The present study aims to improve the M-stage classification of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs).
Methods
Two thousand six hundred sixty six pNENs were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to explore the metastatic patterns of pNENs. Metastatic patterns were categorized as single, two, or multiple (three or more) distant organ metastasis. The mean overall survival and hazard rate of different metastatic patterns were calculated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively. The discriminatory capability of the modified M-stage classification was evaluated by Harrell’s concordance index.
Results
The overall survival time significantly decreased with an increasing number of metastatic organs. In addition, pNENs with only liver metastasis had better prognosis when compared to other metastatic patterns. Thus, we modified the M-stage classification (mM-stage) as follows: mM0-stage, tumor without metastasis; mM1-stage, tumor only metastasized to liver; mM2-stage, tumor metastasized to other single distant organ (lung, bone, or brain) or two distant organs; mM3-stage, tumor metastasized to three or more distant organs. Harrell’s concordance index showed that the modified M-stage classification had superior discriminatory capability than both the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) M-stage classifications.
Conclusions
The modified M-stage classification is superior to both AJCC and ENETS M-stage classifications in the prognosis of pNENs. In the future, individualized treatment and follow-up programs should be explored for patients with distinct metastatic patterns.
Xianbin Zhang and Jiaxin Song contributed equally to this work.
Abkürzungen
AJCC
American Joint Committee on Cancer
ENETS
European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society
OS
Overall survival
pNENs
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
SD
Standard deviation
SEER
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result
Background
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are relatively rare tumors. However, a recent population study showed that the incidence of pNENs increased more than 4-fold from 1973 to 2012 [1]. Moreover, pNENs are considered the most serious neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), due to the patients have a shorter median overall survival times (3.6 years) when compared to those with tumors located in lung (5.5 years), rectum (24.6 years), and appendix (more than 30.0 years) [1].
Cancer staging classification systems are used to codify the extent of cancer. They allow clinicians to quantify prognosis and plan treatment for individual patients. Two widely used tumor staging classification systems, which are proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS), describe M0-stage as having no distant metastasis and M1-stage as having at least one distant metastasis [2, 3]. However, several studies demonstrated that pNENs with liver metastasis have better prognosis than other metastatic patterns [4‐6].
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Therefore, we utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database to explore the prognosis of different metastatic patterns of pNENs and propose a modified M-stage classification. This modified M-stage classification proves to be superior to both AJCC and ENETS M-stage classifications in prognosis.
Methods
Study cohort
As published previously [3], we utilized the topography codes (C25.0 to C25.9) and histology codes (8150, 8151, 8152, 8153, 8154, 8155, 8156, 8157, 8240, 8241, 8242, 8243, 8244, 8245, 8246, and 8249) of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (third edition) to identify pNENs.
Outcomes and variables
The primary outcome was overall survival. Demographic data included age, sex, and race; tumor characteristics included tumor size, primary site, differentiation, 7th AJCC T-stage, and N-stage; treatment information included surgery and radiotherapy. Single organ metastasis was defined as the tumor spreading from pancreas to another single distant organ [7]. Similarly, two organ metastases were defined as the tumor spreading from pancreas to two distant organs. Tumors spreading from pancreas to three or more distant organs were defined as multiple metastases.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patients microscopically diagnosed as pNENs were included in the present study. We excluded cases with unclear or incomplete information about metastasis. In addition, we also excluded cases without information about survival time.
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Statistical analyses
To compare the constituent ratio of variables among patients, we broke the continuous variables (age, tumor size) into binary variables. Survival time was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards model. The results were presented as mean and hazard ratio, respectively, each with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Harrell’s concordance index was used to evaluate the discriminatory capability of the modified M stage classification. An index value of greater than 0.70 suggests the classification has an acceptable discriminatory capability [8]. Differences with P ≤ 0.05 divided by the number of meaningful comparisons, Bonferroni correction, were considered to be significant. Differences with P ≤ 0.1 divided by the number of meaningful comparisons, were considered to indicate a tendency. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 (IBM, New York, USA) or R (version 3.5.0).
