Background
Objectives
Instrument | Concept measured | Validation | Outcome assessor | Structure of instrument; scoring | Time of measurement | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of evaluation | Prenatal | 3 mths after birth | 6 mths after birth | 12 mths after birth | 18 mths after birth | 24 months after birth | ||||
Edinburgh Post- partum Depression Scale (EPDS) | Pre and pospartum depression | Cox et al., 1987 [40] | Mother during home visits | 10 items, 4 point-Likert scales (0–3) | X | X | X | X | ||
French validation: Guedeney & Fermanian, 1995 [41] | Range 0–30 | |||||||||
Higher scores indicate higher levels of depressive symptoms. | ||||||||||
Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory | Quality of the home environment (quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to the child in the home environment) | Bradley & Caldwell, 1979 [42] | Assessment team during home visits | Designed for use during infancy (birth to age three). | X | X | X | |||
French validation Gunning et al, 2004 [43] | 45 items (yes/no response) | |||||||||
Six subscales: | ||||||||||
Parental Responsitivity (11 items) | ||||||||||
Acceptance of the child (8 items) | ||||||||||
Organization of the environment (6 items) | ||||||||||
Learning Materials (9 items) | ||||||||||
Parental Involvement (6 items) | ||||||||||
Variety in Experience (5 items) | ||||||||||
Highest scores for each subscale indicate greater environment. | ||||||||||
Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL 1½-5) | Child behavioural disorders | Achenbach 2009 [44] | Assessment team during home visits | 100 items, Likert scales (0–2) | X | |||||
Range 0–200 | ||||||||||
French validation: Ivanova et al, 2010 [45] | ||||||||||
A total score and 7 syndrome scales: | ||||||||||
Emotionally Reactive (0–18, clinical range (CR) >8) | ||||||||||
Anxious/Depressed (0–16, CR>8) | ||||||||||
Somatic Complaints (0–22, CR>6) | ||||||||||
Withdrawn (0–16, CR >5) | ||||||||||
Sleep Problems (0–14, CR>8) | ||||||||||
Attention Problems (0–10, CR>6) | ||||||||||
Aggressive Behaviour (0–38, CR>24) | ||||||||||
Attachment Q –Sort (AQS) | Child’s attachment | Waters & Deane, 1985 [46] | Assessment team during home visits | Two raters assess each situation, during a home visit of two hours. | X | |||||
French translation made and validated by a panel of infant mental health experts | ||||||||||
90 items | ||||||||||
Correlation with typical secure pattern: | ||||||||||
Insecure attachment if < 0.35 | ||||||||||
Secure attachment if ≥0.35 | ||||||||||
Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ) | Mother’s attachment | Bifulco et al., 2003 [47] | Mother during home visit | 22 items, 5-point Likert scale (1–5). | X | X | ||||
Range 0–110 | ||||||||||
1 global scale: Vulnerability (0–110, vulnerability if ≥ 57) | ||||||||||
2 sub-scales: | ||||||||||
Insecurity (range 0–60, insecure if > 30) | ||||||||||
Proximity seeking (range 0–50, proximity seeking if ≥ 27) | ||||||||||
Services Questionnaire | Use of social and / or medical services | Specifically designed for this research | Assessment team during home visits | Description of the use of 27 social and / or medical services | X | X | X | X | X | |
Social Support Interview (SS-A; SS-B) | Perception of social support received and level of satisfaction from the social network | Designed for this research based on Vaux, 1988 [48] | Assessment team during home visits | 6 items | X | X | X | X | ||
Description of social support structure (emotional, material, financial, socialization, valorization) | ||||||||||
Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale (Pacotis) | Parenting: mother perception of her attitude and behaviour towards her child, of her competence or incompetence and of her emotional investment of the child. | Boivin et al., 2005 [49] | Mother during home visit | 17 items, numeral rating scales (0–10) | X | X | ||||
