Background
Methods
Study population
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Sepsis | No sepsis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No AKI | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | No AKI | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | |
Number of patients, (%) | 628 (32.3) | 575 (29.5) | 219 (11.3) | 524 (26.9) | 2615 (43.4) | 1976 (32.8) | 627 (10.4) | 806 (13.4) |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.5 (17.6) | 61.7 (17.3)ab | 64.8 (17.8)ab | 63.3 (15.9)a | 56.0 (19.1) | 59.4 (17.9) | 61.1 (17.9)a | 61.7 (17.8)a |
Male, n (%) | 383 (61.8) | 352 (62.0) | 118 (54.9) | 312 (59.8) | 1477 (57.4) | 1226 (62.6)a | 376 (60.6) | 450 (56.4) |
Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 70.1 (19.2) | 75.3 (21.0) | 77.6 (21.4) | 76.6 (22.3) | 70.5 (16.4) | 76.4 (17.7)a | 80.6 (24.1)a | 77.9 (23.6)a |
Height (cm), mean (SD) | 167.2 (9.7) | 168.0 (10.4) | 167.9 (10.2) | 167.6 (10.6) | 167.1 (10.0) | 168.6 (9.5)a | 168.2 (10.0)a | 167.5 (10.4) |
Severity scores, mean (SD) | ||||||||
APACHE II | 20.6 (7.7)b | 22.0 (7.8)ab | 22.3 (7.9)ab | 26.7 (9.2)ab | 14.8 (7.5) | 15.1 (7.2) | 16.1 (8.5)a | 20.7 (10.9)a |
Non-renal APACHE II score | 19.6 (7.5)b | 20.9 (7.5)ab | 21.1 (7.6)ab | 23.6 (8.4)ab | 14.1 (7.3) | 14.4 (6.9) | 15.3 (8.1)a | 18.6 (10.0)a |
SOFA | 8.1 (3.3)b | 8.2 (3.4)ab | 8.7 (3.7)ab | 11.4 (4.2)ab | 4.7 (3.4) | 4.7 (3.5) | 4.8 (3.8) | 7.6 (4.9)a |
Non-renal SOFA | 7.4 (3.1)b | 7.3 (3.1)ab | 7.6 (3.5)b | 8.8 (3.7)ab | 4.0 (3.2) | 4.1 (3.2) | 4.1 (3.5) | 5.5 (4.1)a |
Type of admission, n (%) | ||||||||
Surgical (non-trauma) | 199 (33.8) | 171 (31.5)b | 68 (31.9) | 146 (28.9)a | 953 (38.3) | 799 (42.3)a | 216 (35.9) | 209 (28.4)a |
Medical | 355 (60.4)b | 355 (65.4)b | 137 (64.3) | 348 (68.9)a | 1277 (51.3) | 923 (48.9) | 346 (57.6)a | 482 (65.5)a |
Trauma | 28 (4.8)b | 16 (2.9)b | 8 (3.8) | 8 (1.6)ab | 231 (9.3) | 159 (8.4) | 38 (6.3)a | 39 (5.3)a |
Other | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.2)a | 0 (0.0)a | 3 (0.6) | 26 (1.0) | 7 (0.4)a | 1 (0.2)a | 6 (0.8) |
Source of admission, n (%) | ||||||||
Other hospital | 62 (9.9) | 65 (11.3) | 22 (10.0) | 59 (11.3) | 231 (8.8) | 198 (10.0) | 55 (8.8) | 81 (10.0) |
ER/ambulance | 229 (36.5) | 208 (36.2) | 74 (33.8) | 156 (29.8)b | 1047 (40.0) | 733 (37.1) | 262 (41.8) | 335 (41.6) |
OR/recovery | 88 (14.0)b | 80 (13.9)b | 34 (15.5) | 65 (12.4) | 516 (19.7) | 476 (24.1)a | 107 (17.1) | 100 (12.4)a |
Hospital floor | 206 (32.8)b | 179 (31.1)b | 63 (28.8) | 200 (38.2)ab | 584 (22.3) | 414 (21.0) | 148 (23.6) | 222 (27.5)a |
Other | 43 (6.8) | 43 (7.5) | 26 (11.9) | 44 (8.4) | 237 (9.1) | 155 (7.8) | 55 (8.8) | 68 (8.4) |
Reason for admission, n (%) | ||||||||
