Background
Methods
Data source
Study design
Classification and definition of medicine
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Definition of signal
Sensitivity analyses
Medication-wide association study (MWAS) plots
Results
Descriptive statistics
Variable | Category | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
n = 62,019 | n = 276,580 | ||
Length of exposure period (years): median (IQR) | 8.1 (5.5, 11.0) | 8.1 (5.5, 11.0) | |
Year of diagnosis/index date: median (IQR) | 2005 (2002, 2007) | 2005 (2002, 2007) | |
Age at diagnosis/index date (years) | 0–39 | 1983 (3.2%) | 12,004 (4.3%) |
40–59 | 15,087 (24.3%) | 86,385 (31.2%) | |
60–79 | 35,294 (56.9%) | 143,628 (51.9%) | |
80 + | 9655 (15.6%) | 34,563 (12.5%) | |
Deprivation quintile | 1 (least deprived) | 3911 (6.3%) | 17,535 (6.3%) |
2 | 12,427 (20.0%) | 55,723 (20.1%) | |
3 | 5811 (9.4%) | 26,166 (9.5%) | |
4 | 15,518 (25.0%) | 68,902 (24.9%) | |
5 (most deprived) | 16,558 (26.7%) | 73,319 (26.5%) | |
Missing | 117 (0.0%) | 529 (0.19%) | |
Gender | Male | 29,653 (47.8%) | 128,988 (46.6%) |
Female | 32,366 (52.2%) | 147,592 (53.4%) | |
Smoking status* | Never smoked | 20,982 (33.8%) | 105,499 (38.1%) |
Ex-smoker | 12,792 (20.6%) | 50,731 (18.3%) | |
Current smoker | 15,877 (25.6%) | 57,734 (20.9%) | |
Missing | 12,368 (19.9%) | 62,616 (22.6%) | |
Alcohol consumption* | Non-drinker | 9451 (15.2%) | 40,117 (14.5%) |
Light/moderate | 30,759 (49.6%) | 135,074 (48.8%) | |
Heavy drinker | 2799 (4.5%) | 10,225 (3.7%) | |
Missing | 19,010 (30.7%) | 91,164 (33.0%) | |
Comorbidities diagnosed prior to or during the exposure period | |||
Diabetes | 5428 (8.8%) | 20,750 (7.5%) | |
Myocardial infarction | 4001 (6.5%) | 15,045 (5.6%) | |
Coronary heart disease | 9984 (16.1%) | 37,739 (13.6%) | |
Heart failure | 2155 (3.5%) | 7625 (2.8%) | |
Peripheral vascular disease | 3225 (5.2%) | 10,475 (3.8%) | |
Dementia | 516 (0.8%) | 3353 (1.2%) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 4372 (7.2%) | 16,875 (6.1%) | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6498 (10.4%) | 19,155 (6.9%) | |
Osteoporosis | 1866 (3.0%) | 7421 (2.7%) | |
Rheumatology | 1578 (2.5%) | 6268 (2.3%) | |
Renal disease | 2513 (4.1%) | 8719 (3.2%) | |
Liver disease | 683 (1.1%) | 1973 (0.7%) | |
Irritable bowel disease | 3533 (5.7%) | 15,360 (5.6%) | |
Human immunodeficiency virus | 17 (0.0%) | 41 (0.0%) | |
Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 307 (0.5%) | 1324 (0.5%) |
Signals
Cancer | Main read codes | Potential site-specific confounders | No. patients | Exposure: any prescription | Exposure: ≥ 6 items (v < 6 items) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking | Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking | |||||||||||||
No. signals | No. signals | No. signals | No. signals | |||||||||||||
Cases | Controls | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | |||
Breast§ | B34 | Oophorectomy, hysterectomy | 12,269 | 57,064 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 43 | 9 | 7 | 53 | 7 | 6 |