3 sub-scales (mean score of items) | ||||||||||
Parental self-efficacy; Perception of parental impact; Hostile-reactive parenting behaviour | ||||||||||
Higher sub-scale scores indicate lower parental self-efficacy, perception of less parental impact on the child's behaviour, and higher parental use of hostile-reaction behaviour. | ||||||||||
Brunet-Lézine developmental test (BL-Revised) | Child development (0 to 5 years) | Brunet & Lezine, 1965 [50] | Assessment team during home visits | Developmental age (developmental quotient) | X | X | ||||
4 dimensions: | ||||||||||
Language | ||||||||||
Motor gross | ||||||||||
Motor fine | ||||||||||
Social relationships | ||||||||||
30 item test scored partly | ||||||||||
on observation, partly on questions to parents | ||||||||||
Original scale in French | ||||||||||
Alarm Baby Distress scale (ADBB) | Sustained withdrawal behaviour | Guedeney & Fermanian, 2001 [51] in France | Assessment team during home visits | 8 items, 5-point Likert scale (0–4), Range 0–32 | X | |||||
Withdrawal behaviour if ≥ 5 | ||||||||||
Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI) | Mother’s knowledge of infant development | McPhee, 1981 [52] | Mother during home visit | 48 items (−1, 0, 1) | X | X | X | |||
Range −48 to 48 | ||||||||||
Highest scores indicate better knowledge. | ||||||||||
Parental Stress Inventory (PSI) | Parental stress | Abidin & Wilfong, 1989 [53] | Mother during home visit | 24 items, Likert scales (1–5) | X | X | X | X | ||
Two subscales (mean score of items): | ||||||||||
Parental stress | ||||||||||
Dysfunctional interaction | ||||||||||
Higher scores indicate greater parental stress. | ||||||||||
Symptom Check-list (SCL-90) | Mother’s psychological disorders | Derogatis, 1994 [54] | Mother during home visits | 90 items, 5 point-Likert scales (0–4) | X | X | X | |||
10 subscales: | ||||||||||
Somatization (0–48) | ||||||||||
Obsessive-Compulsive (0–40) | ||||||||||
Interpersonal Sensitivity (0–36) | ||||||||||
Depression (0–52) | ||||||||||
Anxiety (0–40) | ||||||||||
Hostility (0–24) | ||||||||||
Phobic Anxiety (0–32) | ||||||||||
Paranoid Ideation (0–24) | ||||||||||
Psychoticism (0–40) | ||||||||||
Other symptoms (0–28) | ||||||||||
Higher scores indicate greater clinical impairment. | ||||||||||
Working Alliance Inventory (WAI)* | Working alliance between the mother and the CAPEDP intervention psychologist | Horvath & Greenberg, 1989 [55] | Mother during home visits | 12 items, Likert scale (1–7) | X | X | X | X | X | |
Range 12–84 | ||||||||||
French validation Guedeney et al, 2005 [56] | ||||||||||
Higher scores indicate better working alliance | ||||||||||
Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)#
| Infants’ Attachment | Ainsworth & al, 1978 [57] | Assessment team viewing video of infant in attachment laboratory | Categorical | X | |||||
(12 to 15 mths) | ||||||||||
Attachment: | ||||||||||
Secure | ||||||||||
Insecure-Avoidant | ||||||||||
Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant | ||||||||||
Disorganised/Disoriented | ||||||||||
Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) #
| Maternal Disruptive Behaviour | Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, & Parsons, 1999 [58] | Assessment team viewing video of mother in attachment laboratory | Categorical: | X | |||||
Maternal Affective Communication not Disrupted if < 5 | (12 to 15 mths) | |||||||||
Maternal Affective Communication Disrupted if ≥ 5 | ||||||||||
2 Sub-styles: | ||||||||||
Withdrawal /Disoriented | ||||||||||
Hostile/Role Confusion | ||||||||||
Insightfulness Assessment (IA) #
| Maternal Auto-reflexive function | Oppenheim & Koren-Karie 2002 [59] | Assessment team viewing video and interview of mother in Attachment laboratory | 10 scales, giving way to a 4 category classification: | X | |||||
(12 to 15 mths) | ||||||||||
Positive Insight | ||||||||||
One-sided | ||||||||||
Disengaged | ||||||||||
Mixed |