Background
The income-health relationship
Methods
GAMLSS
GA
formulation provided by Rigby et al. [27] (see p. 271).GAMLSS
package [28] in the statistical software R 3.6.2 [29]. We refer the reader interested in a Bayesian implementation of GAMLSS that can deal with more advanced modelling situations to applications in [30] and [12].Quantile regression
quantreg
[32] to obtain the estimated coefficients. For given values of y and X, the predicted health quantile \(\hat {h}^{\tau }\) can then be identified as
Comparison of quantile regression to GAMLSS
Results
Data description
Numerical variables | Mean | S.D. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
SF-6D health score | 0.76 | 0.12 | 0.3 | 1 |
(Equivalized) income ($1000) | 51.13 | 34.92 | 0.001 | 781.22 |
Age | 44.87 | 18.57 | 15 | 96 |
Age squared: (Age−44.87)2 | 344.92 | 368.09 | 0.02 | 2614.69 |
Number of children | ||||
Aged 0-4 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0 | 4 |
Aged 5-14 | 0.30 | 0.71 | 0 | 7 |
Life satisfaction (0, 1,..., 10) | 7.93 | 1.41 | 0 | 10 |
Categorical variables (in %, with reference indicated in bold) | ||||
Ancestry | Smoking | |||
Indigenous | 2.50 | Yes | 17.57 | |
Non-indigenous | 97.50 | No | 82.43 | |
Occupational status | Time stress | |||
Managers & professionals | 24.57 | Almost always | 8.73 | |
Service & sales workers | 29.87 | Often | 26.76 | |
Manual workers | 9.02 | Sometimes | 40.89 | |
Unemployed | 4.04 | Rarely | 20.77 | |
Not in labour force | 32.50 | Never | 2.85 | |
Sleep quality | Satisfaction with weight | |||
Very good | 19.39 | Very satisfied | 8.98 | |
Fairly good | 54.97 | Satisfied | 26.69 | |
Fairly bad | 20.48 | Neither satisfied/ | 24.19 | |
dissatisfied | ||||
Very bad | 3.97 | Dissatisfied | 31.47 | |
Not reported | 1.19 | Very dissatisfied | 8.67 | |
Physical activity | ||||
No | 11.11 | |||
Some | 37.27 | |||
Frequent | 51.62 |
GAMLSS results
Variable | log(μ) | log(s) |
---|---|---|
log(Income) | −0.043∗∗ | −0.002 |
Indigenous | 0.067∗∗ | 0.019 |
Age | 0.003∗∗ | −0.005∗∗ |
Age squared | 0.000∗∗ | 0.000∗∗ |
Children 0-4 | −0.072∗∗ | 0.017 |
Children 5-14 | −0.021∗∗ | −0.013 |
Managers & professionals | −0.023∗ | 0.020 |
Manual workers | 0.036∗ | 0.033 |
Unemployed | 0.133∗∗ | −0.003 |
Not in labour force | 0.183∗∗ | −0.063∗∗ |
Smoking | 0.058∗∗ | −0.007 |
Very good sleep quality | −0.154∗∗ | 0.263∗∗ |
Fairly bad sleep quality | 0.143∗∗ | −0.050∗∗ |
Very bad sleep quality | 0.233∗∗ | −0.144∗∗ |
Not reported | 0.142∗∗ | 0.028 |
Almost always stressed | 0.150∗∗ | −0.060∗∗ |
Often stressed | 0.089∗∗ | −0.034∗ |
Rarely stressed | −0.099∗∗ | 0.190∗∗ |
Never stressed | −0.163∗∗ | 0.587∗∗ |
Life satisfaction | −0.069∗∗ | 0.087∗∗ |
Very satisfied with weight | −0.084∗∗ | 0.159∗∗ |
Satisfied with weight | −0.027∗ | 0.033∗ |
Dissatisfied with weight | 0.031∗∗ | −0.100∗∗ |
Very dissatisfied with weight | 0.121∗∗ | −0.135∗∗ |
No physical activity | 0.193∗∗ | −0.183∗∗ |
Some physical activity | 0.081∗∗ | −0.150∗∗ |
Constant | −1.074∗∗ | −1.097∗∗ |
Global deviance | -26,109.42 | |
AIC | -26,001.42 | |
BIC | -25,591.15 |
$20,000 | $80,000 | Absolute difference | Relative difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
E(h) | 0.789 [0.786; 0.797] | 0.802 [0.800; 0.809] | 0.012 [0.008; 0.017] | 1.53% [ 1.06%; 2.05%] |
σ | 0.110 [0.097; 0.115] | 0.104 [0.091; 0.107] | 0.007 [0.001; 0.013] | 6.02% [ 0.85%; 12.14%] |
Pavg | 0.469 [0.443; 0.485] | 0.425 [0.399; 0.436] | 0.045 [0.033; 0.062] | 9.48% [7.28%; 13.17%] |
Pfair | 0.188 [0.156; 0.195] | 0.154 [0.123; 0.159] | 0.033 [0.018; 0.051] | 17.73% [10.66%; 27.90%] |
Ppoor | 0.062 [0.042; 0.068] | 0.046 [0.029; 0.050] | 0.016 [0.006; 0.026] | 25.80% [11.71%; 43.44%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
E(h) | 0.801 [0.796; 0.806] | 0.813 [0.808; 0.817] | 0.012 [0.008; 0.016] | 1.43% [0.96%; 1.92%] |
σ | 0.105 [0.096; 0.114] | 0.099 [0.090; 0.107] | 0.006 [0.001; 0.013] | 6.02% [0.60%; 11.81%] |
Pavg | 0.426 [0.406; 0.447] | 0.382 [0.364; 0.399] | 0.044 [0.030; 0.059] | 10.38% [7.31%; 13.55%] |
Pfair | 0.157 [0.138; 0.175] | 0.127 [0.109; 0.143] | 0.030 [0.014; 0.047] | 19.03% [9.45%; 28.44%] |
Ppoor | 0.048 [0.036; 0.060] | 0.035 [0.025; 0.045] | 0.013 [0.004; 0.023] | 27.38% [8.67%; 43.42%] |
Quantile regression results
τ | \({\hat {h}^{\tau }(\$20{,}000)}\) | \({\hat {h}^{\tau }(\$80{,}000)}\) | Absolute difference | Relative difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
0.1 | 0.651 [0.637; 0.664] | 0.676 [0.661; 0.688] | 0.025 [0.017; 0.034] | 3.71% [2.47%; 5.04%] |
0.2 | 0.711 [0.697; 0.721] | 0.735 [0.722; 0.746] | 0.025 [0.020; 0.033] | 3.35% [2.70%; 4.46%] |
0.3 | 0.749 [0.738; 0.760] | 0.772 [0.761; 0.784] | 0.023 [0.018; 0.028] | 3.02% [2.28%; 3.64%] |
0.4 | 0.780 [0.770; 0.788] | 0.803 [0.793; 0.810] | 0.022 [0.018; 0.029] | 2.79% [2.21%; 3.58%] |
0.5 | 0.802 [0.794; 0.811] | 0.822 [0.814; 0.831] | 0.021 [0.015; 0.026] | 2.50% [1.78%; 3.15%] |
0.6 | 0.826 [0.818; 0.833] | 0.842 [0.835; 0.849] | 0.016 [0.012; 0.022] | 1.90% [1.42%; 2.59%] |
0.7 | 0.842 [0.835; 0.849] | 0.855 [0.849; 0.862] | 0.013 [0.009; 0.017] | 1.53% [1.06%; 2.01%] |
0.8 | 0.862 [0.855; 0.869] | 0.873 [0.867; 0.880] | 0.011 [0.007; 0.016] | 1.24% [0.82%; 1.84%] |
0.9 | 0.895 [0.886; 0.903] | 0.901 [0.893; 0.908] | 0.006 [0.002; 0.011] | 0.69% [0.18%; 1.26%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
0.1 | 0.667 [0.654; 0.678] | 0.693 [0.680; 0.702] | 0.025 [0.016; 0.035] | 3.62% [2.35%; 5.00%] |
0.2 | 0.732 [0.720; 0.740] | 0.756 [0.746; 0.765] | 0.025 [0.020; 0.034] | 3.26% [2.60%; 4.41%] |
0.3 | 0.770 [0.761; 0.778] | 0.793 [0.785; 0.800] | 0.023 [0.018; 0.028] | 2.94% [2.23%; 3.57%] |
