We investigated cell-type specific DNA methylation in eight different regions of the SEPT9 gene in normal, adenoma, and tumor tissues using LCM-separated populations of epithelial and stromal cells. Our results showed major changes in the methylation pattern in diseased tissues in only one of the CpG islands investigated (CGI3). The observed aberrant methylation in adenoma and tumor samples clearly originated in epithelial cells while in stromal cells, hypermethylation at this locus occurred only after hypermethylation in epithelial cells (Figure
3). The results also indicate spreading of aberrant methylation from the core of CGI3 to the 5′ end of the island. This methylation expansion was observed only in CRC samples while in adenoma samples, the 5′end of CGI3 remained clear of methylation indicating that it is a relatively late event in CRC formation. Such a distinctive methylation pattern in the adenoma samples could be described as a transitory methylation status which fits between the normal and tumor samples. Together, these findings indicate that methylation changes in the core of CGI3 of the SEPT9 gene reflect the cellular progression towards malignancy in colon mucosa. These findings imply that alterations in this differentially methylated region (DMR) within SEPT9 represent early events in colon carcinogenesis and may directly contribute to colorectal tumor etiology. Although stromal cells seemed to undergo molecular alterations after changes to epithelial cells, the cells comprising the stromal microenvironment are known to also play an important role in the progression of cancer [
30]. Epigenetic differences between epithelial and stromal cells in colon cancer have already been explored in several studies [
31‐
33]. The exact mechanism by which the epigenetic status of one cell is transferred to a neighboring cell is not understood, but it has been hypothesized that multiple elements are involved, such as defects in the epithelial basement membranes, composition of the extracellular matrix, soluble agents (e.g., growth factors and cytokines), and direct cell-to-cell contacts [
34,
35]. For a neoplastic cell to become invasive, it must first acquire the potential for proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane and actively migrate into the surrounding mesenchymal compartment, which requires the dissolution of intracellular and cell-matrix contacts [
34]. Because Septin-9 is involved in cytokinesis, it is possible that a deregulated SEPT9 gene could impact the propensity of a cell for migration and invasiveness. Additionally, accumulating evidence describing the involvement of SEPT9 in the mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition [
36] provides further support for such a connection. Considering that transcription of SEPT9 produces several different isoforms, a particular ratio of these transcripts may be needed to sustain normal cellular physiology. If disease-related hypermethylation, such as what we observed with CGI3, suppresses the normal expression of one of these transcripts, differently structured filaments may form affecting key cellular functions [
8]. Both the genomic location of CGI3 and the presence of a TSS in this specific region (Figure
1) strongly suggest a direct role in the regulation of transcript variant 2 (tv-2). Experiments are currently underway to determine whether the expression of this or any of the other transcripts is altered in epithelial cells in adenoma and in colorectal cancer. It is of further interest to note that CGI3 also harbors the specific CpGs interrogated by the early CRC detection test, Epi
proColon®, which is currently available for clinical application in Europe [
21]. Our findings provide further evidence that Epi
proColon® targets SEPT9 at the most informative site of this biomarker gene.