Background
Chagas disease is an endemic zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Currently, about 6–7 million people are infected with T. cruzi worldwide [1]. In the Americas about 30,000 new cases/year are registered, with 14,000 deaths/year [2]. Chagas cardiomyopathy is a long-term evolving inflammatory disease that affects around one-third of chronically infected patients and is responsible for high morbidity and mortality [3‐5]. In 2014, we proposed the Selenium Treatment and Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (STCC) study aiming to show superiority of treatment with a daily fixed dose of 100 μg of sodium selenite for 1 year during a 5-year follow-up thereafter [6]. The original protocol included left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as a continuous variable and disease progression as the primary outcome. However, the original published study protocol had to be modified due to some practical and theoretical difficulties during the study follow-up. The present article describes the protocol modifications in the STCC study and the rationale that supports such modifications.
Protocol update
The STCC trial is a superiority, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial aiming to investigate the efficacy of selenium supplementation in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. The full description of the STCC trial was published previously [6]. In brief, patients with a positive serological diagnosis of Chagas disease (confirmed by two different serological tests), aged 18–65 years and presenting mild or moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction should be included in the study. The intervention protocol comprised 100 μg of sodium selenite once per day for 365 consecutive days compared to placebo. The primary outcomes of the original protocol were: the trajectories of the LVEF as a continuous variable; and disease progression, defined as a 10% decrease in LVEF, death attributable to Chagas heart disease or hospital admission due to arrhythmia, stroke or heart failure. STCC trial recruitment started in 2014 and aimed to include 130 patients to be followed for 5 years. The sample size was calculated based on the rate of disease progression described in Virgem da Lapa [7], which is reproduced in our hospital urban cohort [8] and obviously required a larger sample size.
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Study recruitment began in 2014 and since then several pragmatic situations have made the implementation of the original protocol difficult, especially regarding the recruitment rate that was lower than previously predicted. Two main reasons may explain the low recruitment rate observed in the STCC trial: patients with Chagas disease are aging and developing several comorbidities [9] that were a priori determined as the STCC trial’s exclusion criteria, such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The mean age of our cohort moved from 45.9 to 60.5 years in the last 15 years with a current prevalence of several comorbidities ranging from 30 to 60%, thus decreasing the number of patients potentially eligible for the STCC study. In addition, since the original study protocol planned a long-term follow-up (5 years) with frequent outcome evaluations and clinical assessments (some of them once a month), few patients agreed to participate in the clinical trial, mainly due to logistical difficulties in visiting the study center frequently. In this context, some protocol modifications were warranted to maintain study viability without compromising the study design and the potential scientific knowledge generated by its results.
We performed four main modifications of the original protocol. The first was the primary outcome restriction to LVEF as a continuous variable, excluding disease progression. LVEF is a surrogate outcome frequently used in cardiology trials [10] that provides very useful information about the patient’s clinical status and had already been included as a primary outcome in the original protocol. Moreover, LVEF is the single most powerful mortality predictor in Chagas heart disease [11]. Therefore, the sample size was recalculated based on the study conducted by Witte et al. [12] that evaluated the influence of micronutrient supplementation in patients with heart failure and observed an improvement in LVEF of 5.3 ± 6.2%. Considering a beta error of 20% and an alpha error of 5% and anticipating for 30% of losses to follow-up, 62 patients would be necessary (31 in each group) for the study.
The second modification was a decrease in the follow-up period from 5 years to 1 year, an adjustment that might increase the participation rate of our study. Nonetheless, considering that selenium supplementation was provided only during the first year of follow-up, it seems reasonable to evaluate the selenium effects just during the period in which selenium was provided to participants, when the most benefits were expected. In addition, a 1-year follow-up appeared to be a sufficient time to detect LVEF changes [12], given that survival analysis for disease progression would no longer be evaluated in the STCC trial.
The last two modifications were made in the inclusion/exclusion criteria to improve the recruitment rates: the superior age limit was increased from 65 to 75 years and diabetes mellitus was no longer considered an exclusion criterion. All of these protocol modifications were extensively debated by the research team enrolled in the design, recruitment and conduction of the clinical trial to guarantee a high scientific quality. The Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease Institutional Ethics Committee approved all of the proposed protocol modifications.
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Funding
This study is supported by Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (Brazil), Ministério da Saúde (Brazil), Catalent Brasil LTDA, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brazil) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease Institutional Review Board (CEP-INI) approved all of the proposed protocol modifications under CAAE 0043.0.009.000-04.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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