0.4 | 0.798 [0.788; 0.805] | 0.820 [0.813; 0.827] | 0.022 [0.018; 0.029] | 2.74% [2.19%; 3.49%] |
0.5 | 0.821 [0.812; 0.827] | 0.841 [0.834; 0.847] | 0.021 [0.015; 0.026] | 2.44% [1.78%; 3.03%] |
0.6 | 0.841 [0.835; 0.846] | 0.857 [0.851; 0.861] | 0.016 [0.012; 0.021] | 1.87% [1.40%; 2.49%] |
0.7 | 0.855 [0.850; 0.862] | 0.869 [0.864; 0.874] | 0.013 [0.009; 0.017] | 1.51% [1.04%; 1.96%] |
0.8 | 0.876 [0.869; 0.880] | 0.886 [0.881; 0.890] | 0.011 [0.007; 0.016] | 1.22% [0.80%; 1.83%] |
0.9 | 0.903 [0.894; 0.909] | 0.909 [0.902; 0.915] | 0.006 [0.002; 0.011] | 0.69% [0.18%; 1.24%] |
Comparison of regression results
$20,000 | $80,000 | Absolute difference | Relative difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
Pavg | 0.492 [0.454; 0.526] | 0.391 [0.362; 0.428] | 0.101 [0.065; 0.128] | 20.53% [13.76%; 25.15%] |
Pfair | 0.179 [0.151; 0.204] | 0.131 [0.114; 0.154] | 0.048 [0.027; 0.067] | 26.82% [16.49%; 35.06%] |
Ppoor | 0.041 [0.026; 0.054] | 0.025 [0.018; 0.036] | 0.016 [0.003; 0.025] | 39.02% [10.00%; 52.00%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
Pavg | 0.409 [0.382; 0.445] | 0.327 [0.298; 0.354] | 0.082 [0.062; 0.115] | 20.05% [15.42%; 27.07%] |
Pfair | 0.143 [0.128; 0.163] | 0.114 [0.097; 0.126] | 0.029 [0.019; 0.050] | 20.28% [14.18%; 32.24%] |
Ppoor | 0.028 [0.019; 0.040] | 0.021 [0.015; 0.027] | 0.007 [0.000; 0.017] | 25.00% [ 0.00%; 46.43%] |
$20,000 | $80,000 | Absolute difference | Relative difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
E(h) | 0.787 [0.779; 0.794] | 0.807 [0.800; 0.813] | 0.020 [0.016; 0.024] | 2.46% [ 1.98%; 3.01%] |
σ | 0.094 [0.087; 0.101] | 0.084 [0.078; 0.091] | 0.010 [0.006; 0.014] | 10.20% [ 6.40%; 14.39%] |
Pavg | 0.498 [0.467; 0.529] | 0.411 [0.380; 0.443] | 0.087 [0.068; 0.108] | 17.41% [13.80%; 21.59%] |
Pfair | 0.166 [0.142; 0.193] | 0.109 [0.088; 0.134] | 0.057 [0.043; 0.072] | 34.35% [26.39%; 42.29%] |
Ppoor | 0.041 [0.030; 0.055] | 0.021 [0.014; 0.031] | 0.020 [0.014; 0.028] | 49.24% [36.96%; 60.34%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
E(h) | 0.804 [0.797; 0.810] | 0.824 [0.818; 0.829] | 0.020 [0.016; 0.024] | 2.42% [ 1.96%; 2.94%] |
σ | 0.088 [0.082; 0.095] | 0.078 [0.073; 0.084] | 0.010 [0.006; 0.014] | 11.18% [ 6.82%; 15.24%] |
Pavg | 0.422 [0.397; 0.453] | 0.330 [0.305; 0.359] | 0.093 [0.074; 0.111] | 21.92% [17.62%; 26.11%] |
Pfair | 0.122 [0.104; 0.145] | 0.072 [0.058; 0.091] | 0.050 [0.037; 0.063] | 40.64% [31.80%; 49.06%] |
Ppoor | 0.026 [0.019; 0.036] | 0.011 [0.007; 0.018] | 0.015 [0.009; 0.021] | 56.11% [42.94%; 66.99%] |
Discussion
gamlss.mx
package for fitting finite mixture distributions).Conclusions
Appendix 1. GAMLSS results based on the weibull and lognormal distribution
GAMLSS
descriptions WEI3
and LOGNO
which refer to the formulations provided by Rigby et al. [27] (see p. 280 for the Weibull distribution and p. 275 for the lognormal distribution).Distribution | Global deviance | AIC | BIC |
---|---|---|---|
Gamma ( GA ) | −26,109.42 | −26,001.42 | −25,591.15 |
Weibull ( WEI3 ) | −27,025.01 | −26,917.01 | −26,506.74 |
Lognormal ( LOGNO ) | −19,339.60 | −19,231.60 | −18,821.33 |
$20,000 | $80,000 | Absolute difference | Relative difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
E(h)
| 0.791 [0.786; 0.797] | 0.803 [0.798; 0.808] | 0.012 [0.008; 0.015] | 1.44% [ 1.04%; 1.87%] |
σ
| 0.099 [0.093; 0.103] | 0.094 [0.089; 0.097] | 0.005 [0.001; 0.008] | 4.63% [ 1.50%; 8.03%] |
P
avg
| 0.499 [0.479; 0.525] | 0.453 [0.433; 0.475] | 0.046 [0.034; 0.060] | 9.20% [ 6.97%; 11.83%] |
P
fair
| 0.180 [0.159; 0.194] | 0.145 [0.126; 0.156] | 0.035 [0.024; 0.049] | 19.66% [13.46%; 26.74%] |
P
poor
| 0.039 [0.027; 0.046] | 0.026 [0.018; 0.031] | 0.012 [0.006; 0.019] | 32.30% [18.93%; 46.65%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
E(h)
| 0.802 [0.797; 0.807] | 0.813 [0.809; 0.818] | 0.011 [0.008; 0.014] | 1.35% [ 0.97%; 1.75%] |
σ
| 0.097 [0.093; 0.102] | 0.093 [0.088; 0.097] | 0.004 [0.001; 0.008] | 4.62% [ 1.49%; 8.04%] |
P
avg
| 0.453 [0.433; 0.476] | 0.408 [0.390; 0.428] | 0.045 [0.033; 0.058] | 9.89% [ 7.37%; 12.58%] |
P
fair
| 0.152 [0.135; 0.168] | 0.121 [0.107; 0.135] | 0.031 [0.020; 0.043] | 20.38% [13.37%; 27.40%] |
P
poor
| 0.031 [0.023; 0.039] | 0.021 [0.015; 0.027] | 0.010 [0.005; 0.016] | 32.66% [17.85%; 46.48%] |
$20,000 | $80,000 | Absolute difference | Relative difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a) Smokers | ||||
E(h)
| 0.759 [0.733; 0.773] | 0.770 [0.742; 0.784] | 0.011 [0.001; 0.031] | 1.41% [ 0.08%; 3.99%] |
σ
| 0.194 [0.148; 0.266] | 0.188 [0.143; 0.263] | 0.006 [0.001; 0.059] | 3.19% [ 0.34%; 24.25%] |
P
avg
| 0.465 [0.452; 0.489] | 0.436 [0.426; 0.458] | 0.028 [0.012; 0.046] | 6.06% [ 2.57%; 9.66%] |
P
fair
| 0.254 [0.223; 0.290] | 0.233 [0.200; 0.274] | 0.020 [0.001; 0.056] | 8.03% [ 0.33%; 20.26%] |
P
poor
| 0.142 [0.107; 0.183] | 0.129 [0.093; 0.173] | 0.013 [0.001; 0.049] | 9.29% [ 0.47%; 29.94%] |
b) Non-smokers | ||||
E(h)
| 0.774 [0.756; 0.790] | 0.784 [0.764; 0.801] | 0.010 [0.001; 0.028] | 1.30% [ 0.07%; 3.47%] |
σ
| 0.182 [0.133; 0.236] | 0.176 [0.129; 0.233] | 0.006 [0.000; 0.051] | 3.20% [ 0.30%; 23.91%] |
P
avg
| 0.429 [0.408; 0.447] | 0.401 [0.382; 0.419] | 0.027 [0.009; 0.050] | 6.39% [ 2.03%; 11.47%] |
P
fair
| 0.226 [0.184; 0.256] | 0.207 [0.162; 0.242] | 0.019 [0.001; 0.055] | 8.34% [ 0.25%; 23.44%] |
P
poor
| 0.123 [0.082; 0.155] | 0.111 [0.070; 0.146] | 0.012 [0.001; 0.045] | 9.57% [ 0.52%; 33.59%] |
Appendix 2. OLS and quantile regressions of health
Variable | OLS |
τ
1
|
τ
2
|
τ
3
|
τ
4
|
τ
5
|
τ
6
|
τ
7
|
τ
8
|
τ
9
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
log(Income) |
