Introduction
Hardware considerations
Static magnetic field strength
Radiofrequency coils
Pre-scan adjustments
B1 calibration for X-nuclei
Pulse power incrementation
Scaling B1 for different nuclei
Repeated excitation with small flip angle
Magnetization inversion
Bloch–Siegert shift
Signal reduction
Pulse sequence components
Spectral encoding
Free induction decay (FID)
Multi-echo model-free
Multi-echo sparse
Chemical shift offset separation
Frequency selective excitation
Spectral-spatial (SPSP) excitation
Spatiotemporal encoding
Spatial encoding
Hardware-sensitivity localized
Slice selective excitation
Voxel-selective excitation
Phase encoding
Frequency-encoded readout
Multi-gradient echo
Symmetric
Flyback
Cartesian k-space trajectory
Centric encoding
Spiral k-space trajectory
Radial trajectory
Concentric rings trajectory
Under-sampling
Parallel imaging
Partial Fourier
Spatiotemporal encoding
Excitation scheme and contrast
Variable flip angle
Spin echo
Adiabatic refocusing
Free precession
Stimulated echo
Saturation and inversion
Polarization transfer
Diffusion
Flow
Static/single or dynamic/multiple excitations
Spoiling
Decoupling
Pulse sequences
Non-imaging spectroscopic methods
Non-localized spectroscopy
Localization by coil sensitivity
Slice-selective excitation
Voxel-selective (echo) spectroscopy
Multi-dimensional and exchange spectroscopy
Diffusion spectroscopy
Free induction decay chemical shift imaging (FID-CSI)
Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI)
Spiral readout methods
Balanced steady-state free precession
Spectral-spatial excitation
Strategy | Additional specifics of acquisition strategy | HP-probe | Application | Species |
---|---|---|---|---|
FIDCSI | 3-Dimensional [373] Compressed Sensing [374] ECG-gated and respiratory-gated [241] Parallel imaging [83] Variable flip angle [375] | [1-13C]pyruvate | Tumor Brain Heart Inflammation Kidney Lung Obesity T2-mapping | R [375] R [381] M [382] R [383] |
[1-13C]acetoacetate | Redox | R [25] | ||
[1-13C]bicarbonate | pH | M [5] | ||
[1-13C]dehydroascorbate | Redox | M, R [373] | ||
[1-13C, U-2H]ethanol | Liver | M [370] | ||
[1-13C]ethyl pyruvate | Brain | R [368] | ||
[1,3‐13C2]ethyl acetoacetate | Tumor | R [354] | ||
[1,4-13C2]fumarate | Necrosis | |||
[U-13C, U-2H]glucose | Tumor | M [353] | ||
[1-13C]α-ketobutyrate | Heart, kidney | R [363] | ||
[1‐13C]2-ketoisocaproate | Tumor | M [357] | ||
[2-13C]pyruvate | Brain | R [367] | ||
[1,2-13C]pyruvate | Heart, kidney | R [363] | ||
[1,5-13C2]zymonic acid | pH | R [50] | ||
SPCSI | 3-Dimensional [361] Bipolar flow-sensitive gradients [384] ECG-gated and respiratory-gated [385] Compressed Sensing [372] Multi-echo [344] Multi-slice [125] | [1-13C]pyruvate | Tumor Brain Heart Kidney Liver Pregnancy | R [125] P [386] R [344], R [388] R [389] |
[1-13C]acetate | Kidney | R [366] | ||
[1-13C]acetoacetate | Heart | R [372] | ||
[2-13C]dihydroxyacetone | Liver | R [372] | ||
[1-13C]ethyl pyruvate | Brain | P [242] | ||
[1,4-13C2]fumarate | Necrosis Kidney | R [359] R [360] | ||
[1-13C]ketoisocaproate | Brain | R [369] | ||
[1-13C]lactate | Heart | R [361] | ||
[13C]urea | Perfusion | R [350] | ||
[13C,15N2]urea | Perfusion | R [359] | ||
EPSI | 3-Dimensional [390] Absorptive mode [49] Bipolar flow-sensitive gradients [391] Double spin echo [128] Flyback readout [128] Parallel imaging [84] WALTZ16-decoupling [228] Variable flip angle [82] | [1-13C]pyruvate | Tumor Brain Kidney Liver | M [49] R [128] R [128] |
[1-13C]bicarbonate | pH | M [394] | ||
[1-13C]dehydroascorbate | Kidney | M [392] | ||
[2-13C]fructose | Tumor | M [355] | ||
[1-13C]lactate | Kidney, liver | R [371] | ||
[13C]urea | Perfusion | M [346] | ||
SSFP | 3-Dimensional [365] Bolus tracking [348] Compressed sensing [307] Multi-slice [346] Spectral suppression [290] Variable flip angle [290] | [1-13C]pyruvate | Tumor Heart Kidney | M [307] P [298] P [292] |
[1-13C, U–H2]tert-butanol | Perfusion | |||
HP001 | Perfusion | |||
[1-13C]lactate | T2-mapping | M [307] | ||
[2-13C]pyruvate | T2-mapping | M [307] | ||
[13C]urea | Angiography Kidney Perfusion T2-mapping | R [396] M [297] R [107] | ||
[13C,15N2]urea | Kidney Perfusion T2-mapping | P [349] R [107] | ||
SPSP | 3-Dimensional [139] B1-mapping [73] Bolus-tracking [397] Compressed sensing [235] Double spin echo [140] ECG-gated [70] FID-CSI [398] Unpaired adiabatic pulses [199] INEPT [216] Multi-band radial frequency encoding [399] Multi-echo-SPARSE SPCSI [362] Mult-islice [70] Parallel imaging [86] Saturation recovery [66] Selective non-excitation of pyruvate [400] Multi-echo SPCSI [72] Steady state free precession [291] Flyback echo planar spectroscopic imaging [140] Symmetric echo planar imaging [95] Variable flip angle [140] | [1-13C]pyruvate | Tumor Brain Diffusion Heart Obesity | M [269] R [403] |
[1-13C]acetate | Heart | R [362] | ||
[1-13C]bicarbonate | pH | R [404] | ||
[2-13C]dihydroxyacetone | Kidney, liver | R [301] | ||
[1-13C]glycerolcarbonate | pH | M [398] | ||
[1-13C]α-ketoglutarate | Tumor | R [356] | ||
HP001 | Perfusion | M [347] | ||
[2-13C]pyruvate | Liver T2-mapping | R [405] | ||
[13C]urea | Angiography | M [288] | ||
[13C,15N2]urea |