Introduction
Materials and methods
Patients and setting
Ethical considerations
Questionnaires
JOABPEQ
NPRS
RMDQ
ODI
SF-36
Follow-up
Data analysis
Internal consistency
Test-retest reliability
Construct validity
Measurement error
Minimum important change (MIC)
Responsiveness
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristic | Baseline Group (n = 353) | Small improve Group (n = 139) | No change Group (n = 65) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 50.53 ± 13.48 | 51.64 ± 13.29 | 50.13 ± 14.78 |
Gender, male/female | 156/197 | 62/77 | 33/32 |
Disease duration, weeks | 261.28 ± 327.53 | 265.19 ± 327.92 | 370.07 ± 408.96 |
Occupation, active/retired | 94/259 | 41/98 | 15/49 |
Low back pain, n (%) | 319 (90.37%) | 125 (89.93%) | 60 (92.31%) |
Leg pain, n (%) | 322 (91.22%) | 126 (90.65%) | 57 (87.69%) |
Numbness of lower limb, n (%) | 203 (57.51%) | 75 (53.96%) | 39 (60.00%) |
Weakness of lower limb, n (%) | 64 (18.13%) | 21 (15.11%) | 19 (29.23%) |
Lesion location, n (%) | |||
L1/L2 | 8 (2.27%) | 3 (2.16%) | 0 (00.00%) |
L2/L3 | 18 (5.10%) | 7 (5.04%) | 2 (3.08%) |
L3/L4 | 57 (16.15%) | 25 (17.99%) | 16 (24.62%) |
L4/L5 | 236 (66.86%) | 97 (69.78%) | 49 (75.38%) |
L5/S1 | 195 (55.24%) | 83 (59.71%) | 44 (67.69%) |
JOABPEQ | |||
Q1 Low back pain | 31.10 ± 26.67 | 30.24 ± 26.16 | 38.55 ± 30.21 |
Q2 Lumbar function | 44.59 ± 27.52 | 43.30 ± 27.07 | 53.65 ± 28.52 |
Q3 Walking ability | 56.62 ± 30.46 | 54.92 ± 30.49 | 65.40 ± 29.98 |
Q4 Social life function | 35.88 ± 21.40 | 36.15 ± 21.03 | 41.01 ± 21.89 |
Q5 Mental health | 42.56 ± 18.88 | 41.52 ± 18.89 | 43.22 ± 17.30 |
NPRS | 5.68 ± 2.19 | 6.07 ± 1.75 | 4.37 ± 2.06 |
ODI | 49.57 ± 22.47 | 51.44 ± 21.84 | 45.39 ± 24.01 |
RMDQ | 13.31 ± 6.45 | 13.58 ± 6.45 | 10.89 ± 7.07 |
SF-36 PCS | 40.56 ± 20.47 | 40.08 ± 20.10 | 45.94 ± 21.52 |
SF-36 MCS | 50.84 ± 21.69 | 50.07 ± 21.59 | 51.90 ± 19.87 |
Data analysis
Internal consistency
Number of item | Crobach’s α | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|
JOABPEQ | |||
Q1 Low back pain | 4 | 0.494 | 0.751 |
Q2 Lumbar function | 6 | 0.768 | 0.809 |
Q3 Walking ability | 5 | 0.741 | 0.812 |
Q4 Social life function | 4 | 0.701 | 0.832 |
Q5 Mental health | 7 | 0.879 | 0.866 |
NPRS | 1 | / | 0.991 |
ODI | 10 | 0.828 | 0.871 |
RMDQ | 24 | 0.807 | 0.855 |
SF-36 PCS | 21 | 0.774 | 0.896 |
SF-36 MCS | 14 | 0.802 | 0.843 |
Test-retest reliability
Construct validity
Scales | Q1 Low back pain | Q2 Lumbar function | Q3 Walking ability | Q4 Social life function | Q5 Mental health | NPRS | ODI | RMDQ | SF-36 PCS | SF-36 MCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JOABPEQ | ||||||||||