Results
Patient characteristics
In total, 2666 patients (mean age 60.9 years ±13.6 years; 55.7% male, 78.8% white) were included in the present study (Fig. 1). Many patients (55.4%) underwent surgery, and some (4.7%) were treated with radiation. The constituent ratios of tumor size, location, differentiation, T-stage, and N-stage were significantly (P < 0.05) different between patients with and without metastasis (Table 1).
Fig. 1
Flow chart of patient selection
Table 1
Clinicopathological Characters
Without Metastasis
Metastasis
P
N = 1679
N = 987
Age (years)
0.221b
≤ 60
793 (47.2%)
442 (44.8%)
> 60
886 (52.8%)
545 (55.2%)
Sex
0.338a
Male
924 (55.0%)
562 (56.9%)
Female
755 (45.0%)
425 (43.1%)
Race
0.011a
White
1314 (78.3%)
787 (79.7%)
Black
191 (11.4%)
130 (13.2%)
Other
174 (10.3%)
70 (7.1%)
Size (cm)
< 0.001b
≤ 2
670 (39.9%)
68 (6.9%)
> 2
934 (55.6%)
699 (70.8%)
Unclear
75 (4.5%)
220 (22.3%)
Primary Site
< 0.001b
Head
502 (29.9%)
258 (26.2%)
Body
295 (17.6%)
106 (10.7%)
Tail
542 (32.3%)
314 (31.8%)
Other
340 (20.2%)
309 (31.3%)
Differentiation
< 0.001b
Well
1043 (62.1%)
189 (19.1%)
Moderately
221 (13.2%)
86 (8.7%)
Poorly
64 (3.8%)
95 (9.6%)
Undifferentiated
17 (1.0%)
28 (2.8%)
Unclear
334 (19.9%)
589 (59.7%)
T-sage
< 0.001b
T1
602 (35.9%)
37 (3.7%)
T2
538 (32.0%)
276 (28.0%)
T3
389 (23.2%)
271 (27.5%)
T4
67 (4.0%)
102 (10.3%)
Tx
83 (4.9%)
301 (30.5%)
N-stage
< 0.001b
N0
1247 (74.3%)
463 (46.9%)
N1
401 (23.9%)
338 (34.3%)
Nx
31 (1.8%)
186 (18.8%)
Surgery
< 0.001b
Yes
1313 (78.2%)
164 (16.6%)
No
339 (20.2%)
813 (82.4%)
Unclear
27 (1.6%)
10 (1.0%)
Radiation
< 0.001b
Yes
52 (3.1%)
74 (7.5%)
No
1609 (95.8%)
905 (91.7%)
Unclear
18 (1.1%)
8 (0.8%)
aChi-square test; bKruskal-Wallis test
×
Metastatic patterns and survival
At the time of diagnosis, 1679 (62.98%) patients showed no metastasis. As shown in Fig. 2a, single organ metastases comprised 850 (31.88%) patients, including 817 liver (30.64%), 22 lung (0.83%), nine bone (0.34%), and two brain (0.07%) cases. One hundred and twelve patients (4.20%) showed two-organ metastases, including 52 liver plus bone (1.95%), 53 liver plus lung (1.99%), four bone plus lung (0.15%), two liver plus brain (0.08%), and one bone plus brain (0.04%) cases. Twenty-five patients (0.94%) presented multiple organ metastases, including 19 cases of liver plus lung plus bone (0.71%), three cases of liver plus lung plus brain (0.11%), and three cases of liver plus lung plus brain plus bone (0.11%).
Fig. 2
a Metastatic patterns of pNENs. b Survival time of patients different metastatic patterns. c Survival time of patients with single distant organ metastasis. d Kaplan-Meier curve of overall survival of patients with modified M-stage classification. e Survival time of patients with modified M-stage classification. * Significant difference: P < 0.008; T Tendentious difference: P < 0.017
×
To assess survival time of different metastatic patterns, we compared the survival time of patients without metastasis to those with single distant organ metastasis, two-organ metastases, and multiple organ metastases. As the number of metastatic organs increased, survival time was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced (Fig. 2b). In addition, patients with only liver metastasis had a longer survival time than did other single-organ metastases (Fig. 2c), whereas patients with bone, lung or two-organ metastasis had similar mean survival time (bone, 18.32 months ± 5.27 months; lung, 17.77 months ± 3.54 months, two organs metastases, 15.79 months ± 1.70 months).
