Background
Previous Work
Psychological States in Pregnancy: Prenatal Anxiety and Childbirth Fear
Prenatal Sleep Deprivation & Fatigue
Method
Procedures
Measures
Data Analysis
Results
NULLIPARAS | MULTIPARAS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low/moderate fear (N = 278) | High fear (N = 93) | Low/moderate fear (N = 187) | High fear (N) = 65) | |||
% (N) | % (N) |
p
| % (N) | % (N) |
p
| |
Maternal characteristics
| ||||||
Age > 35 | 13.3 (37) | 16.1 (15) | 0.498 | 31.6 (59) | 29.2 (19) | 0.727 |
Family Income | ||||||
< $ BC Average | 26.6 (74) | 21.5 (20) | 0.326 | 37.4 (70) | 32.3 (21) | 0.459 |
Education | ||||||
No university | 44.2 (123) | 46.2 (43) | 0.738 | 48.7 (91) | 52.3 (34) | 0.613 |
University degree | 55.8 (155) | 53.8 (50) | 51.3 (96) | 47.7 (31) | ||
Lone parent | 2.2 (6) | 1.1 (1) | 0.506 | 2.1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.235 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Aboriginal | 1.5 (4) | 2.2 (2) | 0.065 | 1.7 (3) | 5.0 (3) | 0.363 |
Caucasian | 91.6 (241) | 83.0 (73) | 90.3 (159) | 88.3 (53) | ||
Asian | 6.9 (18) | 14.8 (13) | 8.0 (14) | 6.7 (4) | ||
Maternity care provider | ||||||
Midwife | 24.8 (69) | 20.4 (19) | 0.069 | 32.1 (60) | 10.8 (7) | < 0.001 |
Family physician | 44.2 (123) | 35.5 (33) | 38.0 (71) | 30.7 (20) | ||
Obstetrician | 31.0 (86) | 44.1 (41) | 29.9 (56) | 58.5 (38) | ||
Attended childbirth classes | 83.1 (231) | 84.9 (79) | 0.676 | 12.8 (24) | 12.3 (8) | 0.999 |
History of difficult labour and birth | NA | NA | NA | 46.5 (86) | 70.3 (45) | 0.001 |
History of upsetting labour and birth | NA | NA | NA | 28.6 (53) | 62.5 (40) | < 0.001 |
Maternal characteristics
| ||||||
Source of stressor - relationships | 23.0 (64) | 32.3 (30) | 0.076 | 47.3 (88) | 60.9 (39) | 0.060 |
Source of stressor – finances | 48.6 (135) | 51.6 (48) | 0.610 | 47.8 (89) | 62.5 (40) | 0.043 |
Source of stressor – housing | 18.0 (59) | 24.7 (23) | 0.157 | 14.5 (27) | 28.1 (18) | 0.015 |
Source of stressor – employment | 26.3 (73) | 38.7 (36) | 0.023 | 20.4 (38) | 32.8 (21) | 0.044 |
Source of stressor – education | 7.9 (22) | 2.2 (2) | 0.050 | 4.8 (9) | 9.4 (6) | 0.187 |
Source of stressor – health | 22.3 (62) | 35.5 (33) | 0.012 | 18.3 (34) | 43.8 (28) | < 0.001 |
Requesting a caesarean section | 1.1 (3) | 3.2 (3) | 0.155 | 11.3 (21) | 16.9 (11) | 0.241 |
Requesting a caesarean section, excluding women with a previous caesarean section | 1.1 (3) | 3.2 (3) | 0.155 | 1.4 (2) | 2.5 (1) | 0.641 |
Expecting obstetric interventions, excluding women with a previous caesarean section | 14.1 (39) | 18.5 (17) | 0.308 | 7.2 (10) | 30.0 (12) | < 0.001 |
NULLIPARAS | MULTIPARAS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low anxiety | High anxiety | Low anxiety | High anxiety | |||
(N = 279) | (N = 93) | (N = 164) | (N = 88) | |||
% (N) | % (N) |
p
| % (N) | % (N) |
p
| |
Maternal characteristics
| ||||||
