Background
Methods
Patients evaluation
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Cross-sectional study |
---|---|
(n = 74) | |
Sex (male,%) | 39 (52.7%) |
Mean age (years) | 45.04 ± 11.97 |
Age of onset (years) | 38.79 ± 12.53 |
Disease duration (years) | 6.25 ± 6.24 |
Educational year | 10.53 ± 4.52 |
BMI | 23.69 ± 21.46 |
Hyperreflexia (%) | 33 (44.6%) |
Vision loss | 24 (32.4%) |
ICARS-I | 12.27 ± 6.71 |
ICARS-II | 15.69 ± 8.97 |
ICARS-III | 1.95 ± 1.53 |
ICARS-IV | 2.24 ± 1.40 |
Total ICARS score | 32.15 ± 16.31 |
SARA score | 11.01 ± 5.73 |
MoCA score | 23.58 ± 4.68 |
HDRS-24 score | 8.80 ± 8.92 |
HARS score | 6.82 ± 7.04 |
ESS score | 5.41 ± 4.67 |
PSQI score | 7.23 ± 4.46 |
CAG repeat length | 66.07 ± 11.15 |
Impaired smooth pursuits (horizontal or vertical) | Increased square-wave jerks | Gaze-evoked nystagmus (horizontal or vertical) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 21) | No (n = 53) | P value | Yes (n = 10) | No (n = 64) | P value | Yes (n = 58) | No (n = 16) | P value | |
Sex (male,%)c | 10 (47.6%) | 29 (54.7%) | 0.693 | 2 (20.0%) | 37 (57.8%) | 0.727 | 31 (53.4%) | 8 (50.0%) | 0.807 |
Mean age (years)a | 45.05 ± 12.47 | 45.04 ± 11.90 | 0.919 | 43.20 ± 9.81 | 45.33 ± 12.32 | 0.789 | 43.81 ± 11.66 | 49.50 ± 12.40 | 0.215 |
Age of onset (years)a | 37.38 ± 11.78 | 39.35 ± 12.88 | 0.693 | 37.20 ± 9.40 | 39.04 ± 12.99 | 0.789 | 38.03 ± 11.62 | 41.56 ± 15.49 | 0.222 |
Disease duration (years)b | 7.67 ± 5.30 | 5.69 ± 6.54 | 0.200 | 6.00 ± 5.54 | 6.29 ± 6.38 | 0.885 | 5.78 ± 4.10 | 7.94 ± 11.04 | 0.760 |
Educational yearb | 10.00 ± 4.04 | 10.74 ± 4.72 | 0.688 | 9.20 ± 3.36 | 10.73 ± 4.66 | 0.789 | 11.03 ± 4.57 | 8.69 ± 3.93 | 0.089 |
BMIb | 20.81 ± 2.63 | 24.83 ± 25.28 | 0.693 | 21.15 ± 3.38 | 24.08 ± 23.04 | 0.885 | 21.07 ± 2.99 | 33.16 ± 45.67 | 0.241 |
Hyperreflexiac | 10 (47.6%) | 23 (43.4%) | 0.824 | 6 (60%) | 27 (42.2%) | 0.789 | 30 (51.7%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0.067 |
Vision lossc | 9 (42.9%) | 15 (28.3%) | 0.429 | 6 (60.0%) | 18 (28.1%) | 0.727 | 22 (37.9%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0.133 |
ICARS-Id | 14.91 ± 7.25 | 11.23 ± 6.24 | 0.223 | 11.20 ± 4.37 | 12.44 ± 7.01 | 0.789 | 12.93 ± 6.30 | 9.88 ± 7.74 | 0.055 |
