Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine 4/2017

01.03.2017 | Original Article

Accumulation of Depressive Symptoms and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

verfasst von: Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, PhD, Kateryna Savelieva, MA, Kim Josefsson, PhD, Marko Elovainio, PhD, Laura Pulkki-Råback, PhD, Markus Juonala, MD, PhD, Olli T. Raitakari, MD, PhD, Mirka Hintsanen, PhD

Erschienen in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The association between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis has been inconsistent.

Purpose

We sought to replicate our previous study, which demonstrated a positive relation between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in men, using a newer measurement of carotid IMT and a cumulative loading of depressive symptoms over three follow-ups.

Methods

The sample comprised 996 adults (352 men) aged 30 to 45 years in 2007 from a prospective population-based Finnish sample. The participants completed a modified version of Beck Depression Inventory in 1992, 1997, and 2001. Carotid IMT was assessed with ultrasound in 2001 and 2007. Cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking) were measured in childhood (1980) and in adulthood (2007).

Results

We found no association between the accumulative depression index and carotid IMT before or after controlling for the traditional risk factors (all p values ≥0.67). Depressive symptoms did not predict IMT progression over two time points and the highest level of carotid wall thickening. Imputed and non-imputed data sets provided similar results. Results remained the same when men and women were analyzed separately. Additional analyses revealed no significant interactions between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index and systolic blood pressure) on carotid IMT (all p values >0.15).

