Dear Editor,
We would like to present here the new classifications elaborated by the WSES expert panel regarding the abdominopelvic trauma. Abdominopelvic trauma has been for decades classified with the AAST-OIS classification that has represented a milestone [
1]. Since its publication, it has been the only existing classification and it demonstrated to be effective and useful [
2,
3]. The primary aim of AAST-OIS classification was to allow comparisons within different cohorts of patients. However, it was used to drive management algorithms that show some criticisms. Timely in 1994, when this anatomical classification was published, even CT-scan started to be diffusely used to diagnose and stratify trauma lesions and patients. This temporal synergism increased the efficiency of both tools in graduating preoperatively trauma injuries and comparing different cohorts. Actually, at that time, anatomy was one of the most reliable factors in classifying and deciding the treatment of trauma victims.
At present, the medical evolutions in trauma management allowed an incredible progress in trauma decision-making and treatment. Non-operative trauma management (NOM) has been widely applied with improved outcome, avoiding the operative intervention in several patients who previously would have undergone surgery. In fact, the interventional radiological procedures and the modern conception of Hybrid and Endovascular Trauma and Bleeding Management (EVTM) led to good results in increasing the rate of patients managed non-operatively, opening new scenarios and options in trauma patients management.
Since, at present, even severe anatomical lesions in hemodynamically stable patients can be safely managed non-operatively, the driving issue in deciding for the best treatment is anatomy, as well as physiology, for the patient physiological derangement grade is even more important.
As emergency general surgeons, we now are living in a new era of trauma management: we more often have to decide to be “non-operative”. In order to work this way, it is necessary to know the pathophysiology and the metabolic processes triggered by traumatic hits, on top of a wide anatomical knowledge. This evolution is pushing us to take into consideration a new approach to traumatized patients. The introduction of hybrid operating rooms will progressively delocate the treatment, at least of the more severe trauma patients, outside the proper and classical trauma surgeon view. The central role of the trauma surgeon has progressively changed not excluding him/her from the decision-making process, but actually involving him/her more and more deeply into highly complex decisions: the decision “not to operate”. To be “free” to decide in this new deal of trauma management, acute care surgeons must be, as said, even more prepared regarding pathophysiological issues, occupying the pivotal role in the team management of trauma patients.
Moreover, in all those countries or situations where the anatomical grade of lesions cannot be known preoperatively, due to the scarce possibility to access to CT-scan, physiology is the most important and often the only driving issue. In these cases, the anatomo-physiological classification would be more effective in driving management.
As a conclusion, the classification of trauma patients cannot remain anchored only to anatomical lesions. The necessity to follow the modern possibilities of treatment imposes addressing trauma using a classification based on anatomical lesions and on the physiological status of the patient [
4‐
6].
In abdominopelvic trauma, the most involved, risky, and bleeding organs are the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, and the pelvic ring; for this reason, these have been the four topics of the new classification system.
The classifications were firstly discussed through the Delphi model within the expert panel. During the last three WSES world congresses, consensus conferences were held to approve the classifications together with the guidelines. The panel reached an agreement regarding the definition of hemodynamic instability as follows: “Hemodynamic instability is considered the condition in which the patient has an admission systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg with evidence of skin vasoconstriction (cool, clammy, decreased capillary refill), altered level of consciousness and/or shortness of breath, or > 90 mmHg but requiring bolus infusions/transfusions and/or vasopressor drugs and/or admission base excess (BE) > − 5 mmol/l and/or shock index > 1 and/or transfusion requirement of at least 4–6 units of packed red blood cells within the first 24 h; moreover, transient responder patients (those showing an initial response to adequate fluid resuscitation and then signs of ongoing loss and perfusion deficits) and more in general those responding to therapy but not amenable of sufficient stabilization have undergone interventional radiology treatments” [
5].
The four classifications for abdominopelvic lesions specifically about liver, spleen, kidney, and pelvic ring injuries resulted as follows.