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.3pt}0.012}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.018}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {3pt} 0.018}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {1.7pt}0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.016}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {1.9pt}0.015}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.012}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {1.8pt}0.009}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.008}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.005}^{**}\)
|
Indigenous |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.011)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.029}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{-0.027}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.008)}{-0.026}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.025}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.008)}{-0.022}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.008)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.018}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.013}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)\phantom {^{**}}} {\hspace {2pt} -0.004\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)\phantom {^{**}}} {\hspace {2.5pt}-0.007\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
Age |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.001}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{\hspace {.5pt}-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.000)}{-0.001 }^{**}\)
|
Age squared |
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2.4pt}0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.000}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.000 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.000)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.000}^{**}\)
|
Children 0-4 |
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)} {\hspace {2pt} 0.025}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.026}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.016 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.014}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.013}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.013}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.010}^{**}\)
|
Children 5-14 |
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.2pt}0.005}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.006}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.007}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.007}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.006}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.005}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.005}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.006}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.005}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.003}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
Managers & professionals |
\(\underset {\hspace {-3.5pt}(0.002)\phantom {^{**}}}{0.004\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3.5pt}0.004\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {\hspace {-3.5pt}(0.004)\phantom {^{**}}}{0.002\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}} {\hspace {2.5pt}0.005\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3pt} 0.004\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3pt} 0.003\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3.5pt}0.002\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.004\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.004}^{*\phantom {^{*}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.001\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
Manual workers |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.008}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.022}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.014}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)} {-0.009}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.005}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.006}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.005}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2pt} -0.003\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2.5pt}-0.003\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
Unemployed |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.032}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.010)}{-0.043}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.008)}{-0.039}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.039}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.038}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.031}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.029}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.007)}{-0.015}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.014}^{**}\)
|
Not in labour force |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.047}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.059}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.060}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.061}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)} {-0.055}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.045}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.040}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.032}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.027}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)} {-0.023}^{**}\)
|