Conclusions

The findings of this population-based study did not indicate any direct association between depressive symptoms and carotid IMT in asymptomatic, young adults.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression and cardiac risk: Present status and future directions. Heart. 2010; 96: 173–6.CrossRefPubMed Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression and cardiac risk: Present status and future directions. Heart. 2010; 96: 173–6.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: Psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999; 318: 1460–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: Psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999; 318: 1460–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan FM, Kulaksizoglu B, Cilingiroglu M. Depression and coronary heart disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2010;12: 105–9.CrossRefPubMed Khan FM, Kulaksizoglu B, Cilingiroglu M. Depression and coronary heart disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2010;12: 105–9.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 23: 51–61.CrossRefPubMed Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 23: 51–61.CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen BE, Edmondson D, Kronish IM. State of the art review: Depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens. 2015; 28: 1295–302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cohen BE, Edmondson D, Kronish IM. State of the art review: Depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens. 2015; 28: 1295–302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007; 115: 459–67.CrossRefPubMed Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007; 115: 459–67.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackinnon AD, Jerrard-Dunne P, Sitzer M, Buehler A, von Kegler S, Markus HS. Rates and determinants of site-specific progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness: The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2150–4.CrossRefPubMed Mackinnon AD, Jerrard-Dunne P, Sitzer M, Buehler A, von Kegler S, Markus HS. Rates and determinants of site-specific progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness: The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2150–4.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Faramawi MF, Gustat J, Wildman RP, Rice J, Johnson E, Sherwin R. Relation between depressive symptoms and common carotid artery atherosclerosis in American persons ≥65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1610–3.CrossRefPubMed Faramawi MF, Gustat J, Wildman RP, Rice J, Johnson E, Sherwin R. Relation between depressive symptoms and common carotid artery atherosclerosis in American persons ≥65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99: 1610–3.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiemeier H, van Dijck W, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Stijnen T, Breteler MMB. Relationship between atherosclerosis and late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61: 369–76.CrossRefPubMed Tiemeier H, van Dijck W, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Stijnen T, Breteler MMB. Relationship between atherosclerosis and late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61: 369–76.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Haas DC, Davidson KW, Schwartz DJ, Rieckmann N, Roman MJ, Pickering TG, et al. Depressive symptoms are independently predictive of carotid atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95: 547–50.CrossRefPubMed Haas DC, Davidson KW, Schwartz DJ, Rieckmann N, Roman MJ, Pickering TG, et al. Depressive symptoms are independently predictive of carotid atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95: 547–50.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamer M, Kivimäki M, Lahiri A, Marmot MG, Steptoe A. Persistent cognitive depressive symptoms are associated with coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 210: 209–13. Hamer M, Kivimäki M, Lahiri A, Marmot MG, Steptoe A. Persistent cognitive depressive symptoms are associated with coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 210: 209–13.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohira T, Diez Roux A V., Polak JF, Homma S, Iso H, Wasserman BA. Associations of anger, anxiety, and depressive symptoms with carotid arterial wall thickness. Psychosom Med. 2012; 74: 517–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ohira T, Diez Roux A V., Polak JF, Homma S, Iso H, Wasserman BA. Associations of anger, anxiety, and depressive symptoms with carotid arterial wall thickness. Psychosom Med. 2012; 74: 517–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Rice SC, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ, Najjar SS, Waldstein SR. Absence of relation between depressive symptoms and carotid intimal medial thickness in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 70–6.CrossRefPubMed Rice SC, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ, Najjar SS, Waldstein SR. Absence of relation between depressive symptoms and carotid intimal medial thickness in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 70–6.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Whipple MO, Lewis TT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA, Barinas-Mitchell E, Powell LH, et al. Hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and carotid atherosclerosis in women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart Study. Stroke. 2009; 40: 3166–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Whipple MO, Lewis TT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA, Barinas-Mitchell E, Powell LH, et al. Hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and carotid atherosclerosis in women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart Study. Stroke. 2009; 40: 3166–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Newson RS, Hek K, Luijendijk HJ, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Tiemeier H. Atherosclerosis and incident depression in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67: 1144–1150.CrossRefPubMed Newson RS, Hek K, Luijendijk HJ, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Tiemeier H. Atherosclerosis and incident depression in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67: 1144–1150.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Kirschner Y, Sinning C, Espinola-Klein C, Wild PS, et al. History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: Data from the Gutenberg Health Study. Psychol Med. 2014; 44: 919–25.CrossRefPubMed Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Kirschner Y, Sinning C, Espinola-Klein C, Wild PS, et al. History of depression but not current depression is associated with signs of atherosclerosis: Data from the Gutenberg Health Study. Psychol Med. 2014; 44: 919–25.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kivimäki M, Pulkki L, Puttonen S, Heponiemi T, et al. Depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: 561–7.CrossRefPubMed Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kivimäki M, Pulkki L, Puttonen S, Heponiemi T, et al. Depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: 561–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bus BAA, Marijnissen RM, Holewijn S, Franke B, Purandare N, de Graaf J, et al. Depressive symptom clusters are differentially associated with atherosclerotic disease. Psychol Med. 2011; 41: 1419–28.CrossRefPubMed Bus BAA, Marijnissen RM, Holewijn S, Franke B, Purandare N, de Graaf J, et al. Depressive symptom clusters are differentially associated with atherosclerotic disease. Psychol Med. 2011; 41: 1419–28.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Pizzi C, Costa GM, Santarella L, Flacco ME, Capasso L, Bert F, et al. Depression symptoms and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: A 5-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 233: 530–6.CrossRefPubMed Pizzi C, Costa GM, Santarella L, Flacco ME, Capasso L, Bert F, et al. Depression symptoms and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: A 5-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 233: 530–6.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Pizzi C, Manzoli L, Mancini S, Bedetti G, Fontana F, Costa GM. Autonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 212: 292–8.CrossRefPubMed Pizzi C, Manzoli L, Mancini S, Bedetti G, Fontana F, Costa GM. Autonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 212: 292–8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kabir AA, Srinivasan SR, Sultana A, Chen W, Wei CY, Berenson GS. Association between depression and intima-media thickness of carotid bulb in asymptomatic young adults. Am J Med. 2009; 122: 1151.e1–1151.e8.CrossRef Kabir AA, Srinivasan SR, Sultana A, Chen W, Wei CY, Berenson GS. Association between depression and intima-media thickness of carotid bulb in asymptomatic young adults. Am J Med. 2009; 122: 1151.e1–1151.e8.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones DJ, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA. Lifetime history of depression and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60: 153–60.CrossRefPubMed Jones DJ, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA. Lifetime history of depression and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60: 153–60.