Background
Methods
Study Population
Cohort Recruitment
Data Collection
Outcome Measures
Explanatory Variables
Pre-injury socio-demographic characteristics
Pre-injury health and disability characteristics
Injury and healthcare characteristics
Statistical Analysis
Results
EQ-5D Dimensions | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility
|
Self-Care
|
Usual Activities
|
Pain, Discomfort
|
Anxiety, Depression
|
Cognitive
| |||||||
%
|
(95%CI)
|
%
|
(95%CI)
|
%
|
(95%CI)
|
%
|
(95%CI)
|
%
|
(95%CI)
|
%
|
(95%CI)
| |
Pre-injury
| 6 | (5, 7) | 2 | (2, 3) | 6 | (5, 6) | 11 | (10, 12) | 6 | (5, 7) | 5 | (4, 6) |
3 months after injury
| 41 | (39, 43) | 24 | (22, 25) | 54 | (52, 56) | 69 | (67, 71) | 23 | (21, 24) | 15 | (13, 16) |
Bivariate Analyses
EQ-5D Dimensions | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility
|
Self-Care
|
Usual Activities
|
Pain, Discomfort
|
Anxiety, Depression
|
Cognitive
| |||||||||
N
|
%
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
| |
Gender
| ||||||||||||||
Male | 1,753 | 61 | 38 | (36, 41) | 22 | (20, 24) | 51 | (48, 53) | 66 | (64, 69) | 21 | (19, 23) | 13 | (12, 15) |
Female | 1,103 | 39 | 46 | (43, 48) | 26 | (24, 29) | 59 | (56, 62) | 74 | (71, 76) | 25 | (22, 27) | 17 | (14, 19) |
Age
| ||||||||||||||
18-24 yrs | 396 | 14 | 31 | (27, 36) | 19 | (15, 23) | 49 | (44, 54) | 59 | (54, 64) | 21 | (17, 26) | 14 | (11, 18) |
25-44 yrs | 1,223 | 43 | 39 | (37, 42) | 22 | (19, 24) | 54 | (51, 57) | 71 | (68, 73) | 22 | (20, 25) | 15 | (13, 18) |
45-64 yrs | 1,237 | 43 | 46 | (43, 49) | 27 | (25, 30) | 55 | (53, 58) | 71 | (68, 73) | 23 | (21, 26) | 14 | (12, 16) |
Living arrangements
| ||||||||||||||
Alone | 272 | 10 | 40 | (34, 46) | 25 | (20, 30) | 53 | (47, 59) | 68 | (62, 73) | 24 | (19, 30) | 18 | (14, 23) |
Living with non-family | 260 | 9 | 39 | (33, 45) | 20 | (16, 26) | 55 | (49, 61) | 63 | (57, 69) | 24 | (19, 30) | 16 | (12, 22) |
Living with partner/family/relative | 2,308 | 81 | 41 | (39, 43) | 24 | (22, 26) | 54 | (52, 56) | 70 | (68, 72) | 22 | (20, 24) | 14 | (12, 15) |
Highest educational qualificaton
| ||||||||||||||
None | 428 | 15 | 42 | (38, 47) | 27 | (23, 31) | 55 | (50, 60) | 70 | (65, 74) | 28 | (23, 32) | 18 | (14, 22) |
Secondary school | 683 | 24 | 40 | (36, 44) | 19 | (16, 22) | 51 | (47, 55) | 66 | (62, 69) | 21 | (18, 24) | 12 | (10, 15) |
Post-secondary school | 1,676 | 59 | 41 | (39, 44) | 25 | (23, 27) | 55 | (53, 58) | 71 | (68, 73) | 22 | (20, 24) | 14 | (13, 16) |
Working for pay
| ||||||||||||||
No | 229 | 8 | 53 | (47, 60) | 28 | (22, 34) | 61 | (54, 67) | 73 | (67, 79) | 30 | (24, 37) | 22 | (17, 28) |
Yes | 2,626 | 92 | 40 | (38, 42) | 23 | (22, 25) | 53 | (51, 55) | 69 | (67, 71) | 22 | (20, 23) | 14 | (12, 15) |
Financial status
| ||||||||||||||
Insufficient | 270 | 9 | 43 | (37, 49) | 31 | (25, 37) | 59 | (53, 65) | 74 | (69, 80) | 34 | (28, 40) | 21 | (16, 26) |
Sufficient | 2,553 | 89 | 41 | (39, 43) | 23 | (21, 25) | 53 | (51, 55) | 69 | (67, 70) | 21 | (20, 23) | 14 | (13, 15) |
EQ-5D Dimensions | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility
|
Self-Care
|
Usual Activities
|
Pain, Discomfort
|
Anxiety, Depression
|
Cognitive
| |||||||||
N
|
%
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
| |
Disability
| ||||||||||||||
No | 2370 | 83 | 39 | (37, 41) | 22 | (21, 24) | 52 | (50, 54) | 67 | (65, 69) | 21 | (20, 23) | 13 | (11, 14) |
Yes | 434 | 15 | 54 | (49, 58) | 31 | (26, 35) | 66 | (61, 70) | 81 | (77, 85) | 28 | (24, 33) | 23 | (19, 28) |
Chronic illness
| ||||||||||||||
None | 1,432 | 50 | 38 | (36, 41) | 22 | (20, 24) | 51 | (48, 54) | 66 | (64, 69) | 19 | (17, 21) | 12 | (10, 13) |
One | 759 | 27 | 39 | (35, 42) | 23 | (20, 26) | 52 | (49, 56) | 68 | (64, 71) | 21 | (18, 24) | 13 | (11, 15) |
Two or more | 567 | 20 | 51 | (47, 56) | 30 | (26, 33) | 63 | (59, 67) | 79 | (75, 82) | 34 | (30, 38) | 24 | (21, 28) |
Overall health
| ||||||||||||||
Fair/Poor | 160 | 6 | 45 | (37, 53) | 22 | (16, 29) | 56 | (48, 64) | 76 | (69, 83) | 28 | (21, 35) | 30 | (23, 38) |
Good | 723 | 25 | 42 | (39, 46) | 24 | (21, 28) | 56 | (52, 60) | 69 | (65, 72) | 26 | (23, 30) | 18 | (15, 21) |
Very Good/Excellent | 1,966 | 69 | 40 | (38, 43) | 24 | (22, 26) | 53 | (51, 55) | 69 | (67, 71) | 21 | (19, 23) | 12 | (11, 13) |
Body Mass Index
| ||||||||||||||
Underweight | 33 | 1 | 45 | (28, 64) | 9 | (2, 24) | 45 | (28, 64) | 79 | (61, 91) | 15 | (5, 32) | 21 | (9, 39) |
Normal | 973 | 34 | 38 | (34, 41) | 22 | (19, 25) | 54 | (51, 57) | 69 | (66, 72) | 23 | (20, 26) | 13 | (11, 16) |
Overweight | 1,040 | 36 | 40 | (37, 43) | 24 | (21, 26) | 52 | (49, 55) | 68 | (65, 71) | 23 | (20, 25) | 13 | (11, 16) |
Obese | 684 | 24 | 47 | (43, 51) | 26 | (23, 30) | 58 | (54, 61) | 71 | (67, 74) | 21 | (18, 24) | 16 | (14, 19) |
Optimistic
| ||||||||||||||
No | 339 | 12 | 46 | (41, 51) | 27 | (23, 33) | 56 | (51, 62) | 73 | (68, 78) | 30 | (25, 35) | 18 | (14, 23) |
Yes | 2,475 | 87 | 41 | (39, 42) | 24 | (22, 25) | 54 | (52, 56) | 69 | (67, 71) | 22 | (20, 23) | 14 | (13, 16) |
General self-efficacy
| ||||||||||||||
Poor | 278 | 10 | 45 | (39, 51) | 29 | (24, 34) | 58 | (52, 64) | 72 | (66, 77) | 32 | (26, 37) | 23 | (18, 29) |
Good | 2,547 | 89 | 41 | (39, 43) | 23 | (22, 25) | 54 | (52, 56) | 69 | (67, 71) | 22 | (20, 23) | 14 | (12, 15) |
Depressed
| ||||||||||||||
No | 2,138 | 75 | 40 | (37, 42) | 23 | (21, 24) | 52 | (50, 54) | 68 | (66, 70) | 18 | (17, 20) | 12 | (11, 13) |
Yes | 714 | 25 | 46 | (42, 50) | 27 | (24, 31) | 60 | (56, 64) | 73 | (70, 77) | 35 | (32, 39) | 22 | (19, 26) |
Comfort in faith or spiritual beliefs
| ||||||||||||||
Not at all | 868 | 30 | 39 | (36, 42) | 21 | (18, 24) | 53 | (50, 57) | 66 | (63, 69) | 20 | (17, 23) | 12 | (10, 14) |
A little bit/Somewhat | 893 | 31 | 42 | (39, 45) | 23 | (20, 25) | 54 | (50, 57) | 71 | (68, 74) | 24 | (21, 27) | 15 | (13, 18) |
Quite a bit/Very much | 968 | 34 | 43 | (40, 46) | 28 | (25, 31) | 55 | (52, 58) | 69 | (66, 72) | 24 | (21, 27) | 16 | (14, 19) |
Smoke regularly
| ||||||||||||||
No | 1,990 | 70 | 42 | (40, 44) | 23 | (21, 25) | 54 | (52, 56) | 69 | (66, 71) | 21 | (19, 23) | 13 | (12, 15) |
Yes | 856 | 30 | 39 | (36, 42) | 26 | (23, 29) | 54 | (51, 57) | 71 | (68, 74) | 26 | (23, 29) | 17 | (15, 20) |
Hazardous alcohol use
| ||||||||||||||
No | 964 | 34 | 43 | (40, 46) | 25 | (22, 28) | 53 | (50, 56) | 68 | (65, 71) | 24 | (21, 27) | 15 | (13, 18) |
Yes | 1,860 | 65 | 40 | (38, 43) | 23 | (21, 25) | 54 | (52, 57) | 70 | (68, 72) | 22 | (20, 24) | 14 | (13, 16) |
Illicit Drug use
| ||||||||||||||
No | 2,333 | 82 | 42 | (40, 44) | 24 | (23, 26) | 54 | (52, 56) | 69 | (67, 71) | 22 | (20, 24) | 14 | (12, 15) |
Yes | 513 | 18 | 35 | (31, 40) | 21 | (17, 25) | 54 | (49, 58) | 70 | (65, 73) | 25 | (21, 29) | 18 | (15, 21) |
Physically active
| ||||||||||||||
No | 1,254 | 44 | 40 | (37, 43) | 22 | (20, 25) | 52 | (49, 55) | 68 | (65, 70) | 20 | (18, 23) | 13 | (12, 15) |
Yes | 1,541 | 54 | 42 | (39, 44) | 25 | (23, 27) | 56 | (53, 58) | 70 | (68, 73) | 24 | (22, 26) | 15 | (13, 17) |
EQ-5D Dimensions | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility
|
Self-Care
|
Usual Activities
|
Pain, Discomfort
|
Anxiety, Depression
|
Cognitive
| |||||||||
N
|
%
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
(95% CI)
| |
Body region injured
| ||||||||||||||
Lower Extremity | 1081 | 38 | 64 | (61, 67) | 20 | (17, 22) | 54 | (51, 57) | 70 | (67, 73) | 20 | (18, 22) | 9 | (7, 11) |
Upper Extremity | 783 | 27 | 9 | (7, 11) | 27 | (24, 31) | 48 | (44, 51) | 66 | (63, 69) | 19 | (17, 22) | 11 | (9, 13) |
Head & Neck | 125 | 4 | 23 | (16, 31) | 10 | (6, 17) | 52 | (42, 61) | 48 | (39, 58) | 33 | (25, 42) | 41 | (32, 50) |
Spine & Back | 269 | 9 | 54 | (48, 60) | 30 | (25, 36) | 61 | (55, 67) | 74 | (69, 80) | 24 | (19, 29) | 18 | (14, 23) |
Torso | 69 | 2 | 22 | (13, 33) | 17 | (9, 28) | 35 | (24, 47) | 58 | (46, 70) | 10 | (4, 20) | 6 | (2, 14) |
Multiple regions | 529 | 19 | 42 | (38, 47) | 28 | (24, 32) | 63 | (59, 67) | 76 | (72, 79) | 31 | (27, 35) | 25 | (21, 28) |
Nature of injury
| ||||||||||||||
Fractures | 513 | 18 | 36 | (32, 40) | 24 | (20, 28) | 51 | (47, 56) | 66 | (62, 70) | 20 | (17, 24) | 9 | (7, 12) |
Sprains & Strains | 729 | 26 | 50 | (47, 54) | 23 | (20, 26) | 54 | (51, 58) | 73 | (69, 76) | 21 | (18, 24) | 10 | (8, 13) |
Concussion | 22 | 1 | 23 | (8, 45) | 5 | (0, 23) | 68 | (45, 86) | 59 | (36, 79) | 32 | (14, 55) | 46 | (24, 68) |
Open Wounds/Amputations | 132 | 5 | 14 | (9, 22) | 17 | (11, 24) | 36 | (28, 45) | 54 | (45, 63) | 17 | (11, 24) | 8 | (4, 14) |
Contusions/Superficial | 70 | 2 | 39 | (27, 51) | 17 | (9, 28) | 39 | (27, 51) | 57 | (45, 69) | 21 | (13, 33) | 11 | (5, 21) |
Other single injury type | 279 | 10 | 37 | (31, 43) | 26 | (21, 32) | 49 | (43, 55) | 64 | (58, 70) | 22 | (17, 27) | 13 | (10, 18) |
Multiple injury types | 1111 | 39 | 42 | (39, 45) | 25 | (23, 28) | 59 | (56, 62) | 72 | (70, 75) | 26 | (23, 28) | 20 | (18, 23) |
Intent of injury event
| ||||||||||||||
Accidental | 2,729 | 95 | 41 | (40, 43) | 24 | (22, 25) | 53 | (52, 55) | 69 | (68, 71) | 22 | (20, 23) | 13 | (12, 15) |
Assault | 113 | 4 | 33 | (24, 42) | 25 | (17, 34) | 62 | (52, 71) | 67 | (58, 76) | 40 | (31, 49) | 39 | (30, 49) |
Admitted to hospital
| ||||||||||||||
Yes | 871 | 31 | 48 | (44, 51) | 30 | (27, 33) | 62 | (59, 66) | 73 | (70, 76) | 28 | (25, 31) | 19 | (16, 22) |
No | 1,970 | 69 | 38 | (36, 41) | 21 | (19, 23) | 50 | (48, 52) | 68 | (66, 70) | 20 | (19, 22) | 13 | (11, 14) |
Self-perceived threat to life
| ||||||||||||||
Yes | 247 | 9 | 53 | (47, 59) | 37 | (31, 43) | 64 | (58, 70) | 74 | (68, 79) | 43 | (37, 49) | 32 | (26, 38) |
Maybe/Possibly | 93 | 3 | 48 | (38, 59) | 23 | (15, 32) | 71 | (61, 80) | 78 | (69, 86) | 38 | (28, 48) | 31 | (22, 42) |
No | 2,469 | 86 | 40 | (38, 42) | 22 | (21, 24) | 52 | (50, 54) | 68 | (66, 70) | 19 | (18, 21) | 12 | (10, 13) |
Self-perceived threat of disability
| ||||||||||||||
Yes | 799 | 28 | 50 | (46, 53) | 31 | (27, 34) | 63 | (60, 67) | 79 | (76, 82) | 32 | (29, 36) | 19 | (16, 22) |
Maybe/Possibly | 368 | 13 | 42 | (37, 47) | 22 | (17, 26) | 56 | (50, 61) | 72 | (67, 77) | 20 | (16, 24) | 13 | (10, 17) |
No | 1,630 | 57 | 36 | (34, 39) | 20 | (18, 22) | 48 | (46, 51) | 63 | (61, 65) | 18 | (16, 20) | 12 | (10, 13) |
Access to healthcare services
| ||||||||||||||
No trouble | 2,540 | 89 | 40 | (38, 42) | 23 | (21, 24) | 52 | (50, 54) | 68 | (66, 70) | 21 | (19, 23) | 13 | (12, 15) |
Trouble | 288 | 10 | 52 | (46, 58) | 33 | (28, 39) | 70 | (64, 75) | 81 | (76, 85) | 36 | (30, 41) | 24 | (19, 30) |
Multivariate Analyses
EQ-5D Dimensions | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobility
|
Self-Care
|
Usual Activities
|
Pain, Discomfort
|
Anxiety, Depression
|
Cognitive
| |||||||
N = 2460
|
N = 2461
|
N = 2460
|
N = 2456
|
N = 2459
|
N = 2458
| |||||||
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
OR
|
95% CI
| |
Socio-demographic
| ||||||||||||
Female | 1.34 | (1.09, 1.65) | 1.40 | (1.14, 1.73) | 1.53 | (1.28, 1.84) | 1.62 | (1.32, 1.97) | 1.23 | (0.98, 1.53) | 1.63 | (1.21, 2.20) |
Age (yrs) | ||||||||||||
18-24
| 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
25-44
| 1.17 | (0.86, 1.61) | 1.09 | (0.79, 1.52) | 1.18 | (0.91, 1.54) | 1.74 | (1.32, 2.28) | 1.13 | (0.81, 1.59) | 1.13 | (0.71, 1.79) |
45-64
| 1.61 | (1.16, 2.21) | 1.60 | (1.15, 2.23) | 1.25 | (0.96, 1.64) | 1.74 | (1.31, 2.30) | 1.38 | (0.98, 1.96) | 0.96 | (0.59, 1.55) |
Insufficient money | 1.25 | (0.89, 1.77) | 1.33 | (0.96, 1.84) | 1.26 | (0.94, 1.70) | 1.34 | (0.96, 1.87) | 1.70 | (1.22, 2.37) | 0.97 | (0.60, 1.56) |
Health and disability
| ||||||||||||
Disability | 1.36 | (1.01, 1.82) | 1.05 | (0.79, 1.40) | 1.17 | (0.90, 1.52) | 1.46 | (1.08, 1.99) | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.07) | 0.81 | (0.53, 1.21) |
Two or more chronic illnesses | 1.47 | (1.12, 1.92) | 1.18 | (0.90, 1.53) | 1.27 | (1.00, 1.62) | 1.52 | (1.16, 2.00) | 1.62 | (1.24, 2.11) | 1.79 | (1.26, 2.54) |
Fair/Poor overall health | 0.92 | (0.73, 1.15) | 0.78 | (0.62, 0.98) | 0.90 | (0.73, 1.09) | 0.81 | (0.66, 1.01) | 1.10 | (0.87, 1.40) | 1.42 | (1.04, 1.95) |
Obese | 1.23 | (0.98, 1.54) | 1.26 | (1.01, 1.58) | 1.21 | (0.99, 1.48) | 1.04 | (0.84, 1.29) | 0.86 | (0.67, 1.10) | 1.26 | (0.92, 1.73) |
Depressed | 1.06 | (0.83, 1.35) | 1.16 | (0.91, 1.47) | 1.14 | (0.92, 1.42) | 0.96 | (0.76, 1.21) | 1.57 | (1.23, 2.01) | 1.14 | (0.81, 1.59) |
Smoke regularly | 1.13 | (0.90, 1.41) | 1.21 | (0.97, 1.50) | 1.02 | (0.84, 1.24) | 1.24 | (1.01, 1.54) | 1.19 | (0.95, 1.50) | 1.26 | (0.93, 1.73) |
Hazardous alcohol use | 1.03 | (0.84, 1.27) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.19) | 1.22 | (1.01, 1.46) | 1.24 | (1.02, 1.51) | 0.85 | (0.68, 1.06) | 0.77 | (0.57, 1.05) |
Physically inactive | 0.89 | (0.73, 1.08) | 0.82 | (0.67, 1.00) | 0.83 | (0.70, 0.99) | 0.82 | (0.68, 0.99) | 0.73 | (0.59, 0.90) | 0.68 | (0.51, 0.91) |
Injury and healthcare
| ||||||||||||
Body region injured | ||||||||||||
Lower Extremity
| 3.17 | (2.40, 4.18) | 0.73 | (0.54, 0.99) | 0.75 | (0.57, 0.98) | 0.79 | (0.59, 1.06) | 0.68 | (0.50, 0.93) | 0.42 | (0.28, 0.62) |
Upper Extremity
| 0.15 | (0.10, 0.21) | 1.27 | (0.93, 1.73) | 0.70 | (0.53, 0.93) | 0.78 | (0.57, 1.06) | 0.64 | (0.46, 0.89) | 0.46 | (0.30, 0.71) |
Head & Neck
| 0.41 | (0.23, 0.73) | 0.41 | (0.20, 0.80) | 0.53 | (0.32, 0.87) | 0.29 | (0.17, 0.48) | 0.95 | (0.56, 1.63) | 2.26 | (1.27, 4.01) |
Spine & Back
| 1.74 | (1.19, 2.53) | 1.30 | (0.87, 1.95) | 1.12 | (0.78, 1.62) | 0.84 | (0.56, 1.26) | 0.68 | (0.44, 1.04) | 1.02 | (0.60, 1.73) |
Torso
| 0.38 | (0.19, 0.77) | 0.72 | (0.35, 1.47) | 0.37 | (0.20, 0.68) | 0.54 | (0.30, 0.99) | 0.27 | (0.11, 0.68) | 0.11 | (0.02, 0.57) |
Multiple regions
| 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
Nature of injury | ||||||||||||
Fractures
| 0.87 | (0.64, 1.17) | 1.18 | (0.88, 1.58) | 0.92 | (0.71, 1.18) | 0.98 | (0.75, 1.28) | 1.03 | (0.75, 1.41) | 0.66 | (0.42, 1.04) |
Sprains & Strains
| 1.16 | (0.89, 1.50) | 1.21 | (0.92, 1.59) | 1.08 | (0.86, 1.36) | 1.19 | (0.92, 1.53) | 1.04 | (0.78, 1.38) | 0.65 | (0.43, 0.98) |
Concussion
| 1.06 | (0.30, 3.76) | 0.48 | (0.06, 3.97) | 2.09 | (0.67, 6.49) | 1.07 | (0.35, 3.29) | 1.03 | (0.31, 3.39) | 1.89 | (0.61, 5.85) |
Open Wounds/Amputations
| 0.40 | (0.21, 0.75) | 0.60 | (0.35, 1.03) | 0.45 | (0.29, 0.69) | 0.49 | (0.32, 0.75) | 0.65 | (0.36, 1.15) | 0.52 | (0.23, 1.20) |
Contusions/Superficial
| 0.69 | (0.36, 1.33) | 0.62 | (0.29, 1.32) | 0.46 | (0.25, 0.83) | 0.55 | (0.31, 0.99) | 0.82 | (0.39, 1.71) | 0.36 | (0.11, 1.18) |
Other single injury type
| 1.03 | (0.71, 1.50) | 1.16 | (0.81, 1.68) | 0.74 | (0.54, 1.02) | 0.72 | (0.52, 1.02) | 1.17 | (0.80, 1.73) | 0.69 | (0.41, 1.17) |
Multiple injury types
| 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref | 1.00 | ref |
Assaultive intent | 1.09 | (0.46, 1.95) | 1.36 | (0.79, 2.33) | 1.38 | (0.84, 2.27) | 1.19 | (0.70, 2.02) | 1.71 | (1.01, 2.88) | 2.74 | (1.56, 4.82) |
Admitted to hospital | 1.76 | (1.41, 2.20) | 1.71 | (1.37, 2.13) | 1.84 | (1.51, 2.23) | 1.42 | (1.15, 1.75) | 1.38 | (1.10, 1.74) | 1.53 | (1.12, 2.08) |
Self-perceived threat to life | 1.37 | (1.00, 1.88) | 1.43 | (1.05, 1.95) | 1.28 | (0.95, 1.73) | 1.06 | (0.76, 1.48) | 1.83 | (1.35, 2.50) | 2.80 | (1.93, 4.07) |
Self-perceived threat of disability | 1.41 | (1.15, 1.73) | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.62) | 1.34 | (1.12, 1.60) | 1.87 | (1.53, 2.29) | 1.41 | (1.13, 1.76) | 0.81 | (0.60, 1.11) |
Trouble accessing healthcare services | 1.79 | (1.30, 2.47) | 1.52 | (1.12, 2.07) | 1.88 | (1.40, 2.52) | 1.72 | (1.22, 2.41) | 1.77 | (1.30, 2.42) | 2.17 | (1.47, 3.20) |