Q1 Low back pain | 1 | 0.556a | 0.523a | 0.580a | 0.496a | −0.415a | −0.537a | − 0.627a | 0.659a | 0.517a |
Q2 Lumbar function | 0.556a | 1 | 0.569a | 0.679a | 0.556a | − 0.429a | − 0.634a | − 0.751a | 0.701a | 0.553a |
Q3 Walking ability | 0.523a | 0.569a | 1 | 0.736a | 0.535a | −0.426a | − 0.701a | − 0.725a | 0.604a | 0.536a |
Q4 Social life function | 0.580a | 0.679a | 0.736a | 1 | 0.630a | −0.457a | − 0.715a | − 0.724a | 0.730a | 0.636a |
Q5 Mental health | 0.496a | 0.556a | 0.535a | 0.630a | 1 | −0.388a | − 0.587a | − 0.597a | 0.724a | 0.736a |
NPRS | −0.415a | −0.429a | − 0.426a | −0.457a | − 0.388a | 1 | 0.449a | 0.485a | −0.519a | −0.413a |
ODI | −0.537a | −0.634a | − 0.725a | −0.715a | − 0.587a | 0.449a | 1 | 0.736a | −0.682a | −0.601a |
RMDQ | −0.627a | −0.752a | − 0.701a | −0.724a | − 0.597a | 0.485a | 0.736a | 1 | −0.764a | −0.614a |
SF-36 PCS | 0.659a | 0.701a | 0.604a | 0.730a | 0.724a | −0.519a | −0.682a | − 0.764a | 1 | 0.779a |
SF-36 MCS | 0.517a | 0.553a | 0.536a | 0.636a | 0.736a | −0.413a | −0.601a | − 0.614a | 0.770a | 1 |
Measurement error
MICs
Scales | Total score | SEM | SDC | MIC | MIC% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
JOABPEQ | |||||
Q1 Low back pain | 100 | 2.94 | 8.14 | 11.37 [8.76, 13.97] | 37.60% |
Q2 Lumbar function | 100 | 2.38 | 6.59 | 11.14 [8.69, 13.60] | 25.73% |
Q3 Walking ability | 100 | 2.40 | 6.62 | 11.18 [8.64, 13.72] | 20.36% |
Q4 Social life function | 100 | 1.59 | 4.40 | 6.88 [5.08, 8.68] | 19.03% |
Q5 Mental health | 100 | 1.55 | 4.29 | 6.17 [4.75, 7.59] | 14.86% |
NPRS | 10 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 1.71 [1.52, 1.91] | 28.17% |
ODI | 100 | 1.25 | 3.43 | 5.88 [4.44, 7.31] | 11.43% |
RMDQ | 24 | 0.28 | 0.77 | 1.74 [1.11, 2.37] | 33.65% |
SF-36 PCS | 100 | 1.24 | 3.41 | 4.57 [3.33, 5.82] | 11.40% |
SF-36 MCS | 100 | 1.42 | 3.93 | 3.59 [2.58, 4.62] | 7.17% |
Responsiveness
Scales | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity |
---|---|---|---|
JOABPEQ | |||
Q1 Low back pain | 0.823 [0.731, 0.915] | 0.750 | 0.791 |
Q2 Lumbar function | 0.743 [0.619, 0.868] | 0.600 | 0.815 |
Q3 Walking ability | 0.808 [0.719, 0.898] | 0.850 | 0.709 |
Q4 Social life function | 0.827 [0.707, 0.946] | 0.600 | 0.920 |
Q5 Mental health | 0.807 [0.688, 0.927] | 0.850 | 0.682 |
NPRS | 0.880 [0.827, 0.934] | 0.850 | 0.771 |
ODI | 0.847 [0.741, 0.952] | 0.850 | 0.767 |
RMDQ | 0.868 [0.774, 0.962] | 0.950 | 0.746 |
SF-36 PCS | 0.757 [0.635, 0.878] | 0.700 | 0.812 |
SF-36 MCS | 0.753 [0.632, 0.874] | 0.800 | 0.705 |