Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Risk of bias
Data extraction
Statistical analysis
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Strong evidence: consistent findings (≥ 75%) in multiple high-quality cohorts.
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Moderate evidence: consistent findings (≥ 75%) in multiple cohorts, of which only one cohort was of high quality.
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Limited evidence: findings of one high-quality cohort, or consistent (≥ 75%) findings in one or more low-quality cohorts.
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Inconclusive: inconsistent findings (< 75%) irrespective of study quality.
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Study ID | Author, year, country | Study type | No. patients | % SUR/RTC | Follow-up (months) | Period recruitment | Duration recruitment (years) | Risk of Bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Helweg, 2000, Denmark | Prospective | 153 | 0/100 | NR | 1996–1999 | 4 | High |
2 | Riegel, 2002, Germany | Retrospective | 139 | NR | NR | 1990–1997 | 8 | High |
3 | Linden, 2004, Netherlands | Prospective | 342 | 0/100 | 16 | 1996–1998 | 3 | Low |
4 | Hosono, 2005, Japan | Retrospective | 176 | 100/0 | 23 | 1985–2001 | 16 | High |
5 | Ibrahim, 2008, International | Prospective | 223 | 100/0 | NR | 2002–2003 | 2 | High |
6 | Chi, 2009, USA | Prospective | 101 | 50/50 | 8 | 1992–2002 | 11 | High |
7 | Arrigo, 2011, USA | Retrospective | 200 | 100/0 | NR | 1999–2009 | 11 | Low |
8 | Bartels, 2011, International | Retrospective | 567 | 9/91 | NR | 1996–2008 | 13 | Low |
9 | Mizumoto, 2011, Japan | Retrospective | 603 | 0/100 | 19 | 2002–2007 | 5 | Low |
10 | Park, 2011, Korea | Retrospective | 103 | 100/0 | 26 | 2001–2008 | 8 | High |
11 | Pointillart, 2011, France | Prospective | 142 | 83/17 | NR | 2005–2007 | 3 | Low |
12 | Wibmer, 2011, Austria | Retrospective | 254 | 25/75 | 36 | 1998–2006 | 9 | Low |
13 | Chao, 2012, USA | Retrospective | 174 | 0/100 | 9 | 2006–2009 | 4 | High |
14 | Kataoka, 2012, Japan | Retrospective | 143 | 50/50 | 21 | 1990–2008 | 19 | Low |
15 | Tancioni, 2012, Italy | Retrospective | 151 | 100/0 | NR | 2004–2007 | 4 | High |
16 | Yang, 2012, Korea | Retrospective | 217 | 100/0 | NR | 2001–2009 | 9 | Low |
17 | Balain, 2013, UK | Prospective | 199 | 52/48 | NR | 2010–NR | NR | High |
18 | Rades, 2013, Germany | Retrospective | 2029 | 0/100 | NR | 1992–2011 | 20 | High |
19 | Tabouret, 2013, France | Retrospective | 148 | 100/0 | 24 | 2004–2010 | 7 | Low |
20 | Bollen, 2014, Netherlands | Retrospective | 1043 | 5/95 | 72 | 2001–2010 | 10 | Low |
21 | Morgen, 2014, Denmark | Prospective | 544 | 16/84 | NR | 2011 | 1 | High |
22 | Yeung, 2014, Hong Kong | Retrospective | 128 | 46/54 | NR | 2001–2011 | 11 | High |
Risk of bias
Prognostic factors levels of evidence
Prognostic factor | Positive association | No association | Level of evidence |
---|---|---|---|
Primary tumor | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22 | 13, 16, 19
| Strong—86% |
Performance status | 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 | 14 | Strong—93% |
ASA classification |
11, 19
| Strong—100% | |
Age | 6, 9, 13 | 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 | Strong—80% |
Gender | 2, 8, 18 |
7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22 | Strong—79% |
Number SBM | 21 | 2, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22 | Strong—91% |
Location SBM |
8
| 2, 7, 10, 11, 16, 19, 20, 22 | Strong—89% |
Pathologic fracture |
7,11,12
| Strong—100% | |
Visceral metastases |
3, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 | 2, 7, 11, 13 | Inconclusive—73% |
Neurologic deficit | 1, 4, 5, 7, 18, 21 | 2, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22 | Inconclusive—57% |
Interval diagnosis | 1, 13, 14, 18 | 15, 16
| Inconclusive—67% |
Extraspinal bone metastases |
14, 17, 18 |
12, 19, 20, 21, 22 | Inconclusive—63% |
Number bone metastases |
9, 15 |
3, 21 | Inconclusive—50% |
Pain | 4, 11
|
14
| Inconclusive—67% |
Sphincter function | 5 |
7, 11
| Inconclusive—67% |
Weight loss |
11
|
19
| Inconclusive—50% |
Cardiovascular disease |
11
|
19
| Inconclusive—50% |