Modified M-stage classification and discriminatory capability
Thus, based on the observed metastatic patterns and survival times, we modified the M-stage classification (mM-stage) as shown in Table 2. Tumor without metastasis was defined as mM0-stage. Tumor spread from pancreas only to liver was defined as mM1-stage. Tumor spreading from pancreas to other single distant organ or to two distant organs was defined as mM2-stage. Tumor spreading to three or more distant organs was defined as mM3-stage.
Table 2
Definition of M-stage classifications
AJCC and ENTES M-stage classifications
Modified M-stage classifications
M0-stage, no distant metastasis
M1-stage, distant metastasis
mM0-stage, no distant metastasis
mM1-stage, only liver metastasis
mM2-stage, other single distant organ or two organs metastases
mM3-stage, three or more organs metastases
AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer; ENETS European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society
To evaluate survival time among mM-stage classifications, survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and then compared with the log-rank test. We observed that all survival curves were well separated (Fig. 2d). Patients with advanced mM stages (mM1, mM2, mM3) had significantly (P < 0.001) shorter survival times than patients with mM0-stage (Fig. 2e). Moreover, the modified M-stage classification was an independent prognostic factor for pNENs, after adjusting for other clinical and pathological characteristics (Table 3).
Table 3
Independent Prognostic Factors
Univariate
Multivariate
HR and 95% CI
P-value
HR and 95% CI
P-value
Age (years)
≤ 60
Reference
Reference
> 60
1.875 (1.595–2.204)
< 0.001
1.744 (1.479–2.055)
< 0.001
Sex
Male
Reference
Reference
Female
0.808 (0.691–0.945)
0.008
0.850 (0.726–0.996)
0.044
Race
White
Reference
Reference
Black
1.345 (1.082–1.670)
0.007
1.247 (0.998–1.558)
0.052
Other
0.715 (0.527–0.970)
0.031
0.767 (0.565–1.043)
0.090
Size (cm)
≤ 2
Reference
Reference
> 2
2.889 (2.241–3.724)
< 0.001
1.322 (1.009–1.731)
0.043
Unclear
6.799(5.110–9.047)
< 0.001
1.547(1.129–2.119)
0.007
Primary Site
a
Head
Reference
Body
0.684(0.530–0.884)
0.004
Tail
0.682(0.556–0.836)
< 0.001
Other
1.128(0.929–1.368)
0.223
Differentiation
Well
Reference
Reference
Moderately
1.557 (1.095–2.215)
0.014
1.049 (0.735–1.498)
0.791
Poorly
7.414 (5.608–9.803)
< 0.001
3.349 (2.498–4.489)
< 0.001
Undifferentiated
9.494 (6.113–14.743)
< 0.001
3.166 (2.000–5.011)
< 0.001
Unclear
5.136 (4.179–6.311)
< 0.001
1.626 (1.290–2.048)
< 0.001
T-stage
a
T1
Reference
T2
3.434(2.474–4.766)
< 0.001
T3
3.353(2.399–4.688)
< 0.001
T4
7.082(4.867–10.306)
< 0.001
Tx
9.288(6.696–12.882)
< 0.001
N-stage
N0
Reference
Reference
N1
1.679 (1.415–1.993)
< 0.001
1.304 (1.092–1.557)
0.003
Nx
3.732 (3.019–4.613)
< 0.001
1.452 (1.152–1.829)
0.002
Surgery
Yes
Reference
Reference
No
8.556 (6.941–10.548)
< 0.001
3.901 (3.013–5.050)
< 0.001
Unclear
1.991 (0.812–4.883)
0.133
1.487 (0.601–3.680)
0.391
Radiation
a
Yes
Reference
No
1.984(1.511–2.603)
< 0.001
Unclear
0.939(0.420–2.098)
0.878
mM-stage
mM0-stage
Reference
Reference
mM1-stage
4.520 (3.789–5.393)
< 0.001
1.643 (1.339–2.016)
< 0.001
mM2-stage
8.199(6.380–10.537)
< 0.001
2.249(1.704–2.968)
< 0.001
mM3-stage
16.356 (10.266–26.059)
< 0.001
5.034 (3.110–8.150)
< 0.001
avariables excluded by multivariate forward stepwise cox regression
To explore discriminatory capability of the modified M-stage classification, Harrell’s concordance index was calculated. The mM-stage classification had a better discriminatory capability (Harrell’s concordance index, 0.712; 95% CI, 0.692–0.732) than AJCC M-stage and ENETS M-stage (Harrell’s concordance index, 0.697; 95% CI, 0.678–0.717).
Discussion
In agreement with previous studies [9‐11], the present study also demonstrated that nearly one quarter of patients (37.02%, 987/2666) presenting metastasis at the time of pNEN diagnosis. In addition, liver metastasis was the majority metastatic pattern, followed by lung, bone and brain metastasis. The hematogenous mode of metastasis might contribute to the metastatic pattern, which we have observed in the present study. Unsually, carcinoma cells seed in the liver via the portal venous system. Then, these cells would spread to lung via the inferior vena cava and pulmonary arteries. Finally, the carcinoma cells from lung metastases would seed in other organs via arterial blood [12].
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The present study found that with an increasing number of metastatic organs, there was a significant decrease in survival time. In addition, pNENs with liver metastasis had longer overall survival than other single-organ metastatic patterns. However, AJCC and ENETS classify both pNENs with liver metastasis and pNENs with the other metastasitic patterns as M1-stage. Our modified M-stage classification distinguishes that tumor spreading from pancreas only to liver should be separated from the other metastatic patterns, and that it is necessary to design individualized treatment and follow-up programs for patients with lung, bone, or brain metastasis.
Usually, pancreatic resection is not performed when the pancreatic malignant tumor has spread to other organs [13]. However, considering the indolent behavior of pNENs and the high frequency of liver metastasis, several clinicians suggested surgical management could give rise to benefit to pNENs with liver metastasis [4, 14]. Birnbaum et al. pancreatic resection could slow down tumor growth and reduce hormone production [14], possibly resulting in considerable benefit for patients with liver metastasis [4].
Consistent with previous studies, the tumor size, primary site, differentiation, AJCC T-stage and AJCC N-stage were identified as predictors of distant organ metastasis (Additional file 1: Table S1). Unfortunately, SEER database did not record Ki-67 status and graded the primary tumor only on the basis of morphological description (ICD-O-3) in the pathology report. Thus, we failed to evaluate the predictive role of Ki-67 status and WHO 2010 grading classification (NET G1, NET G2, NET G3 and NEC) in distant organ metastasis.
It seems the primary tumor site is a particularly useful predictor because it is available before any operation occurs. Hao et al. reported that compared to tumors located in the head and neck of the pancreas, tumors in the body and tail showed a decreased risk of liver metastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma [15]. In contrast, the present study showed that pNENs located in the pancreatic tail are actually 1.728 times more likely (P < 0.001) to develop metastasis, as compared to tumors located in the pancreatic head. This may be due to the fact that patients with pNENs, especially non-functioning pNENs, in the tail of the pancreas are less likely to experience obstructive signs and hormonal symptoms until tumors spread to the peritoneum, spleen, and distant organs [16, 17]. Thus, at the time of diagnosis, distant organ metastases exist in most of these patients.
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Some limitations of the present study should be noted. First, the SEER database only provides information on pNEN metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain. The frequency of pNEN metastasis might be underestimated. Second, Hlatky et al. noted that multiple metastatic lesions may be related to a short survival time [18]. However, the SEER database did not collect data on the number of metastatic lesions in each distant organ.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this is the first population-based study to investigate the metastatic patterns and predictors in advanced pNENs. We found significant differences in survival time across different metastatic patterns. Thus, the modified M-stage classification show a better discriminatory capability than the AJCC and ENETS M-stage classifications. In the future, clinicians should determine individualized treatment and follow-up programs for pNENs with different metastatic patterns.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program providing the original data. We also thank Prof. Wenli Zhang and Prof. Houli Zhang gave us critical comments during the revision of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 81473504, 81200989]; China Scholarship Council [grant number 201608080195]. The funders had no any role in the manuscript.
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Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the SEER database (https://seer.cancer.gov/).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The original data of our study were provided by SEER database (research data agreement to Xianbin Zhang) and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (approval number: YJ-KY-FB-2017-05).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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