Introduction
Methods
Results
Search results
Author | Comparators | Perspective | Model structure | Analysis type | Time horizon (base case analysis) | Primary outcome | Target population | Source of effectiveness data | Source of economic data and price year | Sensitivity analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fox et al. [11] | CRT-D vs OPT CRT-P vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P | Payer (United Kingdom, NHS) | Markov model | CEA and CUA | Lifetime horizon | Life years QALYs | HF patients with LVSD (EF < 35 %) NYHA class III or IV and QRS interval > 120 ms | CARE-HF [2] (CRT-P vs OPT) | UK NHS, literature and expert opinion (2006) | Univariate sensitivity on key variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Yao et al. [12] | CRT-D vs OPT CRT-P vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P | Payer (UK NHS) | Markov model | CEA and CUA | Lifetime horizon | Life years QALYs | HF patients with LVSD (EF < 35 %) NYHA class II, III or IV LVEF of 30 mm (indexed to height), QRS interval > 120 ms | CARE-HF [2] (CRT-P vs OPT) | UK NHS, 2005 | Univariate sensitivity on all variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Aidelsburger et al. [13] | CRT-D vs OPT | Payer (German HCS) | Decision tree and Markov model | CEA and CUA | 2 years | Life years QALYs and hospitalisations | HF patients with NYHA class III or IV | COMPANION [1] (CRT-P vs CRT-D) | German HCS, 2005 | Univariate sensitivity on key variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis not reported |
Bond et al. [14] | CRT-D vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P | Payer (United Kingdom, NHS) | Markov model | CUA | Lifetime horizon | QALYs | HF patients with LVSD (EF < 35 %) NYHA class III or IV and QRS interval > 120 ms | CARE-HF [2] | Univariate sensitivity on key variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis | |
Callejo et al. [15] | OPT vs CRT-P vs CRT-D | Payer (Spanish, PHCS) | Decision tree and Markov model | CEA and CUA | Lifetime horizon | Life years QALYs | HF patients with NYHA class II, III or IV and prolonged QRS | CARE-HF [2] (CRT-P vs OPT) | Spanish HCS, 2009 | Univariate sensitivity on all variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Bertoldi et al. [16] | CRT-D vs OPT CRT-P vs OPT ICD vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P CRT-D vs ICD | Payer (Brazilian HCS) | Decision tree and Markov model | CEA and CUA | 20 years | Life years QALYs | HF patients with LVSD (EF < 35 %) NYHA class II, III or IV prolonged QRS | Meta-analysis | Brazilian HCS, 2011 | Univariate sensitivity on all variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Neyt et al. [17] | CRT-P vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P | Payer (Belgian HCS) | Decision tree and Markov model | CEA and CUA | Lifetime horizon | Life years QALYs | HF patients with LVSD (EF ≤ 35 %) NYHA class III or IV prolonged QRS | COMPANION [1] (CRT-P vs CRT-D) | Belgian HCS, 2010 | No univariate sensitivity results reported; Scenario analysis on mortalities, hospitalisations, discount rates and device service life: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Colquitt et al. [18] | CRT-D vs OPT CRT-P vs OPT CRT-D vs CRT-P CRT-D vs ICD | Payer (United Kingdom, NHS) | Markov model | CEA and CUA | Lifetime horizon | Life years QALYs | HF patients with reduced LVSD and cardiac dyssynchrony despite OPT Patients at increased risk of SCD as a result of ventricular arrhythmias despite receiving OPT | UK NHS, literature and expert opinion (2013) | Univariate sensitivity on key variables: probabilistic sensitivity analysis |
Modelling approaches
Health state categories in the Markov cohort models | Fox et al. [11] | Yao et al. [12] | Aidelsburger et al. [13] | Bond et al. [14] | Callejo et al. [15] | Bertoldi et al. [16] | Neyt et al. [17] | Colquitt et al. [18] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-term states
| ||||||||
CRT-P implantation (operation) | √ | n.a. | n.a. | √ | √ | n.a. | √ | √ |