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Ronnemaa T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Rasanen L, Pietikainen M, et al. Cohort profile: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008; 37: 1220–6. Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Ronnemaa T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Rasanen L, Pietikainen M, et al. Cohort profile: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008; 37: 1220–6.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological corporation; 1987. Beck AT, Steer RA. Manual for the revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological corporation; 1987.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Katainen S. Temperament and Development: A Longitudinal Study of Temperament-Mothering Interaction and the Development of Temperament, Depressive Tendencies and Hostility [dissertation]. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 1999. Katainen S. Temperament and Development: A Longitudinal Study of Temperament-Mothering Interaction and the Development of Temperament, Depressive Tendencies and Hostility [dissertation]. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 1999.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenström T, Jokela M, Puttonen S, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Viikari JS, et al. Pairwise measures of causal direction in the epidemiology of sleep problems and depression. Gilestro GF, ed. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e50841. Rosenström T, Jokela M, Puttonen S, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Viikari JS, et al. Pairwise measures of causal direction in the epidemiology of sleep problems and depression. Gilestro GF, ed. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e50841.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenström T, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Hutri-Kähönen N, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Longitudinal course of depressive symptoms in adulthood: Linear stochastic differential equation modeling. Psychol Med. 2013; 43: 933–44.CrossRefPubMed Rosenström T, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, Pulkki-Råback L, Hutri-Kähönen N, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Longitudinal course of depressive symptoms in adulthood: Linear stochastic differential equation modeling. Psychol Med. 2013; 43: 933–44.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Mäki-Torkko N, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2277–83.CrossRefPubMed Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Mäki-Torkko N, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2277–83.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Koskinen J, Kahonen M, Viikari JSA, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Ronnemaa T, et al. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in predicting carotid intima-media thickness progression in young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2009; 120: 229–36.CrossRefPubMed Koskinen J, Kahonen M, Viikari JSA, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Ronnemaa T, et al. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in predicting carotid intima-media thickness progression in young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2009; 120: 229–36.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Flu W-J, van Kuijk J-P, Hoeks SE, Kuiper R, Schouten O, Goei D, et al. Intima media thickness of the common carotid artery in vascular surgery patients: A predictor of postoperative cardiovascular events. Am Heart J. 2009; 158: 202–8.CrossRefPubMed Flu W-J, van Kuijk J-P, Hoeks SE, Kuiper R, Schouten O, Goei D, et al. Intima media thickness of the common carotid artery in vascular surgery patients: A predictor of postoperative cardiovascular events. Am Heart J. 2009; 158: 202–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499–502.PubMed Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499–502.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Royston P, White IR. Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata. J Stat Softw. 2011; 45: 1–20.CrossRef Royston P, White IR. Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata. J Stat Softw. 2011; 45: 1–20.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee Y-H, Shin M-H, Choi J-S, Nam H-S, Jeong S-K, Park K-S, et al. Gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and carotid atherosclerosis among middle-aged and older Koreans: The Namwon Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2014; 29: 1507–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee Y-H, Shin M-H, Choi J-S, Nam H-S, Jeong S-K, Park K-S, et al. Gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and carotid atherosclerosis among middle-aged and older Koreans: The Namwon Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2014; 29: 1507–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis : The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1490–5.CrossRefPubMed Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis : The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1490–5.CrossRefPubMed
36.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS. The role of immune system parameters in the relationship between depression and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S37–41.CrossRefPubMed Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS. The role of immune system parameters in the relationship between depression and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S37–41.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Stetler C, Miller GE. Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom Med. 2011; 73: 114–26.CrossRefPubMed Stetler C, Miller GE. Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: A quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom Med. 2011; 73: 114–26.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Carney RM, Freedland KE, Veith RC. Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S29–33.CrossRefPubMed Carney RM, Freedland KE, Veith RC. Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S29–33.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruce EC, Musselman DL. Depression, alterations in platelet function, and ischemic heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S34–36.CrossRefPubMed Bruce EC, Musselman DL. Depression, alterations in platelet function, and ischemic heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: S34–36.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Villareal DT, Miller BVI, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 1317–23.PubMed Villareal DT, Miller BVI, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 1317–23.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Milaneschi Y, An Y, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. The trajectory of depressive symptoms across the adult life span. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70: 803–811.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Milaneschi Y, An Y, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. The trajectory of depressive symptoms across the adult life span. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70: 803–811.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart JC, Janicki DL, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kamarck TW. Negative emotions and 3-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007; 64: 225–33.CrossRefPubMed Stewart JC, Janicki DL, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kamarck TW. Negative emotions and 3-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007; 64: 225–33.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Increased common carotid intima-media thickness: Adaptive response or a reflection of aherosclerosis? Findings from the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 1997; 28: 2442–7.CrossRefPubMed Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Increased common carotid intima-media thickness: Adaptive response or a reflection of aherosclerosis? Findings from the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 1997; 28: 2442–7.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC, O’Leary DH, Bild DE, Bluemke DA, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 1333–1339.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC, O’Leary DH, Bild DE, Bluemke DA, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 1333–1339.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Accumulation of Depressive Symptoms and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
verfasst von
Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, PhD
Kateryna Savelieva, MA
Kim Josefsson, PhD
Marko Elovainio, PhD
Laura Pulkki-Råback, PhD
Markus Juonala, MD, PhD
Olli T. Raitakari, MD, PhD
Mirka Hintsanen, PhD
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Annals of Behavioral Medicine / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0883-6612
Elektronische ISSN: 1532-4796
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-017-9884-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Annals of Behavioral Medicine 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe