Background
Methods
Data source
Defining rurality
Dependent variable
Analysis Variable | Survey Question | Original Response Categories | Re-coded Response Categories | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
| Not counting juice, how often do you eat fruit? | Calculated variable for consumed five or more servings of fruits or vegetables per day derived from the servings per day variables. | Respondents that reported they never consumed fruits and vegetables or consumed less than 5 servings per day | less than 5 servings per day |
How often do you eat green salad? | Respondents that reported they consumed 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day | 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day | ||
Not counting carrots, potatoes, or salad, how many servings of vegetables do you usually eat? (Example: A serving of vegetables at both lunch and dinner would be two servings.) | Respondents who reported they didn’t know the servings consumed per day, those who refused to answer, and those with missing responses | Missing | ||
Sex
| Indicate sex of respondent. | Male | Male | |
Female | Female | |||
Race and Ethnicity
| Which one of these groups would you say best represents your race? | Race responses were combined with Hispanic variable to create the second column categories | ||
White | White, non-Hispanic | Caucasian | ||
Black or African American | Black non-Hispanic | African American | ||
Asian | Asian non-Hispanic | Other/multiracial | ||
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander non-Hispanic | |||
American Indian, Alaska Native | American Indian, Alaska Native non-Hispanic | |||
Other | Other non-Hispanic | |||
Multiracial but preferred race not asked | Multiracial non-Hispanic | |||
Don’t know/Not sure, Refused | Don’t know/Not sure, Refused | Missing | ||
Are you Hispanic or Latino? | Yes | Hispanic | Hispanic | |
No | Non-Hispanic | |||
Don’t know/Not Sure, Refused | Don’t know/Not Sure, Refused | Missing | ||
Age Range
| What is your age? | _ _ age in years | 18-34 Years | |
35-64 Years | ||||
> = 65 Years | ||||
Education
| What is the highest grade or year of school you completed? | Never attended school or only kindergarten | <High School | |
Grades 1 through 8 (Elementary) | ||||
Grades 9 through 11 (Some high school) | ||||
Grade 12 or GED (High school graduate) | Completed High School | |||
College 1 year to 3 years (Some college or technical school) | ||||
College 4 years or more (College graduate) | College Graduate | |||
Refused, Not asked or Missing | Missing | |||
Marital Status
| Are you: (marital status) | Married | Married or Living with Partner | |
A member of an unmarried couple | ||||
Divorced | Unmarried and Not Living With a Partner | |||
Widowed | ||||
Separated | ||||
Never married | ||||
Refused, Not asked or Missing | Missing | |||
Children in Household
| How many children less than 18 years of age live in your household? | Number of children: _ _ = Number of children | At Least One Child | |
None | No Children | |||
Refused or Missing | Missing | |||
Household Income
| Is your annual household income from all sources: | Less than $10,000 | < $35,000 | |
Less than $15,000 ($10,000 to less than $15,000) | ||||
Less than $20,000 ($15,000 to less than $20,000) | ||||
Less than $25,000 ($20,000 to less than $25,000) | ||||
Less than $35,000 ($25,000 to less than $35,000) | ||||
Less than $50,000 ($35,000 to less than $50,000) | > $35,000 | |||
Less than $75,000 ($50,000 to less than $75,000) | ||||
$75,000 or more | ||||
Don’t know/Not sure, Refused and Not asked or Missing | Missing | |||
BMI Categories
| About how much do you weigh without shoes? | BMI calculated using weight and height variables | ||