Complications after CRT implantation | √ | n.a. | √ | √ | n.a. | √ | ||
Death (CRT-P implantation or subsequent operation) | √ | n.a. | n.a. | √ | √ | n.a. | √ | √ |
Upgrading/switching state
| ||||||||
Upgrading CRT-P to a CRT-D (operation) | √ | n.a. | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
ICD implantation (operation) | √ | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | √ | √ |
Maintenance states
| ||||||||
Patient with CRT has no adverse eventsa
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Patient receiving OPT has no adverse eventsa
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Patient with ICD has no adverse eventsa
| √ | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | √ | √ | √ |
Hospitalization—CRT-related infection | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Hospitalization—ICD-related infectionb
| √ | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | √ | √ | ||
(Hospitalization)—lead failure/displacement | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
HF hospitalisation | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Hospitalisation—heart transplant | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Hospitalisation—CABG | √ | √ | ||||||
Hospitalisation—Radiofrequency ablation | √ | √ | ||||||
Hospitalisation—PTCA/Stent | √ | √ | ||||||
Maintenance of CRT (e.g. device/battery change) (operation) | √ | √ | √ | |||||
Long-term death states
| ||||||||
Death from SDC | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Death from HF | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Death from nCR causes | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Patient population
Model comparators
Model time horizon
Resource use and unit prices
Health state utilities
Mean Utility | 95 % CI | Min–max values | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NYHA class I | 0.82 | (0.78:0.85) | [2] | |
NYHA class II | 0.72 | (0.69:0.75) | [2] | |
NYHA class III | 0.59 | (0.55:0.63) | [2] | |
NYHA class IV | 0.51 | (0.41:0.61) | [2] | |
NYHA class I | 0.93 | (0.91:0.96) | [8] | |
NYHA class II | 0.78 | (0.72:0.84) | [8] | |
NYHA class III | 0.61 | (0.59:0.63) | [27] | |
NYHA class IV | 0.44 | (0.42:0.46) | [27] | |
Bertoldi et al. [16] | ||||
NYHA class I | 0.90 | (0.71:0.94) | ||
NYHA class II | 0.83 | (0.61:0.94) | ||
NYHA class III | 0.74 | (0.52:0.84) | ||
NYHA class IV | 0.60 | (0.42:0.74) | ||
Callejo et al. [15] | ||||
NYHA class I | 0.69 | (0.53; 0.85) | [31] | |
NYHA class II | 0.60 | (0.46; 0.74) | [31] | |
NYHA class III | 0.49 | (0.34; 0.64) | [31] | |
NYHA class IV | 0.35 | (0.15; 0.55) | [31] | |
Neyt et al. [17]a
| 0.78 | (0.73:0.83)b
| [9] | |
Colquitt et al. [18] | ||||
NYHA class I | 0.86 | (0.85:0.86) | [29] | |
NYHA class II | 0.77 | (0.76:0.78) | [29] | |
NYHA class III | 0.67 | (0.73:0.77) | [29] | |
NYHA class IV | 0.53 | (0.48:0.58) |
Cost-effectiveness results
CRT-P versus OPT | CRT-D versus OPT | CRT-D versus CRT-P | CRT-D versus ICD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fox et al. [11] | €20,077 | €28,372 | €48,179 | – |
Yao et al. [12] | €6763 | €16,166 | €42,986 | – |
Aidelsburger et al. [13] | – | €76,350 | – | – |
Bond et al. [14] | €19,865 | – | €47,662 | – |
Callejo et al. [15] | €30,307 | – | €56,719 | – |
Bertoldi et al. [16] | €11,808 | – | €63,343 | €32,664 |
Neyt et al. [17] | €9849 | – | €49,774 | – |
Colquitt et al. [18] | €29,551b
| €29,889a
| €30,447a
| €29,135b
|
CRT-P versus OPT | CRT-D versus OPT | CRT-D versus CRT-P | CRT-D versus ICD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fox et al. [11] | – | – | – | – |
Yao et al. [12] | €6291 | €32,179 | €32,179 | – |
Aidelsburger et al. [13] | – | €168,040 | – | – |
Bond et al. [14] | – | – | – | – |
Callejo et al. [15] | €24,806 | – | €34,160 | – |
Bertoldi et al. [16] | €22,088 | – | €46,890 | €34,054 |
Neyt et al. [17] | €11,256 | – | €38,781 | – |
Colquitt et al. [18] | €31,060b
| €13,926b
| €7375b
| €21,411b
|