Skip to main content
Erschienen in:

07.02.2022 | Functional Neuroradiology

Abnormal static and dynamic functional connectivity of networks related to cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease

verfasst von: Jing Huang, Runtian Cheng, Xiaoshuang Liu, Li Chen, Tianyou Luo

Erschienen in: Neuroradiology | Ausgabe 6/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the specific features of static functional connectivity (SFC) and dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) of networks related to cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD).

Methods

In this retrospective study, resting-state functional MRI data and a series of cognitive scores were obtained from 38 patients with SIVD and 23 normal controls. Independent component analysis, sliding window method, k-means clustering analysis and graph theory method were used to examine FC between the default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), frontoparietal network (FPN), salience network (SN) and executive control network (ECN) in patients with SIVD. Then, correlations between abnormal FC features and cognition were assessed.

Results

Compared with normal controls, SFC within the DMN significantly increased and SFC between the DMN and DAN significantly decreased in patients with SIVD. The decreased DFC mainly occurred in weakly connected states, especially the DFC of the SN; but the increased DFC, global network efficiency and local network efficiency and the decreased mean dwell time (MDT) and frequency mainly occurred in strongly connected states in SIVD patients. Moreover, aberrant SFC, DFC and MDT were significantly correlated with patients’ cognitive scores.

