | a8 days; b6 months; c2.5 years | 7 | 29.0 | a3.2; b7.1; c14 .0 | I | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | aNorwood/Sano shunt; bGlenn; cFontan | ASA, Enalapril |
20 | 14 | a2 weeks; b1 year | 13 | 46.0 | Unknown | I | Coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect | aSubclavian flap coarctation repair; bVentricular septal defect patch | – |
21 | 10 | 2 months | 10 | 21.0 | Unknown | I | Tetralogy of Fallot | Tetralogy of Fallot repair | ASA |
22 | 13 | 5 months | 13 | 50.0 | Unknown | I | Tetralogy of Fallot | Tetralogy of Fallot repair and pacemaker | – |
23 | 13 | a3 days; b5 months; c2 years | 11 | 58.5 | a3.8 | I | Right atrial isomerism, right ventricular single ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary stenosis | aLeft BT shunt; bGlenn; cFontan | ASA, Penicillin, Sotalol |
24 | 14 | a3 months; b1 year | 13 | 52.0 | Unknown | I | Left atrial isomerism, double outlet right ventricle, pulmonary stenosis, right-sided aortic arch | aLeft BT shunt; bFull repair | – |
25 | 12 | a2 weeks; b9 months; c2.75 years | 9 | 46.5 | Unknown | I | Double outlet right ventricle, mitral atresia, hypoplastic left ventricle, interrupted aortic arch | aAortic arch repair and pulmonary artery band; bGlenn; cFontan | ASA |
26 | 14 | 12 years | 2 | 81.0 | 64.0 | I | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator | Atenolol, Escitalopram, Medroxyprogesterone acetate Topiramate |
27 | 8 | 4 years | 4 | 27.5 | 17.4 | I | Sinus venosus atrial septal defect | Atrial septal defect repair with Warden procedure | ASA |
28 | 7 | 5 years | 2 | 28.0 | 19.0 | I | Ventricular septal defect, heart block | Ventricular septal defect patch and pacemaker | – |
29 | 13 | 3 months | 13 | 48.5 | Unknown | I | Transposition greater arteries, atrial and ventricular septal defects | Arterial switch, coarctation repair, atrial septal defect suture, ventricular septal defect patch | – |
30 | 7 | a6 days; b6 months; c2 years; d4 years | 3 | 30.0 | a4.1; b7.6; c14.1; d19.2 | I | Dextrocardia, double inlet left ventricle, hypoplastic right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect | aRight BT shunt; bGlenn; cFontan; dPacemaker | ASA, Amantadine, Risperidone, Sertraline |
31 | 7 | a2 months; b9 months; c11 months; d2 years; e4.5 years | 2.5 | 28.0 | d12.9; e18.0 | I | Tricuspid atresia, normally related great arteries, pulmonary stenosis | aRight BT shunt; bLeft BT shunt; cGlenn; dFontan; eTransplant | Calcium, Fluticasone propionate, Methylphenidate, Mycophenolic Acid, Sertraline, Tacrolimus, Vitamins B2 and D |
32 | 8 | a10 days; b5 months; c4.5 years; d7 years | 1 | 22.5 | c13.1; d19.1 | I | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | aNorwood/Sano shunt; bGlenn; cFontan; dTransplant | Mycophenolic Acid, Tacrolimus, Vitamin D |
Anthropometrics
Physical activity
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Waist circumference covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Control | CHD | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 23 | 32 | – |
Sex (M, F) | 13, 10 | 20, 12 | 0.655a |
Age (years) | 11.7 ± 2.5 | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 0.268b |
Birthweight (kg) | 3.67 ± 0.58 | 3.38 ± 0.59 | 0.071 |
Height (m) | 1.49 ± 0.17 | 1.44 ± 0.17 | 0.250 |
Weight (kg) | 42.3 ± 15.3 | 41.3 ± 21.6 | 0.473b |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.3 ± 3.1 | 18.9 ± 4.7 | 0.720b |
Total fat mass (kg) | 8.7 ± 5.1 | 10.4 ± 9.4 | 0.746b |
Total lean mass (kg) | 31.5 ± 10.5 | 29.1 ± 11.9 | 0.298b |
Percent fat mass (%) | 19.9 ± 5.3 | 22.8 ± 7.6 | 0.131b |
Percent lean mass (%) | 75.4 ± 5.4 | 73.1 ± 7.4 | 0.204 |
Physical activity score (1–5 scale) | 3.35 ± 0.69 | 3.05 ± 0.71 | 0.117 |
Overweight/Obese prevalence | 8% | 17% | 0.374 |