Lung | B22 | Pneumonia, tuberculosis | 9489 | 41,472 | 38 | 26 | 19 | 28 | 14 | 9 | 67 | 22 | 18 | 67 | 14 | 13 |
Colorectal | B13 | Gallstones, acromegaly | 8674 | 37,935 | 36 | 13 | 7 | 35 | 12 | 3 | 60 | 12 | 12 | 72 | 9 | 8 |
Prostate§§ | B46 | Vasectomy, prostatitis, Parkinson’s | 7471 | 32,087 | 42 | 11 | 5 | 42 | 6 | 5 | 75 | 15 | 13 | 89 | 9 | 9 |
Bladder | B49 | Kidney transplant | 3229 | 13,907 | 61 | 15 | 5 | 70 | 13 | 8 | 89 | 6 | 5 | 110 | 7 | 7 |
Malignant melanoma | B32 | Parkinson’s, transplant | 2460 | 11,332 | 71 | 8 | 5 | 71 | 3 | 2 | 120 | 3 | 2 | 135 | 0 | 0 |
Oesophagus | B10 | HPV, achalasia | 2402 | 10,467 | 76 | 16 | 12 | 81 | 11 | 9 | 126 | 8 | 8 | 146 | 7 | 7 |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | B60,B62, B6y, B6z | Helicobacter pylori, transplant, anaemia, coeliac disease, hepatitis B/C, STDs, breast implant | 2077 | 9395 | 92 | 17 | 11 | 95 | 9 | 4 | 132 | 7 | 6 | 137 | 3 | 3 |
Leukaemia | B64-B69 | Anaemia, transplant, neurofibromatosis | 1998 | 8839 | 81 | 6 | 3 | 88 | 4 | 1 | 131 | 4 | 4 | 143 | 6 | 5 |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | B0, B20, B550 | HPV, transplant | 1467 | 6717 | 113 | 14 | 8 | 112 | 9 | 4 | 152 | 5 | 5 | 148 | 5 | 4 |
Stomach | B11 | Transplant, anaemia, helicobacter pylori, low stomach acid | 1433 | 6192 | 84 | 7 | 4 | 91 | 6 | 3 | 129 | 2 | 2 | 143 | 2 | 2 |
Ovary§ | B44 | Endometriosis, hysterectomy, sterilisation | 1417 | 6514 | 93 | 8 | 4 | 100 | 5 | 2 | 126 | 5 | 5 | 136 | 1 | 1 |
Kidney | B4A | Tuberous sclerosis, hypertension, hysterectomy, kidney stone, polycystic kidney disease | 1353 | 6070 | 90 | 9 | 3 | 94 | 3 | 2 | 137 | 5 | 3 | 145 | 3 | 3 |
Pancreas | B17 | Peptic ulcer, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B/C, gallstones, metabolic syndrome | 1069 | 4729 | 105 | 8 | 2 | 104 | 5 | 1 | 144 | 5 | 4 | 156 | 5 | 4 |
Cervix and other gynae§ | B454., B450., B41, B441., B420. | HPV, STDs, transplant, intra-uterine device | 1039 | 4844 | 107 | 7 | 3 | 115 | 5 | 1 | 155 | 1 | 1 | 173 | 0 | 0 |
Uterus§ | B40, B43 | Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, use of IUD | 1010 | 4700 | 103 | 14 | 10 | 103 | 4 | 3 | 139 | 14 | 10 | 149 | 5 | 5 |
Larynx | B21 | HPV, transplant | 741 | 3321 | 140 | 12 | 6 | 147 | 5 | 3 | 158 | 4 | 4 | 174 | 0 | 0 |
Brain and CNS | B51,B52 | Neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis | 732 | 3396 | 121 | 2 | 1 | 125 | 2 | 1 | 151 | 2 | 1 | 154 | 1 | 0 |
Myeloma | B63 | MGUS, transplant, anaemia, ankylosing spondylitis | 541 | 2393 | 137 | 5 | 2 | 142 | 4 | 3 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 157 | 1 | 1 |
Liver | B15 | Hepatitis B/C, haemochromatosis, gallstones | 528 | 2334 | 133 | 1 | 0 | 140 | 3 | 0 | 156 | 4 | 3 | 148 | 1 | 1 |
Thyroid | B53 | Acromegaly | 341 | 1614 | 172 | 5 | 2 | 174 | 10 | 6 | 139 | 2 | 2 | 140 | 1 | 1 |
Anal | B14 | HPV, transplant, anal fissures, STDs | 279 | 1258 | 149 | 3 | 2 | 167 | 3 | 3 | 143 | 2 | 2 | 151 | 2 | 2 |