__ _ = weight in pounds | BMI calculated using imperial scale: (weight X 703)/ height in inches² | BMI <25 | ||
About how tall are you without shoes? | _ / _ _ = height in feet / inches | BMI 25- < 30 | ||
BMI > =30 | ||||
Don’t know/Not sure, Refused, Not asked or Missing | Don’t know/Not sure, Refused, Not asked or Missing | Missing | ||
Physical Activity
| Now, thinking about the moderate activities you do in a usual week, do you do moderate activities for at least 10 minutes at a time, such as brisk walking, bicycling, vacuuming, gardening, or anything else that causes some increase in breathing or heart rate? | Calculated variable for adults that have reported participating in either moderate physical activity defined as 30 or more minutes per day for 5 or more days per week, or vigorous activity for 20 or more minutes per day on 3 or more days. | Respondents who reported doing enough moderate or vigorous physical activity to meet the recommendations | Getting at least moderate physical activity |
How many days per week do you do these moderate activities for at least 10 minutes at a time? | On days when you do moderate activities for at least 10 minutes at a time, how much total time per day do you spend doing these activities? | Respondents who reported doing insufficient moderate or vigorous physical activity to meet recommendations, or respondents that reported doing no moderate or vigorous physical activity | Inactive | |
Now, thinking about the vigorous activities you do in a usual week, do you do vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes at a time, such as running, aerobics, heavy yard work, or anything else that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate? | Respondents who reported they didn’t know whether they did moderate or vigorous physical activity or didn’t know how many days or didn’t know how much time they did the activity, those who refused to answer, and those with missing responses | Missing | ||
How many days per week do you do these vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes at a time? | On days when you do vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes at a time, how much total time per day do you spend doing these activities? | |||
Have Health Insurance
| Do you have any kind of health care coverage, including health insurance, prepaid plans such as HMOs, or government plans such as Medicare? | Yes | Yes | |
No | No | |||
Don’t know/Not Sure, Refused | Missing | |||
Have a Personal Physician
| Do you have one person you think of as your personal doctor or health care provider? (If "No" ask "Is there more than one or is there no person who you think of as your personal doctor or health care provider?".) | Yes, only one | Yes | |
More than one | ||||
No | No | |||
Don’t know/Not Sure, Refused, Not asked or Missing | Missing | |||
Timing of Last Routine Medical Check-up
| About how long has it been since you last visited a doctor for a routine checkup? A routine checkup is a general physical exam, not an exam for a specific injury, illness, or condition. | Within past year (anytime less than 12 months ago) | Within the Past 12 Months | |
Within past 2 years (1 year but less than 2 years ago) | More than 12 Months Ago | |||
Within past 5 years (2 years but less than 5 years ago) | ||||
5 or more years ago | ||||
Never | ||||
Don’t know/Not sure or Refused | Missing | |||
Deferment of Medical Care Because of Cost
| Was there a time in the past 12 months when you needed to see a doctor but could not because of cost? | Yes | Yes | |
No | No | |||
Don’t know/Not sure, Refused | Missing | |||
Self-Defined Health Status
| Would you say that in general your health is: | Excellent | Good to Excellent | |
Very good | ||||
Good | ||||