Smoking |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.016}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.021}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{\hspace {.5pt}-0.021}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.019}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.015}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.013}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.013}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.008}^{**}\)
|
Very good sleep quality |
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.028}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.040}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.038}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.034}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.029}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.024}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.021}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.021}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.020}^{**}\)
|
Fairly bad sleep quality |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.039 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.040}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.049 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{\hspace {.5pt}-0.052}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.051}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)} { -0.046 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.041}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.032 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.026}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.023}^{**}\)
|
Very bad sleep quality |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.084 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{-0.092}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.089 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.007)}{-0.082}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.092}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.096 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.102}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.007)}{-0.102 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.010)}{-0.068}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.006)}{-0.052}^{**}\)
|
Not reported |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{-0.046}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.076}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.017)}{-0.079 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.017)}{-0.080 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.018)}{-0.055}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.018)}{-0.047}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{-0.029 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.009)}{-0.026 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.010)}{-0.021}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.014}^{**}\)
|
Almost always stressed |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.036 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.045}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.042}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.042}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.041}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.038 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.034}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.029}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.028 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.023}^{**}\)
|
Often stressed |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.020 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.027 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.026}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.027}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.025}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.017 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.014 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.014 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.012}^{**}\)
|
Rarely stressed |
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.024}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.018}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.024}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.025}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.027}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.027}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.026}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.024}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.021}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{0.019}^{**}\)
|
Never stressed |
\(\underset {(0.006)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.043}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.010)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.037}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.009)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.037}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.007)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.038}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.008)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.034}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.009)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.046}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.005)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.053}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.005)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.053}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.008)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.056}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.008)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.058}^{**}\)