Neurological | 102 (16.2) | 66 (11.5)a | 16 (7.3)a | 26 (5.0)a | 438 (16.7) | 261 (13.2)a | 74 (11.8)a | 59 (7.3)a |
Respiratory | 174 (27.7)b | 163 (28.3)b | 54 (24.7)b | 91 (17.4)ab | 299 (11.4) | 237 (12.0) | 100 (15.9)a | 101 (12.5) |
Cardiovascular | 143 (22.8)b | 146 (25.4)b | 71 (32.4)a | 200 (38.2)a | 707 (27.0) | 651 (32.9)a | 203 (32.4)a | 308 (38.2)a |
Renal/Ob-gyn | 11 (1.8)b | 15 (2.6)b | 4 (1.8) | 42 (8.0)a | 99 (3.8) | 74 (3.7) | 25 (4.0) | 73 (9.1)a |
Haematological | 10 (1.6) | 17 (3.0)b | 8 (3.7) | 14 (2.7) | 37 (1.4) | 18 (0.9) | 11 (1.8) | 17 (2.1) |
Digestive/liver | 96 (15.3) | 106 (18.4) | 46 (21.0)a | 104 (19.8)ab | 298 (11.4) | 287 (14.5)a | 94 (15.0)a | 121 (15.0)a |
Metabolic | 21 (3.3)b | 20 (3.5)b | 6 (2.7)b | 19 (3.6)b | 229 (8.8) | 91 (4.6)a | 37 (5.9)a | 49 (6.1)a |
Trauma | 49 (7.8) | 25 (4.3)b | 10 (4.6) | 8 (1.5)ab | 337 (12.9) | 221 (11.2) | 49 (7.8)a | 48 (6.0)a |
Other diseases | 22 (3.5)b | 17 (3.0)b | 4 (1.8)b | 20 (3.8) | 145 (5.5)b | 98 (5.0) | 32 (5.1) | 24 (3.0) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
COPD | 113 (18.0)b | 91 (15.8)b | 40 (18.3) | 73 (13.9)b | 256 (9.8) | 224 (11.3) | 79 (12.6) | 86 (10.7) |
Cancer | 79 (12.6) | 67 (11.7) | 32 (14.6) | 54 (10.3) | 273 (10.4) | 199 (10.1) | 71 (11.3) | 69 (8.6) |
Metastatic cancer | 24 (3.8) | 28 (4.9) | 9 (4.1) | 24 (4.6) | 73 (2.8) | 68 (3.4) | 27 (4.3) | 29 (3.6) |
Haematologic cancer | 33 (5.3)b | 19 (3.3)b | 8 (3.7) | 26 (5.0) | 30 (1.1) | 19 (1.0) | 11 (1.8) | 23 (2.9)a |
Insulin–DM | 44 (7.0) | 53 (9.2) | 21 (9.6) | 60 (11.5) | 209 (8.0) | 162 (8.2) | 46 (7.3) | 73 (9.1) |
Heart failure, NYHA III–IV | 51 (8.1) | 57 (9.9)ab | 22 (10.0)ab | 69 (13.2)a | 160 (6.1) | 138 (7.0) | 41 (6.5) | 79 (9.8)a |
HIV infection | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 4 (1.8) | 11 (2.1)ab | 17 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) |
Cirrhosis | 28 (4.5)b | 29 (5.0) | 9 (4.1) | 34 (6.5) | 60 (2.3) | 63 (3.2) | 16 (2.6) | 41 (5.1)a |
Immunosuppression | 46 (7.3)b | 37 (6.4)b | 16 (7.3)b | 32 (6.1)b | 50 (1.9) | 36 (1.8) | 15 (2.4) | 23 (2.9) |
Steroid therapy | 39 (6.2)b | 33 (5.7)b | 13 (5.9)b | 26 (5.0)b | 70 (2.7) | 50 (2.5) | 11 (1.8) | 20 (2.5) |
Chemotherapy | 27 (4.3)b | 21 (3.7) | 7 (3.2) | 24 (4.6) | 65 (2.5) | 45 (2.3) | 18 (2.9) | 20 (2.5) |
Sepsis | No sepsis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No AKI | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | No AKI | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | |
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome | ||||||||
Temperature, n (%) | ||||||||
< 36 °C | 14 (2.3) | 19 (3.4) | 7 (3.3) | 38 (7.4)a | 59 (2.3) | 51 (2.6) | 21 (3.4) | 69 (8.8)a |
36–38 °C | 415 (67.4)b | 365 (64.7)b | 167 (77.7)b | 341 (66.0)b | 2033 (80.5) | 1654 (84.9)a | 522 (84.2)a | 600 (76.4)a |