Conclusion

The overall results are suggestive of abnormal functional segregation and integration of SFC and DFC among networks related to cognition, especially in the SN. This may advance our comprehensive understanding of the abnormal changes in brain network connectivity in patients with SIVD. Our findings also highlight DFC may be an effective neuroimaging marker for the clinical diagnosis of SIVD.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Román GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A, Pantoni L, Chui HC (2002) Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurol 1(7):426–436PubMedCrossRef Román GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A, Pantoni L, Chui HC (2002) Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurol 1(7):426–436PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Charlton RA, Morris RG, Nitkunan A, Markus HS (2006) The cognitive profiles of CADASIL and sporadic small vessel disease. Neurology 66(10):1523–1526PubMedCrossRef Charlton RA, Morris RG, Nitkunan A, Markus HS (2006) The cognitive profiles of CADASIL and sporadic small vessel disease. Neurology 66(10):1523–1526PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE et al (2014) Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28(3):206–218PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE et al (2014) Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28(3):206–218PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallin A, Roman GC, Esiri M, Kettunen P, Svensson J, Paraskevas GP et al (2018) Update on Vascular Cognitive Impairment Associated with Subcortical Small-Vessel Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 62(3):1417–1441PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wallin A, Roman GC, Esiri M, Kettunen P, Svensson J, Paraskevas GP et al (2018) Update on Vascular Cognitive Impairment Associated with Subcortical Small-Vessel Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 62(3):1417–1441PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ye Q, Bai F (2018) Contribution of diffusion, perfusion and functional MRI to the disconnection hypothesis in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke Vasc Neurol 3(3):131–139PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ye Q, Bai F (2018) Contribution of diffusion, perfusion and functional MRI to the disconnection hypothesis in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke Vasc Neurol 3(3):131–139PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM et al (2006) Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(37):13848–13853PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM et al (2006) Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(37):13848–13853PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wei Y, de Lange S, Scholtens L, Watanabe K, Ardesch D, Jansen P et al (2019) Genetic mapping and evolutionary analysis of human-expanded cognitive networks. Nat Commun 10(1):4839PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wei Y, de Lange S, Scholtens L, Watanabe K, Ardesch D, Jansen P et al (2019) Genetic mapping and evolutionary analysis of human-expanded cognitive networks. Nat Commun 10(1):4839PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulz M, Malherbe C, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Schlemm E (2021) Functional connectivity changes in cerebral small vessel disease - a systematic review of the resting-state MRI literature. BMC Med 19(1):103PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schulz M, Malherbe C, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Schlemm E (2021) Functional connectivity changes in cerebral small vessel disease - a systematic review of the resting-state MRI literature. BMC Med 19(1):103PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Agosta F, Pievani M, Geroldi C, Copetti M, Frisoni GB, Filippi M (2012) Resting state fMRI in Alzheimer’s disease: beyond the default mode network. Neurobiol Aging 33(8):1564–1578PubMedCrossRef Agosta F, Pievani M, Geroldi C, Copetti M, Frisoni GB, Filippi M (2012) Resting state fMRI in Alzheimer’s disease: beyond the default mode network. Neurobiol Aging 33(8):1564–1578PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dey AK, Stamenova V, Turner G, Black SE, Levine B (2016) Pathoconnectomics of cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 12(7):831–845PubMedCrossRef Dey AK, Stamenova V, Turner G, Black SE, Levine B (2016) Pathoconnectomics of cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 12(7):831–845PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ter Telgte A, van Leijsen EMC, Wiegertjes K, Klijn CJM, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE (2018) Cerebral small vessel disease: from a focal to a global perspective. Nat Rev Neurol 14(7):387–398PubMedCrossRef Ter Telgte A, van Leijsen EMC, Wiegertjes K, Klijn CJM, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE (2018) Cerebral small vessel disease: from a focal to a global perspective. Nat Rev Neurol 14(7):387–398PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu X, Liu F, Cui Z, Guo W (2020) Editorial dynamic functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders: methods and applications. Front Neurosci 14:332PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fu X, Liu F, Cui Z, Guo W (2020) Editorial dynamic functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders: methods and applications. Front Neurosci 14:332PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Christiaen E, Goossens MG, Descamps B, Larsen LE, Boon P, Raedt R et al (2020) Dynamic functional connectivity and graph theory metrics in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy reveal a preference for brain states with a lower functional connectivity, segregation and integration. Neurobiol Dis 139:104808PubMedCrossRef Christiaen E, Goossens MG, Descamps B, Larsen LE, Boon P, Raedt R et al (2020) Dynamic functional connectivity and graph theory metrics in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy reveal a preference for brain states with a lower functional connectivity, segregation and integration. Neurobiol Dis 139:104808PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, Wang C, Miao P, Liu J, Wei Y, Wu L et al (2020) An imbalance between functional segregation and integration in patients with pontine stroke: a dynamic functional network connectivity study. Neuroimage Clin 28:102507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang Y, Wang C, Miao P, Liu J, Wei Y, Wu L et al (2020) An imbalance between functional segregation and integration in patients with pontine stroke: a dynamic functional network connectivity study. Neuroimage Clin 28:102507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Espinoza FA, Liu J, Ciarochi J, Turner JA, Vergara VM, Caprihan A et al (2019) Dynamic functional network connectivity in Huntington’s disease and its associations with motor and cognitive measures. Hum Brain Mapp 40(6):1955–1968PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Espinoza FA, Liu J, Ciarochi J, Turner JA, Vergara VM, Caprihan A et al (2019) Dynamic functional network connectivity in Huntington’s disease and its associations with motor and cognitive measures. Hum Brain Mapp 40(6):1955–1968PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu Z, Caprihan A, Chen J, Du Y, Adair JC, Sui J et al (2019) Altered static and dynamic functional network connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical ischemic vascular disease: shared and specific brain connectivity abnormalities. Hum Brain Mapp 40(11):3203–3221PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fu Z, Caprihan A, Chen J, Du Y, Adair JC, Sui J et al (2019) Altered static and dynamic functional network connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical ischemic vascular disease: shared and specific brain connectivity abnormalities. Hum Brain Mapp 40(11):3203–3221PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Li K, Fu Z, Luo X, Zeng Q, Huang P, Zhang MM et al (2020) The influence of cerebral small vessel disease on static and dynamic functional network connectivity in subjects along Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Brain Connect 11:189–200CrossRef Li K, Fu Z, Luo X, Zeng Q, Huang P, Zhang MM et al (2020) The influence of cerebral small vessel disease on static and dynamic functional network connectivity in subjects along Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Brain Connect 11:189–200CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim J, Criaud M, Cho SS, Diez-Cirarda M, Mihaescu A, Coakeley S et al (2017) Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 140(11):2955–2967PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim J, Criaud M, Cho SS, Diez-Cirarda M, Mihaescu A, Coakeley S et al (2017) Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 140(11):2955–2967PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Calhoun V, Adali T, Pearlson G, Pekar J (2001) A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 14(3):140–151PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Calhoun V, Adali T, Pearlson G, Pekar J (2001) A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 14(3):140–151PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Himberg J, Hyvarinen A, Esposito F (2004) Validating the independent components of neuroimaging time series via clustering and visualization. Neuroimage 22(3):1214–1222PubMedCrossRef Himberg J, Hyvarinen A, Esposito F (2004) Validating the independent components of neuroimaging time series via clustering and visualization. Neuroimage 22(3):1214–1222PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Bugli C, Lambert P (2007) Comparison between principal