Background
Methods
Survey sites and sample selection
Instrument
Interviewers
Human subjects approval
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Characteristic | Weighted %a(95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
All respondents | Respondents reporting at least one violation | |
Demographics | ||
Female |
58.1 (53.5–62.6)
|
66.6 (61.0–72.2)
|
Male |
41.9 (37.4–46.5)
|
33.4 (27.8–39.0)
|
Mean age in years | 37.7 (36.3–39.1) | 37.4 (35.4–39.3) |
Mean household size | 6.9 (6.3–7.5) | 6.9 (6.1–7.7) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 70.8 (66.7–74.9) | 73.1 (67.7–78.4) |
Never married | 18.8 (15.5–22.1) | 16.8 (12.3–23.4) |
Widowed | 5.7 (3.9–7.4) | 5.9 (3.5–8.3) |
Divorced or separated | 1.8 (0.9–2.7) | 3.1 (1.3–4.9) |
Other | 2.8 (1.8–4.4) | 1.4 (0.6–2.9) |
Ethnic group (two-most frequently reported) | ||
Kikuyu | 21.8 (16.5–27.0) | 20.8 (13.3–28.3) |
Luhya |
13.8 (11.1–16.5)
|
17.0 (12.6–21.3)
|
Religionb | ||
Christian | 87.6 (84.0–91.2) | 92.6 (88.2–97.0) |
Muslim | 9.8 (6.9–12.6) | 4.7 (0.5–8.9) |
Other | 3.4 (2.2–4.5) | 3.6 (1.6–5.2) |
Education/schooling | ||
Finished primary | 20.9 (17.6–24.1) | 21.0 (15.9–26.0) |
Finished secondary | 22.9 (18.9–26.9) | 21.4 (15.6–27.2) |
Finished tertiary | 8.0 (5.2–10.8) | 8.2 (4.8–11.6) |
No education/schooling | 11.8 (7.7–16.0) | 11.0 (5.3–16.7) |
Education/schooling interrupted by 2007 election | 13.6 (10.0–17.2) | |
Resumed after election | 85.5 (75.3–95.8) | |
Household owns land | 56.7 (50.7–62.3) | 53.8 (46.7–60.9) |
Lost land as result of 2007 election | 11.0 (8.2–13.8) |
Sexual violence
Characteristic | Weighted %a(95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Respondent households reporting sexual violence: all periodsb | 26.3 (21.6–30.9) | ||
Female | 32.9 (26.9–38.9) | ||
Male | 17.0 (12.0–22.0) | ||
Weighted mean occurrences per 1,000 persons/year
| |||
Characteristic
|
Pre-2007 election
|
Election violence
c
|
Since conclusion of election violence
d
|
Reported sexual violence
|
39.1 (25.2–52.9)
| 2370.1 (1528.5–3211.6) |
67.6 (42.4–92.8)
|
Female |
33.3 (21.7–44.9)
| 1671.8 (1082.0–2261.5) |
57.9 (34.4–81.5)
|
Male |
5.7 (0.6–10.8)
| 695.9 (295.1–1096.6) |
9.6 (3.6–15.5)
|
Reported Sexual Intimate Partner Violence |
11.4 (7.8–15.0)
| 391.2 (238.7–543.8) |
16.1 (10.9–21.3)
|
Female |
10.6 (7.2–13.9)
| 338.8 (213.2–464.4) |
14.8 (9.7–19.9)
|
Male |
0.8 (0.0–1.7)
| 52.4 (4.4–100.4) |
1.3 (0.0–2.6)
|
Reported politically-motivatede sexual violence |
24.4 (11.8–37.0)
| 1600.2 (789.9–2410.5) |
38.9 (16.8–61.0)
|
Perpetrated by men only |
17.9 (6.6–29.1)
| 1267.2 (553.9–1980.4) |
30.9 (10.9–50.9)
|
Perpetrated by women only |
5.7 (0.0–11.7)
| 298.4 (0.0–600.0) |
5.3 (0.0–13.5)
|
Perpetrated by mixed-gender group | 3.5 (0.0–8.5) | 215.2 (0.0–491.9) | 4.4 (0.0–12.4) |
Reported opportunistic sexualf violence |
5.2 (2.3–8.1)
| 183.3 (91.1–275.5) |
7.8 (4.4–11.3)
|
Perpetrated by men only |
3.7 (1.3–6.2)
| 109.8 (31.1–188.5) |
4.7 (1.9–7.6)
|
Perpetrated by women only |
1.3 (0.0–2.6)
| 36.0 (3.0–69.0) |
1.5 (0.0–3.2)
|
Perpetrated by mixed-gender group |
0.9 (0.0–2.1)
| 22.6 (0.0–47.6) |
1.4 (0.0–3.1)
|
Sexual violence by male perpetrators
|
38.7 (24.9–52.5)
| 2140.9 (1310.7–2971.1) |
65.0 (39.8–90.1)
|
Affiliated with government or political group |
18.2 (10.5–25.9)
| 1506.2 (794.8–2217.7) |
27.3 (12.4–42.1)
|
Stranger unaffiliated with government or political group |
2.2 (0.1–4.4)
| 168.6 (57.3–279.9) |
4.2 (0.4–7.9)
|
No affiliation reported | 14.2 (4.0–24.4) | 267.0 (0.0–854.5) | 27.0 (8.1–45.9) |
Friend or known community member |
1.0 (0.1–1.8)
| 116.6 (21.3–211.8) |
1.9 (0.2–3.7)
|
Immediate family member |
2.3 (0.2–4.5)
| 60.5 (11.8–109.2) |
2.8 (0.1–5.6)
|
Intimate Partner |
0.7 (0.0–1.4)
| 21.0 (0.0–43.5) |
1.8 (0.3–3.3)
|
Sexual violence by female perpetrators
|
12.6 (4.2–20.9)
| 584.8 (230.7–938.9) |
17.1 (5.7–28.6)
|
Affiliated with government or political group |
6.9 (2.0–11.8)
| 631.5 (86.9–1176.1) |
12.6 (1.6–23.5)
|
Stranger unaffiliated with government or political group |
0.7 (0.0–1.7)
| 70.2 (6.1–134.2) |
2.3 (0.0–4.6)
|
Immediate family member |
2.2 (0.0–4.4)
| 49.4 (3.1–95.7) |
2.2 (0.0–4.8)
|
Intimate Partner (spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend) |
2.1 (0.7–3.5)
| 47.9 (8.2–87.7) |
2.9 (0.6–5.2)
|
Friend or known community member | 0.6 (0.0–1.2) | 23.1 (0.0–63.0) | 1.1 (0.0–2.5) |
No affiliation reported | 0.6 (0.0–1.4) | 13.9 (0.0–41.2) | 1.2 (0.0–2.8) |
Self-reported consequences of sexual violence
|
Weighted %
a
(95% CI)
| ||
Sexually Transmitted Infection |
96.0 (91.8–100.0)
| 98.5 (96.2–100.0) |
97.0 (90.9–100.0)
|
Bruised and beaten |
79.2 (65.5–93.0)
| 75.5 (57.6–93.5) |
70.2 (55.4–85.1)
|
Anxiety and depression |
31.1 (15.1–47.4)
| 45.1 (31.0–59.2) |
33.7 (16.3–51.1)
|
Bleeding |
34.3 (21.1–47.5)
| 38.2 (17.9–58.5) |
26.5 (17.4–35.6)
|
Stigmatized by family/community |
15.0 (3.6–26.4)
| 29.5 (11.0–48.1) |
11.5 (2.4–20.7)
|
Torn |
14.7 (5.4–24.0)
| 20.8 (5.7–35.9) |
16.8 (6.0–27.6)
|
Pregnant |
10.3 (1.8–18.8)
| 11.1 (0.7–21.6) |
9.7 (1.6–17.7)
|
Reproductive complications |
11.9 (0.0–24.9)
| 10.0 (0.0–21.9) |
5.3 (0.0–11.5)
|
Other |
11.1 (1.0–21.1)
| 19.1 (5.8–32.4) |
11.1 (4.3–17.9)
|
Characteristic
|
Weighted %
a
(95% CI)
| ||
Believes that sexual violence associated with 2007 election was politically-motivated | 58.4 (54.1–62.6) | ||
Aware of Sexual Offenses Act of 2006 | 26.2 (21.9–31.2) |
Human rights violations and household morbidity
Characteristic | Weighted %a(95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Respondent households reporting at least one violationb | 50.0 (44.4–55.5) | ||
Respondent households reporting at least one physical violation | 24.9 (20.0–29.7) | ||
Prevalence of households reporting violationsc that resulted in death | 10.9 (7.9–14.0) | ||
Weighted mean occurrences per 1,000 persons/year
| |||
Characteristic
|
Households experiencing violations prior to 2007 election
|
Households experiencing violations during election violence
d
|
Households experiencing violations after election violence
e
|
Physical Violations |
25.0 (13.9–36.1)
| 1987.1 (1269.2–2704.9) |
42.0 (23.5–60.5)
|
Beating |
15.9 (9.9–21.9)
| 1258.2 (789.7–1726.7) |
30.8 (16.0–45.5)
|
Shot |
3.4 (0.0–7.4)
| 172.5 (53.8–291.1) |
3.7 (0.0–9.1)
|
Stabbed |
1.7 (0.3–3.0)
| 126.9 (59.6–194.3) |
3.2 (0.4–6.0)
|
Amputation |
1.1 (0.0–2.2)
| 88.1 (17.1–159.0) |
1.0 (0.0–2.4)
|
Other Unspecified Physical Assault |
3.0 (0.4–5.5)
| 341.4 (170.8–512.1) |
3.3 (1.1–5.6)
|
Prevalence of most commonly named perpetrators (by political or ethnic group affiliation) during election violence: Physical violations |
Weighted %
a
(95% CI)
| ||
Kalenjin | 54.6 (38.9–70.3) | ||
Luo | 19.5 (9.8–29.3) | ||
Orange Democratic Movement | 15.2 (5.4–25.0) | ||
Kikuyu | 11.2 (3.4–19.0) | ||
Party of National Unity | 6.8 (1.0–12.7) | ||
Characteristic
|
Weighted %
a
(95% CI)
| ||
How much human rights abuses by ethnic/political groups are something feared for self and family | |||
Extremely/quite a bit | 64.1 (60.0–68.1) | ||
A little | 13.9 (11.0–17.4) | ||
Not at all | 21.9 (18.9–25.4) | ||
Felt coerced to vote in last (2007) election | 4.9 (3.4–7.1) | ||
Feel safe to vote in future elections | 74.8 (70.7–78.5) |
Mental health outcomes
Characteristic | Weighted % substance abuse (95% CI) | Weighted % MDD (95% CI) | Weighted % PTSD (95% CI) | Weighted % suicidal ideation (95% CI) | Weighted % suicide attempt (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adultsb | 20.8 (16.6–25.0) | 36.5 (31.2–41.8) | 33.0 (27.8–38.3) | 10.3 (7.7–13.0) | 10.8 (8.3–13.3) |
Female |
28.8 (21.6–36.0)
|
63.3 (54.4–72.3)
| 60.7 (52.1–69.4) | 66.1 (52.7–79.6) |
68.5 (58.7–78.3)
|
Male |
71.2 (64.0–78.4)
|
36.7 (27.7–45.6)
| 39.3 (30.6–47.9) | 33.9 (20.4–47.3) |
31.5 (21.7–41.3)
|
Sexual violence reportedc | 24.7 (15.7–33.5) | 41.0 (27.0–55.0) | 40.1 (28.6–51.6) |
19.5 (11.3–27.8)
|
21.9 (13.7–30.2)
|
No sexual violence reported | 19.8 (15.1–24.5) | 35.0 (29.2–40.8) | 30.9 (25.0–36.8) |
8.2 (5.4–11.0)
|
8.4 (5.9–10.9)
|
Physical violence reported | 26.6 (16.7–36.4) | 38.8 (27.0–50.6) | 40.4 (29.3–51.6) | 13.5 (6.5–20.5) | 13.1 (6.3–19.8) |
No physical violence reported | 19.6 (14.8–24.3) | 35.9 (30.1–41.6) | 31.0 (25.3–36.7) | 9.7 (6.9–12.5) | 10.3 (7.9–12.8) |
Movement violations reported | 27.1 (10.0–44.3) | 43.0 (24.0–62.0) |
48.5 (34.3–62.7)
| 14.9 (3.9–25.9) | 16.0 (4.6–27.4) |
No movement violations reported | 20.2 (16.0–24.5) | 35.7 (30.4–41.1) |
31.3 (25.8–36.9)
| 10.0 (7.2–12.7) | 10.4 (8.0–12.8) |
Characteristic | Weighted %a(95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Female | Male | |
Inadequate access to mental health care (self-reported)b | 36.8 (30.8–42.8) | |
Barriers to seeking mental health counseling (male and female) | ||
None | 33.7 (28.9–38.8) | |
Cost | 30.4 (25.2–36.2) | |
Fear of stigma | 16.6 (13.3–20.6) | |
Concerns about confidentiality | 10.2 (8.2–12.8) | |
Access to a program or facility | 10.0 (7.3–13.5) | |
Do not believe this would help | 8.0 (5.9–10.8) | |
Fear of community rejection or abandonment | 3.3 (1.9–5.7) | |
Fear of family rejection or abandonment | 3.2 (2.0–5.1) | |
Other | 8.1 (4.2–11.7) | |
Self-reported most needed services | ||
Religious counseling/support groups | 74.2 (63.1–83.6) | 65.3 (51.2–83.3) |
Income-generating projects |
30.5 (25.1–35.9)
|
42.2 (32.7–51.8)
|
Education | 26.3 (20.1–32.5) | 34.4 (26.3–42.5) |
Mental health counseling | 24.3 (18.7–30.0) | 29.8 (21.8–37.7) |
Medical assistance | 20.5 (15.0–26.0) | 17.4 (11.0–23.8) |
Humanitarian assistance/food or shelter | 11.4 (7.1–15.6) | 18.0 (8.3–27.7) |
Nothing | 7.2 (4.5–9.9) | 8.0 (3.8–12.2) |
Other | 15.7 (7.8–23.2) | 22.8 (5.4–41.1) |