Fair | Fair to Poor | |||
Poor | ||||
Don’t know/Not Sure, Refused, Not asked or Missing | Missing | |||
Residency by Geographic Locale
| Metropolitan Status Code | In the center city of an MSA | Non-rural | |
Outside the center city of an MSA but inside the county containing the center city | ||||
Inside a suburban county of the MSA | ||||
In an MSA that has no center city | Rural | |||
Not in an MSA |
Covariates
Analysis
Results
Descriptive analysis
Variables and Factors | % Rural* (weighted n = 42,365,517) | % Non-rural* (weighted n = 177,114,306) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
| <5 Servings Daily | 78.8 | 75.6 |
At Least 5 Servings Daily | 21.2 | 24.4 | |
Sex
| Male | 48.2 | 48.8 |
Female | 51.8 | 51.2 | |
Race And Ethnicity
| Caucasian | 81.3 | 65.6 |
African American | 6.2 | 10.9 | |
Hispanic | 6.6 | 15.2 | |
Other | 5.8 | 8.2 | |
Age Ranges
| 18-34 Years | 28.4 | 30.4 |
35-64 Years | 51.8 | 53.0 | |
> = 65 Years | 19.8 | 16.6 | |
Education
| <High School | 11.8 | 10.4 |
Completed High School | 63.5 | 52.7 | |
College Graduate | 24.6 | 36.9 | |
Marital Status
| Married Or Living With Partner | 66.4 | 63.9 |
Unmarried/Not Living With A Partner | 33.6 | 36.1 | |
Children In Household
| No Children In Household | 60.0 | 56.0 |
At Least 1 Child In Household | 40.0 | 44.0 | |
Household Income
| <$35,000 | 43.6 | 35.1 |
> = $35,000 | 56.4 | 64.9 | |
BMI Categories
| BMI < 25 | 32.8 | 37.2 |
BMI 25- < 30 | 36.6 | 36.2 | |
BMI > =30 | 30.6 | 26.6 | |
Physical Activity
| Getting At Least Moderate Physical Activity | 48.9 | 49.7 |
Inactive | 51.1 | 50.3 | |
Have Health Insurance
| Yes | 83.0 | 85.0 |
No | 17.0 | 15.0 | |
Have A Personal Physician
| Yes | 81.9 | 80.5 |
No | 18.1 | 19.5 | |
Timing Of Last Routine Medical Checkup
| Within Last 12 Months | 65.8 | 68.2 |
Longer Than 12 Months Ago | 34.2 | 31.8 | |
Deferment Of Medical Care Because Of Cost
| Deferred Medical Care Because Of Cost | 15.5 | 14.7 |
Did Not Defer Medical Care Because Of Cost | 84.5 | 85.3 | |
Self-Defined Health Status
| Good To Excellent | 81.7 | 84.7 |
Fair To Poor | 18.3 | 15.3 |
Bivariate analysis
Covariates and Factors | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender (Male vs. Female) | .964 (.963, .965) | ||
Children in Household (No Children In Household vs. At Least 1 Child In Household) | 1.141 (1.139,1.142) | ||
Marital Status (Married Or Living With Partner vs. Unmarried/ Not Living With A Partner) | 1.130 (1.128, 1.131) | ||
Household Income (<$35,000 vs. ≥$35,000) | 1.297 (1.295, 1.299) | ||
Health Status (Good to Excellent vs. Fair to Poor) | .869 (.868, .871) | ||
Have Health Insurance (Yes vs. No) | .891 (.890, .893) | ||
Health Care Provider (Have HCP vs. Do Not Have HCP) | 1.084 (1.082, 1.086) | ||
Medical Care Deferment (Deferred Care Because of Cost vs. Did Not Defer Care) | 1.059 (1.057, 1.060) | ||
Routine Check-Up (Within Past 12 Months vs. Longer Than 12 Months Ago) | .903 (.902, .904) | ||
Physical Activity (Getting At Least Moderate Physical Activity vs. Inactive) | .998 (.997, .999) | ||
Contingency Table Percentages*
| |||
Covariate and Factors
|
Rural**
|
Non-Rural***
| |
Race/Ethnicity
| Caucasian | 81.3% | 67.3% |
African American | 5.3% | 10.3% | |
Hispanic | 6.9% | 13.3% | |
Other/Multiracial | 6.6% | 9.1% | |
Age Ranges
| 18-34 Years | 26.9% | 28.3% |
35-64 Years | 49.4% | 52.7% | |
> = 65 Years | 23.7% | 19.0% | |
Education
| <High School | 8.6% | 8.3% |
Completed High School | 58.2% | 47.0% | |
College Graduate | 33.3% | 44.7% | |
BMI Categories
| BMI < 25 | 36.8% | 42.0% |
BMI 25- < 30 | 35.9% | 35.0% | |
BMI > =30 | 27.3% | 23.0% |
Logistic regression analysis
Predictor Variables and Factors | Rural Adults Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Sex
| Male | --* |
Female | 1.666 (1.663, 1.669) | |
Race And Ethnicity
| Caucasian | --* |
African American | 1.127 (1.123, 1.131) | |
Hispanic | 1.474 (1.469, 1.479) | |
Other | 1.251 (1.246, 1.255) | |
Age Ranges
| 18-34 Years | .673 (.671, .675) |
35-64 Years | .675 (.673, .676) | |
> = 65 Years | --* | |
Education
| <High School | .527 (.525, .529) |
Completed High School | .647 (.646, .648) | |
College Graduate | --* | |
Marital Status
| Married Or Living With Partner | 1.071 (1.069, 1.073) |
Unmarried /Not Living With A Partner | --* | |
Children In Household
| No Children In Household | 1.052 (1.050, 1.054) |
At Least 1 Child In Household | --* | |
Household Income
| <$35,000 | --* |
> = $35,000 | 1.111 (1.108, 1.113) | |
BMI Categories
| BMI < 25 | 1.126 (1.124, 1.129) |
BMI 25- < 30 | 1.066 (1.064, 1.068) | |
BMI > =30 | --* | |
Physical Activity
| Getting At Least Moderate Physical Activity | 1.881 (1.878, 1.885) |
Inactive | --* | |
Have Health Insurance
| Yes | .962 (.959, .964) |
No | --* | |
Have A Personal Physician
| Yes | 1.045 (1.042, 1.047) |
No | --* | |
Timing Of Last Routine Medical Checkup
| Within Last 12 Months | 1.224 (1.222, 1.226) |
Longer Than 12 Months Ago | --* | |
Deferment Of Medical Care Because Of Cost
| Deferred Medical Care Because Of Cost | --* |
Did Not Defer Medical Care Because Of Cost | .897 (.895, .899) | |
Self-Defined Health Status
| Good To Excellent | 1.148 (1.145, 1.151) |
Fair To Poor | --* |
Geographic analysis
State | Prevalence Rural Adults | Prevalence Non-Rural Adults | % Difference Between Rural and Non-Rural Adults | State National Ranking for Fruit and Vegetable Production* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 17.01 | 20.63 | −21.27 | 17 |
Alaska | 19.79 | 23.76 | −20.04 | 48 |
Arizona | 25.39 | 23.13 | 8.90 | 12 |
Arkansas | 19.01 | 19.74 | −3.87 | 35 |
California | 22.90 | 24.28 | −6.01 | 1 |
Colorado | 21.84 | 22.58 | −3.37 | 26 |
Connecticut | 25.76 | 27.57 | −7.00 | 37 |
Delaware | 23.45 | 22.75 | 2.96 | 46 |
Florida | 21.64 | 23.32 | −7.77 | 11 |
Georgia | 21.94 | 23.58 | −7.50 | 19 |
Hawaii | 25.79 | 21.40 | 17.05 | 7 |
Idaho | 21.55 | 25.03 | −16.19 | 34 |
Illinois | 22.63 | 21.65 | 4.34 | 24 |
Indiana | 17.17 | 20.34 | −18.42 | 25 |
Iowa | 17.82 | 17.96 | −0.78 | 29 |
Kansas | 17.24 | 18.48 | −7.20 | 41 |
Kentucky | 17.30 | 21.96 | −26.91 | 14 |
Louisiana | 14.48 | 17.25 | −19.16 | 38 |
Maine | 25.93 | 28.27 | −9.04 | 33 |
Maryland | 21.24 | 26.99 | −27.05 | 32 |
Massachusetts | 19.66 | 24.27 | −23.47 | 27 |
Michigan | 21.39 | 22.05 | −3.06 | 5 |
Minnesota | 19.53 | 22.70 | −16.25 | 22 |
Mississippi | 14.26 | 19.02 | −33.36 | 28 |
Missouri | 18.14 | 18.80 | −3.64 | 23 |
Montana | 24.35 | 25.88 | −6.28 | 40 |
Nebraska | 21.23 | 19.45 | 8.35 | 43 |
Nevada | 23.19 | 22.48 | 3.03 | 49 |
New Hampshire | 28.45 | 24.71 | 13.17 | 42 |
New Jersey | N/A | 24.83 | N/A | 20 |
New Mexico | 21.34 | 22.59 | −5.86 | 15 |
New York | 24.50 | 25.65 | −4.69 | 4 |
North Carolina | 17.34 | 21.04 | −21.37 | 6 |
North Dakota | 21.75 | 21.68 | 0.30 | 47 |
Ohio | 18.26 | 20.94 | −14.67 | 9 |
Oklahoma | 13.88 | 14.44 | −4.07 | 31 |
Oregon | 23.62 | 25.41 | −7.59 | 8 |
Pennsylvania | 20.34 | 24.01 | −18.04 | 3 |
Rhode Island | N/A | 25.53 | N/A | 44 |
South Carolina | 15.33 | 17.31 | −12.88 | 21 |
South Dakota | 15.71 | 14.29 | 9.04 | 45 |
Tennessee | 19.73 | 23.26 | −17.90 | 18 |
Texas | 22.70 | 22.75 | −0.22 | 10 |
Utah | 19.10 | 23.25 | −21.73 | 30 |
Vermont | 28.74 | 27.81 | 3.26 | 39 |
Virginia | 22.60 | 26.89 | −19.00 | 16 |
Washington | 22.60 | 24.90 | −10.17 | 2 |
West Virginia | 15.90 | 16.18 | −1.81 | 36 |
Wisconsin | 20.04 | 21.95 | −9.53 | 13 |
Wyoming | 23.14 | 21.25 | 8.20 | 50 |
U.S. | 20.38 | 23.07 | −13.19 |