Cancer | Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Breast§ | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 1.26) Metronidazole* (OR = 1.25) | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 1.28) | Bisoprolol (OR = 1.30) Metronidazole* (OR = 1.26) | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 1.25) |
Lung | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.40) Azathioprine (OR = 1.56) Cimetidine (OR = 1.39) Clarithromycin (OR = 1.34) Codeine (OR = 1.31) Dihydrocodeine (OR = 1.29) Folic acid (OR = 1.49)§ | Ipratropium* (OR = 1.58) Nitrazepam (OR = 1.35) Nystatin (OR = 1.27) Paracetamol (OR = 1.34) Salbutamol* (OR = 1.44) Salmeterol* (OR = 1.34) Tiotropium* (OR = 1.75) | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.29) Azathioprine (OR = 1.76) Cimetidine (OR = 1.35) Ipratropium * (OR = 1.43) | Nitrazepam (OR = 1.34) Salbutamol* (OR = 1.35) Salmeterol* (OR = 1.44) Tiotropium* (OR = 1.63) |
Colorectal | Allopurinol (OR = 1.27) | Prednisolone* (OR = 1.31) | Allopurinol (OR = 1.26) | |
Prostate§§ | Cerivastatin (OR = 1.43) | Clioquinol* (OR = 1.30) | Alfuzosin (OR = 1.66) | Clioquinol* (OR = 1.34) |
Bladder | Celecoxib (OR = 1.40) Dexamethasone* (OR = 1.30) | Nicotine (OR = 2.04) Trimethoprim (OR = 1.96) | Cefalexin (OR = 1.37) Ciprofloxacin (OR = 1.40) Nicotine (OR = 1.54) Phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR = 1.30) | Quinine (OR = 1.28) Ranitidine (OR = 1.26) Trimethoprim (OR = 1.92) |
Malignant melanoma | Chloramphenicol* (OR = 1.28) Clopidogrel (OR = 1.60) | Flucloxacillin (OR = 1.28) | Clopidogrel (OR 1.63) | |
Oesophagus | Alginic acid (OR = 1.40) Azathioprine (OR = 2.47) Cisapride (OR = 2.03) Gramicidin* (OR = 1.52) Lansoprazole (OR = 1.35) Nicotine (OR = 1.50) | Nystatin (OR = 1.58) Nystatin* (OR = 1.29) Omeprazole (OR = 1.39) Triamcinolone* (OR = 1.47) Vitamin B (OR = 1.36) | Alginic acid (OR = 1.38) Azathioprine (OR = 3.39) Ipratropium* (OR = 1.45) Lansoprazole (OR = 1.33) | Nystatin (OR = 1.65) Nystatin* (OR = 1.36) Omeprazole (OR = 1.29) |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.34) Betamethasone* (OR = 1.37) Chlorhexidine* (OR = 1.67) Clarithromycin (OR = 1.33) Clobetasol* (OR = 1.73) | Erythromycin (OR = 1.26) Hydroxyzine (OR = 1.75) Methotrexate (OR = 2.93) Prednisolone (OR = 1.37) Prochlorperazine (OR = 1.30) | Betamethasone* (OR = 1.26) Clobetasol* (OR = 1.72) | Erythromycin (OR = 1.28) |
Leukaemia | Allopurinol (OR = 1.57) Amoxicillin (OR = 1.29) | Trimethoprim (OR = 1.26) | Oxybutynin (OR = 1.93) | |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | Codeine (OR = 1.29) Flucloxacillin (OR = 1.36) Folic acid (OR = 2.52)§ | Nystatin (OR = 2.06) Vitamin B (OR = 2.75) Vitamin D (OR = 1.69) | Clobetasone* (OR = 1.41) Nystatin (OR = 1.92) | Vitamin B (OR = 2.33) |
Stomach | Cimetidine (OR = 1.44) Clarithromycin (OR = 1.35) | Digoxin (OR = 1.49) Vitamin B (OR = 1.54) | Codeine (OR = 1.35) Nicotinates* (OR = 2.09) | Vitamin B (OR = 1.55) |
Ovary§ | Phenytoin (OR = 3.24) | Rabeprazole (OR = 2.18) | Phenytoin (OR = 3.86) | |
Kidney | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.28) Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 1.93) | Perindopril (OR = 1.63) | Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 2.21) | Perindopril (OR = 1.76) |