ICARS-IId | 19.38 ± 10.12 | 14.23 ± 8.12 | 0.165 | 13.00 ± 8.54 | 16.11 ± 9.03 | 0.789 | 16.38 ± 8.75 | 13.19 ± 9.59 | 0.067 |
ICARS-IIId | 2.43 ± 1.78 | 1.76 ± 1.40 | 0.398 | 1.50 ± 1.35 | 2.02 ± 1.56 | 0.789 | 1.95 ± 1.48 | 1.94 ± 1.77 | 0.722 |
ICARS-IVd | 3.05 ± 1.43 | 1.93 ± 1.27 | 0.060 | 2.90 ± 1.60 | 2.14 ± 1.36 | 0.727 | 2.55 ± 1.27 | 1.13 ± 1.31 | 0.020* |
Total ICARS scored | 39.76 ± 18.04 | 29.13 ± 14.68 | 0.113 | 28.60 ± 14.14 | 32.70 ± 16.65 | 0.789 | 33.81 ± 15.39 | 26.13 ± 18.58 | 0.040* |
SARA scored | 13.79 ± 6.17 | 9.91 ± 5.21 | 0.113 | 9.70 ± 3.74 | 11.21 ± 5.98 | 0.789 | 11.41 ± 5.35 | 9.56 ± 6.94 | 0.133 |
MoCA scoree | 22.28 ± 5.33 | 24.06 ± 4.36 | 0.398 | 24.00 ± 2.00 | 23.52 ± 4.98 | 0.789 | 24.28 ± 4.20 | 21.06 ± 5.58 | 0.241 |
HDRS-24 scoreb | 9.00 ± 8.16 | 8.72 ± 9.28 | 0.683 | 6.50 ± 3.75 | 9.16 ± 9.45 | 0.885 | 9.55 ± 9.60 | 6.06 ± 5.17 | 0.396 |
HARS scoreb | 6.76 ± 4.79 | 6.85 ± 7.80 | 0.429 | 4.80 ± 4.42 | 7.14 ± 7.34 | 0.789 | 7.66 ± 7.60 | 3.81 ± 3.08 | 0.215 |
ESS scoreb | 5.33 ± 5.03 | 5.43 ± 4.57 | 0.867 | 6.30 ± 5.60 | 5.27 ± 4.55 | 0.789 | 5.59 ± 4.67 | 4.75 ± 4.77 | 0.608 |
PSQI scoreb | 8.33 ± 4.09 | 6.79 ± 4.56 | 0.280 | 6.00 ± 2.98 | 7.42 ± 4.64 | 0.789 | 7.36 ± 4.57 | 6.75 ± 4.14 | 0.722 |
CAG repeat lengthb | 64.19 ± 13.22 | 66.81 ± 10.27 | 0.693 | 69.70 ± 3.23 | 65.50 ± 11.84 | 0.789 | 68.48 ± 7.33 | 57.31 ± 17.22 | 0.040* |
Slowing of saccades (horizontal or vertical) | Saccadic hypo/hypermetria (horizontal or vertical) | Supranuclear gaze palsy (horizontal or vertical) | |||||||
Yes (n = 31) | No (n = 43) | P value | Yes (n = 17) | No (n = 57) | P value | Yes (n = 4) | No (n = 70) | P value | |
Sex (male,%)c | 19 (61.3%) | 20 (46.5%) | 0.523 | 13 (76.5%) | 26 (45.6%) | 0.100 | 3 (75.0%) | 36 (51.4%) | 0.840 |
Mean age (years)a | 45.68 ± 10.54 | 44.58 ± 13.01 | 0.665 | 45.00 ± 12.23 | 45.05 ± 12.01 | 0.923 | 39.00 ± 14.72 | 45.39 ± 11.83 | 0.775 |
Age of onset (years)a | 38.58 ± 11.34 | 38.94 ± 13.45 | 0.978 | 38.18 ± 12.31 | 38.97 ± 12.40 | 0.923 | 31.50 ± 13.63 | 39.21 ± 12.44 | 0.740 |
Disease duration (years)b | 7.10 ± 4.17 | 5.64 ± 7.37 | 0.047* | 6.82 ± 5.09 | 6.08 ± 6.58 | 0.620 | 7.50 ± 8.96 | 6.18 ± 6.13 | 0.893 |
Educational yearb | 11.03 ± 4.14 | 10.16 ± 4.79 | 0.665 | 10.06 ± 5.27 | 10.67 ± 4.31 | 0.926 | 9.50 ± 4.12 | 10.59 ± 4.56 | 0.775 |