> 38 °C | 187 (30.4)b | 180 (31.9)b | 41 (19.1)ab | 138 (26.7)b | 432 (17.1) | 243 (12.5)a | 77 (12.4)a | 116 (14.8) |
Leucocytes, n (%) | ||||||||
< 4 × 109/L | 28 (4.6) | 22 (3.9)b | 14 (6.4)b | 26 (5.0)b | 79 (3.3) | 37 (2.0) | 12 (2.0) | 18 (2.3) |
4–12 × 109/L | 247 (40.7)b | 203 (35.7)b | 73 (33.5)b | 157 (30.5)ab | 1122 (46.4) | 925 (49.6)a | 288 (49.0) | 323 (41.8)a |
> 12 × 109/L | 332 (54.7)b | 343 (60.4)b | 131 (60.1)b | 332 (64.5)ab | 1215 (50.3) | 904 (48.4) | 288 (49.0) | 432 (55.9)a |
Heart rate (bpm), mean (SD) | 112.5 (24.0)b | 116.1 (26.2)ab | 111.9 (25.7)b | 118.5 (26.6)ab | 104.1 (23.0) | 102.3 (23.2) | 102.6 (24.5) | 106.4 (26.9)a |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 98.4 (18.6) | 97.5 (17.8) | 92.1 (17.7)ab | 91.2 (19.8)a | 100.3 (19.4) | 98.4 (19.0)a | 98.1 (21.0)a | 94.1 (21.7)a |
Respiratory rate (bpm), mean (SD) | 25.9 (8.7)b | 26.6 (9.3)b | 25.4 (8.8) | 26.7 (9.0)b | 24.2 (7.9) | 23.9 (7.6) | 24.9 (8.2) | 24.7 (8.3) |
Patients on ventilator, n (%) | 434 (69.1)b | 396 (68.9)b | 150 (68.5)b | 378 (72.1)b | 1089 (41.6) | 818 (41.4) | 249 (39.7) | 364 (45.2)a |
Blood parameters | ||||||||
FiO2, mean (SD) | 59.2 (24.9)b | 63.9 (25.9)ab | 63.4 (27.6)ab | 68.1 (26.9)ab | 48.2 (24.4) | 48.6 (24.2) | 49.2 (25.7) | 56.4 (28.7) |
PaO2 (mmHg), mean (SD) | 141.2 (72.6) | 141.2 (77.8) | 138.3 (75.0) | 142.2 (81.6) | 147.4 (77.5) | 143.4 (77.6) | 134.3 (75.2)a | 138.1 (86.3)a |
PaCO2 (mmHg), mean (SD) | 45.5 (18.4)b | 44.8 (19.4)b | 44.5 (18.2) | 44.5 (18.8)b | 42.0 (15.0) | 42.3 (15.6) | 43.3 (17.2) | 41.3 (17.9) |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 25.3 (6.2) | 24.2 (5.5) | 23.6 (6.4)a | 21.6 (6.3)a | 24.5 (5.2) | 24.1 (4.8)a | 23.6 (5.4)a | 21.9 (6.3)a |
Arterial pH, mean (SD) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) |
Creatinine (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.6)b | 1.5 (1.6)b | 1.6 (1.5) | 3.2 (3.5)ab | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.8)a | 2.6 (3.3)a |
Potassium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.7)a | 4.4 (0.8)a | 4.8 (1.1)ab | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.7)a | 4.3 (0.7)a | 4.6 (1.0)a |
Sodium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 140.1 (7.2) | 140.6 (6.8)b | 140.3 (5.9)b | 139.8 (6.8) | 139.7 (5.9) | 139.6 (5.7) | 139.2 (5.9) | 139.4 (6.8) |
Urea (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 0.6 (0.1–35.0) | 5.0 (0.1–39.0) | 4.6 (0.1–35.0) | 21.0 (0.2–73.0)ab | 13.0 (0.1–31.0) | 16.0 (0.1–37.0) | 17.0 (0.1–36.0) | 15.0 (0.2–44.0) |
Haematocrit (L/L), median (IQR) | 33.2 (28.9–38.4) | 33.7 (28.5–38.8) | 33.0 (28.0–38.0) | 32.5 (27.1–37.7) | 35.2 (30.0–40.0) | 35.6 (30.2–40.6) | 36.0 (30.0–41.0) | 34.5 (29.0–40.0) |
Bilirubin (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 1.1 (0.5–3.0) | 1.3 (0.6–3.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–2.3) |
Noradrenaline infusion rate (μg/kg/min), median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3)ab | 0.1 (0.0–0.5)ab | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
Inotropic score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–19)b | 0 (0–20)b | 9 (0–37)ab | 13 (0–60)ab | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.0 (0–10) |
Urine output (ml/24 h), median (IQR) | 2500 (2000–3280) | 1376 (1100–1700)a | 750 (600–1000) a | 355 (120–906)a | 2500 (2000–3250) | 1350 (1100–1666)a | 750 (600–953)a | 350 (138–648)a |
AKI follow-up
Renal replacement therapy and length of stay
Sepsis (n = 1946) | No sepsis (n = 6024) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No AKI (n = 628) | Stage 1 (n = 575) | Stage 2 (n = 219) | Stage 3 (n = 524) | No AKI (n = 2615) | Stage 1 (n = 1976) | Stage 2 (n = 627) | Stage 3 (n = 806) | |
ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 7 (2–22)b | 7 (3–29)b | 8 (4–54)ab | 19 (6–60)ab | 3 (1–5) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–6)a | 4 (2–60)a |
Hospital LOS (days), median (IQR) | 25 (12–60)b | 28 (13–60)b | 49 (14–60)ab | 60 (22–60)ab | 10 (6–22) | 10 (6–24) | 11 (6–35)a | 20 (7–60)a |
RRT, n (%) | 25 (4.0)b | 33 (5.7)b | 15 (6.8)b | 307 (58.6)ab | 27 (1.0) | 22 (1.1) | 10 (1.6) | 267 (33.1)a |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 108 (17.6)b | 117 (20.6)ab | 50 (23.5)ab | 216 (41.5)ab | 213 (8.4) | 138 (7.2) | 76 (12.4)a | 228 (29.2)a |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 154 (25.9)b | 162 (29.3)ab | 74 (35.6)ab | 261 (51.7)ab | 286 (11.8) | 219 (11.9) | 102 (17.4)a | 262 (34.6)a |
Mortality
Sepsis | No sepsis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude HR (95% CI) | Covariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Covariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
ICU mortality | ||||
Stage 1 | 1.16 (0.91–1.49)c | 1.03 (0.80–1.33)c | 0.84 (0.68–1.04)c | 0.83 (0.67–1.02)c |
Stage 2 | 1.39 (1.01–1.92)a | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 1.49 (1.15–1.95)ac | 1.21 (0.94–1.57) |
Stage 3 | 2.77 (2.22–3.46)abc | 1.90 (1.48–2.43)a | 4.06 (3.36–4.91)ac | 2.25 (1.83–2.76)ac |
CRF | 1.67 (1.26–2.22)a | 1.54 (1.13–2.10)a | 2.21 (1.74–2.81)a | 1.38 (1.07–1.77)a |
Hospital mortality | ||||
Stage 1 | 1.12 (0.91–1.39)c | 0.99 (0.79–1.23)c | 0.98 (0.82–1.17)c | 0.94 (0.79–1.12)c |
Stage 2 | 1.46 (1.12–1.89)a | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 1.51 (1.20–1.90)ac | 1.26 (1.01–1.58)a |
Stage 3 | 2.47 (2.04–2.99)abc | 1.74 (1.41–2.16)a | 3.61 (3.03–4.29)ac | 2.26 (1.87–2.72)ac |
CRF | 1.76 (1.39–2.22)a | 1.54 (1.18–2.01)a | 2.28 (1.85–2.80)a | 1.44 (1.15–1.81)a |