Age > 35 | 15.1 (42) | 11.8 (11) | 0.441 | 39.0 (64) | 15.9 (14) | < 0.001 |
Family Income | ||||||
< $ BC Average | 24.4 (68) | 28.0 (26) | 0.491 | 30.5 (50) | 46.6 (41) | 0.010 |
Education | ||||||
No university | 42.7 (119) | 50.5 (47) | 0.185 | 44.5 (73) | 59.1 (52) | 0.027 |
University degree | 57.3 (160) | 49.5 (46) | 55.5 (91) | 40.9 (36) | ||
Lone parent | 1.8 (5) | 2.2 (2) | 0.826 | 1.8 (3) | 1.1 (1) | 0.675 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Aboriginal | 1.1 (3) | 3.4 (3) | 0.343 | 1.3 (2) | 5.1 (4) | 0.218 |
Caucasian | 90.2 (239) | 87.4 (76) | 91.1 (143) | 87.3 (69) | ||
Asian | 8.7 (23) | 9.2 (8) | 7.6 (12) | 7.6 (6) | ||
Maternity care provider | ||||||
Midwife | 26.5 (74) | 15.1 (14) | 0.026 | 29.9 (49) | 20.5 (18) | 0.107 |
GP | 42.3 (118) | 40.9 (38) | 37.2 (61) | 34.1 (30) | ||
Obstetrician | 31.2 (87) | 44.1 (41) | 32.9 (54) | 45.5 (40) | ||
Attended childbirth classes | 83.5 (233) | 83.9 (78) | 0.936 | 12.2 (20) | 13.6 (12) | 0.743 |
History of difficult labour | NA | NA | NA | 51.2 (83) | 55.2 (48) | 0.553 |
History of upsetting labour | NA | NA | NA | 34.6 (56) | 42.5 (37) | 0.216 |
Maternal characteristics
| ||||||
Source of stressor - relationships | 21.1 (59) | 37.6 (35) | 0.002 | 42.3 (69) | 66.7 (58) | < 0.001 |
Source of stressor – finances | 45.2 (126) | 61.3 (57) | 0.007 | 43.6 (71) | 66.7 (58) | < 0.001 |
Source of stressor – housing | 15.1 (42) | 33.3 (31) | < 0.001 | 12.9 (21) | 27.6 (24) | 0.004 |
Source of stressor – employment | 26.2 (73) | 38.7 (36) | 0.021 | 17.8 (29) | 34.5 (30) | 0.003 |
Source of stressor – education | 5.4 (15) | 9.7 (9) | 0.144 | 3.7 (6) | 10.3 (9) | 0.035 |
Source of stressor –health | 20.8 (58) | 39.8 (37) | < 0.001 | 17.2 (28) | 39.1 (34) | < 0.001 |
Requesting a caesarean section | 1.1 (3) | 3.2 (3) | 0.154 | 9.2 (15) | 19.3 (17) | 0.022 |
Requesting a caesarean section, excluding women with a previous caesarean section | 1.1 (3) | 3.2 (3) | 0.154 | 1.6 (2) | 1.8 (1) | 0.950 |
Expecting obstetric interventions, excluding women with a previous caesarean section | 13.7 (38) | 19.6 (18) | 0.181 | 9.8 (12) | 17.9 (10) | 0.144 |
Hypothesis Testing
Beta | Wald | SE | p | OR | 95 % CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | ||||||
Age > 35 | −0.048 | 0.038 | 0.249 | 0.846 | 0.953 | 0.585-1.553 |
Multiparity | −1.482 | 36.896 | 0.244 | < 0.001 | 0.227 | 0.141-0.366 |
Infant macrosomia | 0.375 | 2.213 | 0.252 | 0.137 | 1.455 | 0.888-2.385 |
Previous caesarean section | −0.781 | 2.646 | 0.480 | 0.104 | 0.458 | 0.179-1.174 |
Fatigue | −0.017 | 2.271 | 0.011 | 0.132 | 0.984 | 0.963-1.005 |
Sleep deprivation | 0.262 | 1.224 | 0.237 | 0.269 | 1.300 | 0.817-2.070 |
Support | −0.036 | 0.633 | 0.045 | 0.426 | 0.965 | 0.884-1.053 |
Step 2
| ||||||
High fear | 0.702 | 8.646 | 0.239 | 0.003 | 2.018 | 1.264-3.223 |
High anxiety | −0.089 | 0.124 | 0.254 | 0.725 | 0.915 | 0.556-1.504 |