BMIb | 20.85 ± 2.61 | 25.74 ± 28.03 | 0.665 | 20.32 ± 2.74 | 24.69 ± 24.37 | 0.442 | 21.65 ± 1.94 | 23.80 ± 22.07 | 0.791 |
Hyperreflexiac | 16 (51.6%) | 17 (39.5%) | 0.604 | 9 (52.9%) | 24 (42.1%) | 0.662 | 3 (75.0%) | 30 (42.9%) | 0.775 |
Vision lossc | 8 (25.8%) | 16 (37.2%) | 0.523 | 3 (17.6%) | 21 (36.8%) | 0.345 | 1 (25.0%) | 23 (32.9%) | 1.000 |
ICARS-Id | 14.74 ± 6.50 | 10.49 ± 6.34 | 0.048* | 14.71 ± 5.58 | 11.54 ± 6.88 | 0.260 | 10.50 ± 5.92 | 12.37 ± 6.77 | 0.775 |
ICARS-IId | 18.97 ± 8.91 | 13.33 ± 8.34 | 0.048* | 18.88 ± 7.88 | 14.74 ± 9.12 | 0.260 | 19.25 ± 9.46 | 15.49 ± 8.97 | 0.740 |
ICARS-IIId | 2.19 ± 1.49 | 1.77 ± 1.56 | 0.665 | 2.94 ± 1.03 | 1.65 ± 1.54 | 0.020* | 3.00 ± 1.15 | 1.89 ± 1.54 | 0.740 |
ICARS-IVd | 2.61 ± 1.45 | 1.98 ± 1.32 | 0.247 | 3.24 ± 1.35 | 1.95 ± 1.29 | 0.020* | 3.25 ± 1.89 | 2.19 ± 1.37 | 0.740 |
Total ICARS scored | 38.52 ± 15.25 | 27.56 ± 15.64 | 0.047* | 39.77 ± 13.00 | 29.88 ± 16.60 | 0.100 | 36.00 ± 17.57 | 31.93 ± 16.34 | 0.775 |
SARA scored | 13.39 ± 5.27 | 9.29 ± 5.48 | 0.047* | 14.32 ± 4.54 | 10.02 ± 5.71 | 0.033* | 12.50 ± 4.65 | 10.92 ± 5.80 | 0.775 |
MoCA scoree | 23.03 ± 4.56 | 23.98 ± 4.78 | 0.257 | 22.29 ± 4.93 | 23.97 ± 4.58 | 0.371 | 21.25 ± 2.99 | 23.71 ± 4.74 | 0.740 |
HDRS-24 scoreb | 9.36 ± 9.86 | 8.40 ± 8.28 | 0.665 | 7.47 ± 3.92 | 9.13 ± 9.93 | 0.804 | 13.75 ± 7.14 | 8.51 ± 8.97 | 0.740 |
HARS scoreb | 7.10 ± 7.52 | 6.63 ± 6.76 | 0.751 | 6.41 ± 4.06 | 6.95 ± 7.74 | 0.620 | 7.00 ± 4.97 | 6.81 ± 7.17 | 0.775 |
ESS scoreb | 5.29 ± 4.97 | 5.49 ± 4.50 | 0.751 | 5.41 ± 4.05 | 5.40 ± 4.88 | 0.923 | 3.00 ± 2.94 | 5.54 ± 4.73 | 0.775 |
PSQI scoreb | 6.84 ± 4.58 | 7.51 ± 4.40 | 0.665 | 6.94 ± 4.72 | 7.32 ± 4.42 | 0.827 | 7.50 ± 2.52 | 7.21 ± 4.56 | 0.840 |
CAG repeat lengthb | 65.65 ± 11.37 | 66.37 ± 11.12 | 0.691 | 65.29 ± 12.99 | 66.30 ± 10.66 | 0.987 | 48.50 ± 19.09 | 67.07 ± 9.84 | 0.740 |
Variable | Standardised regression coefficient | Standard error | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Disease duration | 0.328 | 0.089 | 0.001* |
HDRS-24 score | 0.215 | 0.062 | 0.030* |
CAG repeat length | 0.243 | 0.050 | 0.015* |
Number of abnormal eye movement | 0.310 | 0.409 | 0.002* |
MoCA score | −0.267 | 0.120 | 0.008* |