component analysis and independent component analysis in electroencephalograms modelling. Biomet J Biomet Zeitschrift 49(2):312–327PubMedCrossRef Bugli C, Lambert P (2007) Comparison between principal component analysis and independent component analysis in electroencephalograms modelling. Biomet J Biomet Zeitschrift 49(2):312–327PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen EA, Erhardt EB, Damaraju E, Gruner W, Segall JM, Silva RF et al (2011) A baseline for the multivariate comparison of resting-state networks. Front Syst Neurosci 5:2PubMedPubMedCentral Allen EA, Erhardt EB, Damaraju E, Gruner W, Segall JM, Silva RF et al (2011) A baseline for the multivariate comparison of resting-state networks. Front Syst Neurosci 5:2PubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Damaraju E, Allen EA, Belger A, Ford JM, McEwen S, Mathalon DH et al (2014) Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals transient states of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 5:298–308PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Damaraju E, Allen EA, Belger A, Ford JM, McEwen S, Mathalon DH et al (2014) Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals transient states of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 5:298–308PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Schumacher J, Peraza LR, Firbank M, Thomas AJ, Kaiser M, Gallagher P et al (2019) Dynamic functional connectivity changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage Clin 22:101812PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schumacher J, Peraza LR, Firbank M, Thomas AJ, Kaiser M, Gallagher P et al (2019) Dynamic functional connectivity changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage Clin 22:101812PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Q, Kuang W, Huang X, He Y et al (2011) Disrupted brain connectivity networks in drug-naive, first-episode major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 70(4):334–342PubMedCrossRef Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Q, Kuang W, Huang X, He Y et al (2011) Disrupted brain connectivity networks in drug-naive, first-episode major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 70(4):334–342PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashmi JA, Loggia ML, Khan S, Gao L, Kim J, Napadow V et al (2017) Dexmedetomidine disrupts the local and global efficiencies of large-scale brain networks. Anesthesiology 126(3):419–430PubMedCrossRef Hashmi JA, Loggia ML, Khan S, Gao L, Kim J, Napadow V et al (2017) Dexmedetomidine disrupts the local and global efficiencies of large-scale brain networks. Anesthesiology 126(3):419–430PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu R, Wu W, Ye Q, Gu Y, Zou J, Chen X et al (2019) Distinctive and pervasive alterations of functional brain networks in cerebral small vessel disease with and without cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 47:55–67PubMedCrossRef Liu R, Wu W, Ye Q, Gu Y, Zou J, Chen X et al (2019) Distinctive and pervasive alterations of functional brain networks in cerebral small vessel disease with and without cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 47:55–67PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw EE, Schultz AP, Sperling RA, Hedden T (2015) Functional connectivity in multiple cortical networks is associated with performance across cognitive domains in older adults. Brain Connect 5(8):505–516PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shaw EE, Schultz AP, Sperling RA, Hedden T (2015) Functional connectivity in multiple cortical networks is associated with performance across cognitive domains in older adults. Brain Connect 5(8):505–516PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Spreng RN, Sepulcre J, Turner GR, Stevens WD, Schacter DL (2013) Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain. J Cogn Neurosci 25(1):74–86PubMedCrossRef Spreng RN, Sepulcre J, Turner GR, Stevens WD, Schacter DL (2013) Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain. J Cogn Neurosci 25(1):74–86PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen H, Li Y, Liu Q, Shi Q, Wang J, Shen H et al (2019) Abnormal interactions of the salience network, central executive network, and default-mode network in patients with different cognitive impairment loads caused by leukoaraiosis. Front Neur Circ 13:42PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen H, Li Y, Liu Q, Shi Q, Wang J, Shen H et al (2019) Abnormal interactions of the salience network, central executive network, and default-mode network in patients with different cognitive impairment loads caused by leukoaraiosis. Front Neur Circ 13:42PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang T, Chen K, Fleisher A et al (2014) Aberrant functional networks connectivity and structural atrophy in silent lacunar infarcts: relationship with cognitive impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 42(3):841–850PubMedCrossRef Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang T, Chen K, Fleisher A et al (2014) Aberrant functional networks connectivity and structural atrophy in silent lacunar infarcts: relationship with cognitive impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 42(3):841–850PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Yi L, Wang J, Jia L, Zhao Z, Lu J, Li K et al (2012) Structural and functional changes in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment: a combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One 7(9):e44758PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yi L, Wang J, Jia L, Zhao Z, Lu J, Li K et al (2012) Structural and functional changes in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment: a combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One 7(9):e44758PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu X, Chen L, Cheng R, Luo T, Lv F, Fang W et al (2019) Altered functional connectivity in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Res 1715:126–133PubMedCrossRef Liu X, Chen L, Cheng R, Luo T, Lv F, Fang W et al (2019) Altered functional connectivity in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Res 1715:126–133PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Rashid B, Damaraju E, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD (2014) Dynamic connectivity states estimated from resting fMRI Identify differences among Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy control subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 8:897PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rashid B, Damaraju E, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD (2014) Dynamic connectivity states estimated from resting fMRI Identify differences among Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy control subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 8:897PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen EA, Damaraju E, Plis SM, Erhardt EB, Eichele T, Calhoun VD (2014) Tracking whole-brain connectivity dynamics in the resting state. Cereb Cortex 24(3):663–676PubMedCrossRef Allen EA, Damaraju E, Plis SM, Erhardt EB, Eichele T, Calhoun VD (2014) Tracking whole-brain connectivity dynamics in the resting state. Cereb Cortex 24(3):663–676PubMedCrossRef
39.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Goulden N, Khusnulina A, Davis NJ, Bracewell RM, Bokde AL, McNulty JP et al (2014) The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM. Neuroimage 99:180–190PubMedCrossRef Goulden N, Khusnulina A, Davis NJ, Bracewell RM, Bokde AL, McNulty JP et al (2014) The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM. Neuroimage 99:180–190PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat He X, Qin W, Liu Y, Zhang X, Duan Y, Song J et al (2014) Abnormal salience network in normal aging and in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 35(7):3446–3464PubMedCrossRef He X, Qin W, Liu Y, Zhang X, Duan Y, Song J et al (2014) Abnormal salience network in normal aging and in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 35(7):3446–3464PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Barulli D, Stern Y (2013) Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve. Trends Cogn Sci 17(10):502–509PubMedCrossRef Barulli D, Stern Y (2013) Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve. Trends Cogn Sci 17(10):502–509PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Steffener J, Brickman AM, Rakitin BC, Gazes Y, Stern Y (2009) The impact of age-related changes on working memory functional activity. Brain Imaging Behav 3(2):142–153PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Steffener J, Brickman AM, Rakitin BC, Gazes Y, Stern Y (2009) The impact of age-related changes on working memory functional activity. Brain Imaging Behav 3(2):142–153PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutchison RM, Womelsdorf T, Allen EA, Bandettini PA, Calhoun VD, Corbetta M et al (2013) Dynamic functional connectivity: promise, issues, and interpretations. Neuroimage 80:360–378PubMedCrossRef Hutchison RM, Womelsdorf T, Allen EA, Bandettini PA, Calhoun VD, Corbetta M et al (2013) Dynamic functional connectivity: promise, issues, and interpretations. Neuroimage 80:360–378PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Abnormal static and dynamic functional connectivity of networks related to cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease
verfasst von
Jing Huang
Runtian Cheng
Xiaoshuang Liu
Li Chen
Tianyou Luo
Publikationsdatum
07.02.2022
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Neuroradiology / Ausgabe 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0028-3940
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-022-02895-z

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Neurologie (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Mit medbee Pocketcards schnell und sicher entscheiden.
Leitlinien-Wissen kostenlos und immer griffbereit auf ihrem Desktop, Handy oder Tablet.

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Ein pulverisierter Plastiklöffel im Gehirn

Das menschliche Gehirn besteht zu etwa 0,5% aus Nanoplastik – Tendenz weiter steigend. Nach Resultaten eine Autopsiestudie reichert sich Plastik im Gehirn 10- bis 30-fach stärker an als in anderen Organen – mit bislang noch völlig unklaren Folgen.

Schlaganfall durch wandernde A. carotis interna

Die Thrombolyse nützte nichts, vielmehr war eine Teilresektion des Zungenbeins nötig: Es hatte eine verlagerte Carotis interna komprimiert und so bei einem älteren Mann einen Schlaganfall ausgelöst. Per Bildgebung lässt sich eine solche Ursache manchmal nur schwer nachweisen.

Epileptischer Anfall nach Darmreinigung

Die Darmreinigung vor einer Koloskopie führte einen älteren Mann auf die Intensivstation: Seine Natriumwerte waren durch die Prozedur so gesunken, dass er Bewusstseinstrübungen und Krampfanfälle entwickelte.

Welche Faktoren das Demenzrisiko bei Vorhofflimmern beeinflussen

In einer Metaanalyse wurden elf Faktoren identifiziert, die bei Vorhofflimmern(VHF)-Patienten mit dem Risiko für eine kognitive Beeinträchtigung assoziiert sind. Im besten Fall eröffnet sich damit ein Weg für die Prävention.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.