The radiation transmission through the multileaf collimators is undesired in modern techniques such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). According to identical plans, in this study, we aim to investigate the dosimetric impact of jaw tracking on the VMAT plans on two adjacent targets.
Methods
Two treatment plans were designed for eight pelvic (cervical) patients with two targets using the same optimization parameters. The original plan (O-plan) used automatically selected jaw positions. In the new plan (F-plan), the jaws were fixed to block two targets in two beams. The dosimetric parameters of the two plans were compared to evaluate the improvement of dose sparing for the body volume between two targets (named interOAR) in F-VMAT.
Results
The mean dose of interOAR reduced significantly from 654.96 ± 113.38 cGy for O-VMAT, to 490.84 ± 80.26 cGy for F-VMAT (p = 0.018). The monitor units (MUs) in the F-plans were 1.49-fold higher than that in the O-plan. The F and O-plan performed similarly in target dose homogeneity. The differences in Dmax of spinal cord, Dmax of spinal cord planning organ at risk volume, and V20, V30, and V40 of the intestine were insignificant.
Conclusions
VMAT plans with the fixed-jaw method can reduce the volume between two targets effectively. However, despite the plan quality, the method can only be used when the regular methods cannot reach the clinical requirements for critical organs because of additional MUs.
Background
A multileaf collimator (MLC) is essential to realize the intensity distributions required in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) [1, 2] and volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) [3‐6]. For only covered by MLC, the transmitted dose rate can be 0.90–4.40% (6 MV photon) higher than that shielded by both MLC and jaws. Without protection from jaws, the critical organs may receive doses from MLC leaf transmission and leakage. If any of the organs (such as lens, ovaries, and testicles) is extremely sensitive to low tolerance dose, then its received dose may be higher than the dosage it can tolerate.
Generally, multiple lesions are common in radiotherapy. For targets far from each other, the planning design is carried out separately for each target; for targets close to one another, the same plan is generally used for simultaneous optimization [7‐10]. Then, the design of the treatment plans is the key to radiotherapy and the focus of our study.
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The benefits of jaw tracking have been assessed for IMRT on the basis of the same plan except for the jaw settings [11‐13]. However, whether or not the radiation dose of the critical organ between targets can be reduced by fixing jaw position appropriately in VMAT has not been verified. In this work, a fixed-jaw method on VMAT plans was developed to protect the body volume between two targets and evaluated for the planning target volume (PTV) coverage and organ at risk (OAR) protection of eight pelvic (cervical) cancer patients.
Materials and methods
Patients
Eight pelvic (cervical) patients with two targets from June to December 2017 in our hospital were selected. The mean age of these patients was 56 ± 7 years old, and the median age was 58 years old. The continuous CT scan images with 5 mm thickness were transferred to the Monaco 5.1 treatment system (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). The target volumes and OARs were contoured by an experienced physician, where the superior side of PTV was PTV1, the inferior side was PTV2; PTV1 and PTV2 were combined into PTV. To evaluate the low dose transmission further, we contoured the body volume between PTV1 and PTV2 as interOAR. The mean volumes of PTV1 and of all patients were 300.04 and 489.38 cm3, respectively. A total dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions were prescribed to cover 95% of the PTV volume.
The Elekta Infinity linear accelerator (Elekta AB) equipped with 80 pairs of MLC with a thickness of 5 mm was used in this study [14]. The TPS was the Monaco system, and Monte Carlo algorithm served as the algorithm. The computational grid was 3 mm, with 1% computational accuracy.
VMAT plans
In the Monaco planning system, a commonly used coplanar plan with Gantry being 0° and couch being 0° was selected, and the energy was 6 MV. For each patient, two plans were designed, as follows:
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O-VMAT: one beam and two arcs; the isocenter was the center of PTV. O-VMAT used automatically selected jaw positions; the gantry rotated from − 180° to 180°clockwise and then rotated to − 180° anticlockwise.
F-VMAT: two beams and two arcs; the isocenter was the PTV center. This plan used fixed-jaw technology, where the jaws in beam 1 and 2 were fixed to block PTV1 and PTV2, respectively. Beam 1 rotated from − 180° to 180° clockwise, and beam 2 rotated from 180° to − 180° anticlockwise.
Statistics
The monitor units (MUs), Paddick conformity index (CI) [15] and homogeneity index (HI) [16] were used to compare the differences among different VMAT planning results. The Paddick CI was defined as CI = (TVPV)2/(TV × PV), where PV is the volume contained by the prescriptive dose, TVPV is the target volume contained by prescriptive dose, and TV is the target volume. HI evaluates the dose homogeneity to the target volume, and is defined as HI = (D5%) / (D95%), where D5% and D95% are minimum doses delivered to 5 and 95% of the target volume, respectively. A HI of 1 signifies that the absorbed dose distribution is nearly homogeneous. Dmax and Dmean are the maximum and average doses delivered to the OARs, respectively. Vn Gy (%) is the percentage of the organ volume receiving ≥ n Gy. The following parameters were assessed: V20 Gy, V30 Gy, and V40 Gy of the intestine, Dmax of spinal cord; Dmax of spinal cord planning OAR volume (PRV); and Dmean, V20 Gy, V30 Gy, and V40 Gy of the interOAR. The mean values and standard deviation were collected, and the results were compared by a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All computations at p = 0.05 level for statistical significance, were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL).
Results
Table 1 summarizes the results of the plan quality metrics for both O-VMAT and F-VMAT. The results from hypothesis testing are shown as follows. While Dmean of interOAR reduced significantly from 654.96 ± 113.38 cGy for O-VMAT to 490.84 ± 80.26 cGy for F-VMAT (p = 0.018), the MU value significantly increased from 766.40 ± 97.46 for O-VMAT to 1133.21 ± 162.11 for F-VMAT (p = 0.012). Given that the main doses of interOAR were from MLC transmission, the low component such as V3, V5 and V10 also decreased significantly (p = 0.018, 0.018, 0.018).
Table 1
Comparison of PV and OAR doses between O-VMAT and F-VMAT
Regions of interest
O-VMAT
F-VMAT
p Values
PTV
CI
0.831 ± 0.093
0.830 ± 0.090
0.833
HI
1.055 ± 0.014
1.050 ± 0.011
0.157
Spinal cord
Dmax (cGy)
3625.19 ± 376.55
3575.04 ± 343.55
0.208
Spinal cord PRV
Dmax (cGy)
4148.33 ± 280.23
4124.20 ± 289.31
0.263
Intestine
V20 (%)
29.68 ± 12.49
30.15 ± 11.89
0.624
V30 (%)
16.68 ± 11.66
16.07 ± 11.65
0.161
V40 (%)
9.44 ± 9.10
9.72 ± 9.41
0.123
interOARa
Dmean (cGy)
654.96 ± 113.38
490.84 ± 80.26
0.018
V3 (%)
70.11 ± 17.86
40.17 ± 12.91
0.018
V5 (%)
37.40 ± 12.86
26.71 ± 7.03
0.018
V10 (%)
17.47 ± 4.56
13.25 ± 2.26
0.018
MUs
766.40 ± 97.46
1133.21 ± 162.11
0.012
a: except for the first case because it was an outlier in the box plot
For PTV, the difference between CI of O-VMAT, (0.831 ± 0.093), and F_VMAT, (0.830 ± 0.090) was insignificant (p = 0.833), which was the same as HI (p = 0.157). Consistently, the differences in Dmax of spinal cord, Dmax of spinal cord PRV, and V20, V30, V40 of intestine were insignificant.
Figure 1 showed the effect of distance between PTV1 and PTV2 on Dmean of interOAR. The first case was an outlier in the box plot and was not in interOAR calculation. This figure revealed that except for exactly small distance, Dmean of interOAR can maintain a value of approximately 650 cGy in O-VMAT plans and 490 cGy in F-VMAT.
Fig. 1
Relationship among Dmean of interOAR and distance between PTV1 and PTV2
×
Given the steep dose gradients in the jaws margin, the doses of interOAR near PTV1 and PTV1 in F-VMAT were smaller than that in O-VMAT. Figure 2 showed the dose distribution of interOAR volume in 10 mm from PTV1 and PTV2, and in the interOAR center.
Fig. 2
Dose distribution of interOAR in different places from one patient. a 10 mm from PTV1 in O-VMAT; (b) 10 mm from PTV1 in F-VMAT; (c) 10 mm from PTV2 in O-VMAT; (d) 10 mm from PTV2 in F-VMAT; (e) at the center of interOAR in O-VMAT, and (f) at the center of interOAR in F-VMAT
×
Discussion
This study assessed a method of jaw positioning during VMAT to protect the OARs between two adjacent targets further. To evaluate the improvements associated with the fixed-jaw technique, we introduced and compared F-VMAT with the O-VMAT. In O-VMAT, the jaw positions were automatically set to cover PTV. In F-VMAT, the jaw positions were set to cover PTV1 and PTV2 in the two beams, respectively.
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A relatively decrease dose in interOAR was observed in F-VMAT, where MU increased nearly half compared with O-VMAT. The differences were insignificant in other metrics. This result was similar to the conclusion drawn by Clark et al. [17]
In Monaco, when the jaws were set to cover PTV, the margin was set to 10 mm as default. The distance between the two targets in the first case was 2 cm, which was only twofold higher than the margin. Thus, the fixed-jaw method did not reduce the interOAR dose. The dose gradient also helped make the interOAR dose in case 1 higher than the others. The interOAR dose in case 2 was smaller than the others because PTV2 in case 2 was near the skin. InterOAR was defined as the entire body volume between two targets that may result in no correlation between interOAR dose and targets volume.
Feng et al. [18] showed that when the jaw tracking was applied, the mean doses were significantly lower than those when using static jaw technique. Chen et al. [19] reported that the patients’s pelvic radiation dosage can be effectively reduced by using the fixed-jaw method, compared with the routine jaw auto-selected method. Wu et al. [20] showed that in patients with head and neck, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cancer, OAR irradiation can be reduced by locking the jaw positions in the VMAT plans. These studies showed that fixed-jaw method can improve the protective effect of OAR. Our study applied this method to patients with two adjacent targets, and this method can acquire a similar effect, particularly improved interOAR protection.
As a limitation of cases number, interOAR did not contain critical organs (such as lens, ovaries, and testicles). Additional cases with different distance between two targets and various volumes of PTV should be collected.
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Conclusions
For the two adjacent targets, the VMAT plans using fixed-jaw to cover PTV1 and PTV2 in two beams performed better than normal VMAT plans in terms of interOAR dose, while the other OAR metrics remained the same. Although significant dosimetric benefits were found, the MUs will increase when the fixed-jaw method is used. Despite its better performance, this method should only be used to protect critical organs (such as lens, ovaries, and testicles) when the regular methods cannot reach the clinical requirements because of more MUs.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no: 81871756), High-Level Medical Talents Training Project of Changzhou (grant no: 2016CZLJ004), the Municipal Social Development Project of the Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China (grant no: CJ20180073) and Youth Project of Changzhou Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (grant no: QN201718).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Clinical Ethics Committee of Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou of Nanjing Medical University (Changzhou, China).
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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