Pancreas | Betamethasone* (OR = 1.34) | Nicotine (OR = 1.94) | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.31) | |
Cervix and other gynae§ | Dihydrocodeine (OR = 1.39) | Ranitidine (OR = 1.37) | – | |
Uterus§ | Atenolol (OR = 1.39) Bendroflumethiazide (OR = 1.27) Bisoprolol (OR = 1.82) Doxazosin (OR = 1.68) | Enalapril (OR = 1.66) Ibuprofen* (OR = 1.53) Mefenamic acid (OR = 1.72) Tranexamic acid (OR = 1.87) | Chlortalidone (OR = 2.14) | Enalapril (OR = 2.00) |
Larynx | Benzydamine* (OR = 2.33) Dextropropoxyphene (OR = 1.51) | Paracetamol (OR = 1.45) Vitamin B (OR = 2.40) | Dextropropoxyphene (OR = 1.54) Paracetamol (OR = 1.40) | Vitamin B (OR = 1.80) |
Brain and CNS | Carbamazepine (OR = 2.20) | Zinc oxide* (OR = 1.97) | ||
Myeloma | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.53) | Ciprofloxacin (OR = 1.73) | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.45) Paracetamol (OR = 1.51) | Clioquinol* (OR = 2.52) |
Thyroid | Gabapentin (OR = 5.13) | Levothyroxine (OR = 2.18) | Clarithromycin (OR = 2.10) Flucloxacillin (OR = 1.70) Folic acid (OR = 2.77)§ | Gabapentin (OR = 5.84) Levothyroxine (OR = 2.21) Mefenamic acid (OR = 2.30) |
Anal | Clonidine (OR = 3.87) | Doxazosin (OR = 2.48) | Clonidine (OR = 4.49) Doxazosin (OR = 2.76) | Theophylline (OR = 9.08) |
Cancer | Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking |
---|---|---|
Breast§ | Trazodone (OR = 0.79) | Trazodone (OR = 0.74) |
Lung | Fluocinolone* (OR = 0.67) Levodopa (OR = 0.50) Nitrofurantoin (OR = 0.74) Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.62)§ Risperidone (OR = 0.55) | Fluocinolone* (OR = 0.66) |
Colorectal | Levodopa (OR = 0.60) Lofepramine (OR = 0.71) Meloxicam (OR = 0.76) Metoclopramide (OR = 0.78) Nitrofurantoin (OR = 0.71) | Metoclopramide (OR = 0.77) Nitrofurantoin (OR = 0.66) |
Prostate§§ | Levodopa (OR = 0.47) Risperidone (OR = 0.37) Senna (OR = 0.76) | Levodopa (OR = 0.44) Risperidone (OR = 0.38) Senna (OR = 0.77) |
Bladder | Iron (OR = 0.77) | Sotalol (OR = 0.19) |
Malignant melanoma | Dipyridamole (OR = 0.42) Gliclazide (OR = 0.51) | Gliclazide (OR = 0.49) |
Oesophagus | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 0.59)§ | Diazepam (OR = 0.73) Estrogen-HRT (OR = 0.61)§ |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.56)§ | Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.49)§ |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | Doxycycline (OR = 0.45) Ispaghula (OR = 0.63) | Doxycycline (OR = 0.43) |
Ovary§ | Loratadine (OR = 0.64) Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.55) | Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.56) |
Cervix and other gynae§ | Terbinafine (OR = 0.18) | Terbinafine (OR = 0.20) |
Uterus§ | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 0.73) Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.37) | Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.37) |
Larynx | Doxazosin (OR = 0.36) Terbinafine (OR = 0.32) | – |
Cancer | Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Breast§ | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 1.36) Metronidazole* (OR = 2.21) | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 1.50) | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 1.32) Metronidazole* (OR = 2.36) | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 1.48) |
Lung | Amitriptyline (OR = 1.27) Amoxicillin (OR = 1.44) Azathioprine (OR = 1.88) Cimetidine (OR = 1.46) Diazepam (OR = 1.29) Dihydrocodeine (OR = 1.40) Folic acid (OR = 1.50)§ Ipratropium* (OR = 1.63) | Nitrazepam (OR = 1.49) Quinine (OR = 1.25) Salbutamol* (OR = 1.41) Salmeterol* (OR = 1.37) Temazepam (OR = 1.33) Tiotropium* (OR = 1.64) Vitamin D* (OR = 1.45) | Amitriptyline (OR = 1.25) Amoxicillin (OR = 1.36) Azathioprine (OR = 2.30) Cimetidine (OR = 1.37) Dihydrocodeine (OR = 1.28) Fluticasone* (OR = 1.41) Ipratropium* (OR = 1.56) | Nitrazepam (OR = 1.58) Phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR = 2.89) Quinine (OR = 1.31) Salbutamol* (OR = 1.36) Salmeterol* (OR = 1.51) Tiotropium* (OR = 1.52) |
Colorectal | Allopurinol (OR = 1.35) Aminophylline (OR = 1.93) Bisacodyl (OR = 1.79) Dipyridamole (OR = 1.45) | Mesalazine (OR = 1.65) Perindopril (OR = 1.31) Phenytoin (OR = 1.58) | Allopurinol (OR = 1.33) Aminophylline (OR = 1.89) Dipyridamole (OR = 1.44) Tiotropium* (OR = 1.49) | |
Prostate§§ | Cerivastatin (OR = 1.59) | Clioquinol* (OR = 2.06) | Alfuzosin (OR = 1.63) Atorvastatin (OR = 1.25) | Clioquinol* (OR = 2.09) |
Bladder | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.39) Nicotine (OR = 2.59) | Trimethoprim (OR = 1.80) | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.53) Cefalexin (OR = 1.99) Celecoxib (OR = 1.78) | Ranitidine (OR = 1.28) Trimethoprim (OR = 2.04) |
Malignant melanoma | Clopidogrel (OR = 1.86) | – | ||
Oesophagus | Alginic acid (OR = 1.52) Beclometasone* (OR = 1.37) Cisapride (OR = 2.89) Lansoprazole (OR = 1.67) | Omeprazole (OR = 1.45) Risedronate sodium (OR = 2.54) Vitamin B (OR = 1.54) Warfarin (OR = 1.43) | Alginic acid (OR = 1.53) azathioprine (OR = 4.15) Lansoprazole (OR = 1.59) | Omeprazole (OR = 1.40) Prednisolone (OR = 1.68) Risedronate sodium (OR = 2.69) |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.46) Azathioprine (OR = 2.58) Gabapentin (OR = 2.86) | Methotrexate (OR = 3.41) Phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR = 3.77) | Amoxicillin (OR = 1.50) | Gabapentin (OR = 3.41) |
Leukaemia | Allopurinol (OR = 1.68) Oxybutynin (OR = 2.35) | Oxytetracycline (OR = 2.67) Paracetamol (OR = 1.26) | Metoclopramide (OR = 2.61) Oxybutynin (OR = 2.69) | Oxytetracycline (OR = 3.01) Paracetamol (OR = 1.34) |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | Betamethasone* (OR = 1.69) Folic acid (OR = 3.79) § Vitamin A (OR = 3.84) | Vitamin B (OR = 3.09) Vitamin C (OR = 4.43) | Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 2.56) Hydrocortisone* (OR = 1.66) | Vitamin B (OR = 2.55) Vitamin C (OR = 3.63) |
Stomach | Cimetidine (OR = 1.52) | Chlorphenamine (OR = 4.72) | ||
Ovary§ | Cyclopenthiazide (OR = 3.31) Phenytoin (OR = 3.87) | Vitamin D* (OR = 2.66) | Phenytoin (OR = 4.31) | |
Kidney | Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 2.26) Nystatin* (OR = 2.25) | Perindopril (OR = 1.87) | Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 2.61) | Perindopril (OR = 1.94) |
Pancreas | Clopidogrel (OR = 2.14) Hydrochlorothiazide (OR = 1.84) | Metoclopramide (OR = 3.08) Nicotine (OR = 3.61) | Clopidogrel (OR = 2.37) Lorazepam (OR = 3.59) | Methotrexate (OR = 4.39) Quinine (OR = 1.78) |
Cervix & other gynae§ | Cimetidine (OR = 1.87) | |||
Uterus§ | Atenolol (OR = 1.40) Bendroflumethiazide (OR = 1.33) Bismuth* (OR = 6.56) Dextropropoxyphene (OR = 1.43) Doxazosin (OR = 2.21) | Enalapril (OR = 1.78) Losartan (OR = 2.00) Peru balsam* (OR = 6.56) Salicylic acid* (OR = 4.31) | Bendroflumethiazide (OR = 1.32) Doxazosin (OR = 1.88) | Enalapril (OR = 2.35) Loperamide (OR = 2.88) Salicylic acid* (OR = 6.85) |
Larynx | Cimetidine (OR = 2.12) | Vitamin B (OR = 2.20) | – | |
Brain and CNS | Carbamazepine (OR = 3.02) | – | ||
Myeloma | Mometasone* (OR = 3.45) | Chlortalidone (OR = 3.06) | ||
Liver | Furosemide (OR = 1.98) Mometasone* (OR = 3.82) | Pravastatin (OR = 2.26) | Furosemide (OR = 2.48) | |
Thyroid | Levothyroxine (OR = 2.30) | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 2.52)§ | Progestogen-HRT (OR = 2.55) § | |
Anal | Doxazosin (OR = 3.19) | Nicotine (OR = 9.95) | Bisoprolol (OR = 3.30) | Nicotine (OR = 8.07) |
Cancer | Adjusted for comorbidities† | Adjusted for comorbidities† and smoking |
---|---|---|
Breast§ | Carbamazepine (OR = 0.70) Iron (OR = 0.78) Prednisolone (OR = 0.78) Trimethoprim (OR = 0.72) | Iron (OR = 0.72) Trazodone (OR = 0.62) Trimethoprim (OR = 0.71) |
Lung | Benzalkonium* (OR = 0.49) Dimeticone* (OR = 0.46) Levodopa (OR = 0.38) | |
Colorectal | Diclofenac (OR = 0.71) Lactulose (OR = 0.78) Misoprostol (OR = 0.69) Naproxen (OR = 0.72) Senna (OR = 0.73) | Diclofenac (OR = 0.72) Lactulose (OR = 0.77) Naproxen (OR = 0.71) Oxybutynin (OR = 0.60) |
Prostate§§ | Benzalkonium* (OR = 0.36) Bumetanide (OR = 0.57) Citalopram (OR = 0.59) Dimeticone* (OR = 0.36) Furosemide (OR = 0.70) Iron (OR = 0.72) Lactulose (OR = 0.68) Lidocaine* (OR = 0.35) Risperidone (OR = 0.27) Senna (OR = 0.70) Vitamin D (OR = 0.66) | Calcium (OR = 0.67) Citalopram (OR = 0.53) Furosemide (OR = 0.74) Lactulose (OR = 0.70) Senna (OR = 0.67) Vitamin D (OR = 0.60) |
Bladder | Iron (OR = 0.64) Lactulose (OR = 0.73) | Pantoprazole (OR = 0.27) Sotalol (OR = 0.25) |
Malignant melanoma | Gliclazide (OR = 0.51) | – |
Oesophagus | – | Aspirin high dose (OR = 0.52) |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Vitamin B (OR = 0.51) | Vitamin B (OR = 0.51) |
Leukaemia | – | Calcium (OR = 0.56) |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | – | – |
Stomach | Finasteride (OR = 0.41)§§ | Diclofenac* (OR = 0.18) |
Ovary§ | Nifedipine (OR = 0.56) Progestogen-contraceptive (OR = 0.44) | – |
Kidney | – | Digoxin (OR = 0.43) |
Uterus§ | Estrogen-HRT (OR = 0.68) | – |
Larynx | Diclofenac (OR = 0.48) Doxazosin (OR = 0.31) | – |