|
Life satisfaction |
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.022}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.024}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.022}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.019}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.001)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.016}^{**}\)
|
Very satisfied with weight |
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.016}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.006)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.019}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.006)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.018}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.014}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.012}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.013}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.014}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.012}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.016}^{**}\)
|
Satisfied with weight |
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.006}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3pt} 0.006\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.004)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.002\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3.5pt}0.005\phantom {^{**}} }\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}} {\hspace {3pt} 0.005\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.003)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {3pt} 0.005\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.005 }^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.006}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)}{0.005}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.002)} {0.005}^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
Dissatisfied with weight |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.007}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)\phantom {^{**}}}{\hspace {2pt} -0.005\phantom {^{**}}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.010 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.012 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.010 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.011 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.008 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.005 }^{*\phantom {*}}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.006 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.009}^{**}\)
|
Very dissatisfied with weight |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.036}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.038 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.043 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.045 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.045}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.045}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.036}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.032}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.027 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.026 }^{**}\)
|
No physical activity |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.059}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.062 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)} {-0.066}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.067}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)} {-0.069}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.069}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.005)}{-0.061}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.050}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.042}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.004)}{-0.034}^{**}\)
|
Some physical activity |
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.020 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.017 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.023 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.003)}{-0.023}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)} {-0.022}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.020}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {1pt} -0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{\hspace {.7pt}-0.017}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)} {-0.015}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {\phantom {-}(0.002)}{-0.015}^{**}\)
|
Constant |
\(\underset {(0.008)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.632}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.013)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.485 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.012)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.520 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.012)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.568 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.010)}{\hspace {2.5pt}0.604}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.011)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.629 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.009)} {\hspace {2.5pt}0.659 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.009)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.691}^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.009)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.735 }^{**}\)
|
\(\underset {(0.008)}{\hspace {2pt} 0.800}^{**}\)
|
R2 (Pseudo R2) | 0.365 | 0.211 | 0.234 | 0.251 | 0.244 | 0.222 | 0.195 | 0.161 | 0.154 | 0.119 |