Background
Methods
Recruitment and eligibility
Study procedures
Exposures
Outcome variables
Analyses
Levels | Predictor labels | Predictors |
---|---|---|
Individual actor and individual partner (i) | X_actor, X_partner | Age, race/ethnicity, education, sexual orientation, serostatus, unprotected anal intercourse with a man other than main partner in past 3 months, agreements about sex outside the relationship |
Dyad (j) | Z | Duration of relationship with main partner (average); unprotected anal intercourse in last year with main partner; dyadic differences in age, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and agreements about sex outside the relationship |
1. Individual level model: g‒ 1(mij) = η
ij
= β
0j
+ β
1j
(X _ actor)
ij
+ β
2j
(X _ partner)
ij
| ||
Individual level residual term is omitted because its variance is assumed fixed | ||
η
ij
is the log odds of the outcome | ||
β
0j
is the within-dyad intercept in dyad j | ||
β
1j
is the slope of ηij on xij in dyad j | ||
2. Dyad level model: β
0j
= γ
00
+ γ
01
(Z)
j
+ u
oj, β
1j
= γ
10
, β
2j
= γ
20
| ||
Dyad level slopes are fixed | ||
u
0j
, the random intercept, is the only random effect | ||
γ
00
is the average intercept across dyads | ||
3. Final model: η
ij
= γ
00
+ γ
01
(Z)
j
+ γ
10
(X _ actor)
ij
+ γ
20
(X _ partner)
ij
+ u
oj,
| ||
This model contains one random intercept (no random slopes, no interaction terms) |
Results
Individual-level factors independently associated with IPV and coercion
Total (N = 190) | No experienced IPV (N = 176) | Experienced IPV (N = 14) | p-value* | No experienced coercion (N = 178) | Experienced coercion (N = 12) | p-value* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | col% | N | row% | N | row% | N | row% | N | row% | |||
Age, median, IQR (years)
| 30.0 | 14.0 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 33.5 | 12.0 | 0.01 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 28.0 | 15.0 | 0.406 |
Race/ethnicity
| 0.20 | 0.07 | ||||||||||
Black/African American | 137 | 74% | 129 | 94% | 8 | 6% | 126 | 92% | 11 | 8% | ||
Other | 49 | 26% | 43 | 88% | 6 | 12% | 49 | 100% | 0 | 0% | ||
Education
| 0.004 | 0.48 | ||||||||||
Some education post-high school | 98 | 52% | 96 | 98% | 2 | 2% | 93 | 95% | 5 | 5% | ||
High school, GED, or less | 92 | 48% | 80 | 87% | 12 | 13% | 85 | 92% | 7 | 8% | ||
Sexual orientation
| 1.00 | 0.36 | ||||||||||
Homosexual/gay | 116 | 63% | 108 | 93% | 8 | 7% | 110 | 95% | 6 | 5% | ||
Bisexual/other | 68 | 37% | 63 | 93% | 5 | 7% | 62 | 91% | 6 | 9% | ||
Serostatus
| 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
HIV positive | 20 | 11% | 19 | 95% | 1 | 5% | 19 | 95% | 1 | 5% | ||
HIV negative | 170 | 89% | 157 | 92% | 13 | 8% | 159 | 94% | 11 | 6% | ||
UAI with an outside (and concurrent with main) partner in past 3 months
| 1.00 | 0.46 | ||||||||||
Yes | 38 | 21% | 36 | 95% | 2 | 5% | 37 | 97% | 1 | 3% | ||
No | 145 | 79% | 135 | 93% | 10 | 7% | 135 | 93% | 10 | 7% | ||
Agreements about sex outside the relationship
| 0.12 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
Monogamy | 105 | 56% | 100 | 95% | 5 | 5% | 97 | 92% | 8 | 8% | ||
Other (Outside sex, no agreement) | 84 | 44% | 75 | 89% | 9 | 11% | 80 | 95% | 4 | 5% |
Dyad-level factors independently associated with IPV and coercion
Total (N = 95) | No experienced IPV (N = 81) | Experienced IPV (N = 14) | p-value* | No experienced coercion (N = 84) | Experienced coercion (N = 11) | p-value* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | col% | N | row% | N | row% | N | row% | N | row% | |||
Duration of relationship with main partner, median, IQR (months) (average reported by both partners)
| 14.0 | 17.3 | 13.4 | 16.0 | 22.1 | 21.7 | 0.08 | 13.9 | 17.0 | 14.4 | 24.5 | 0.35 |
UAI with main partner in past year (reported by either partner)
| 0.53 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
Yes | 58 | 65% | 48 | 83% | 10 | 17% | 52 | 90% | 6 | 10% | ||
No | 31 | 35% | 28 | 90% | 3 | 10% | 27 | 87% | 4 | 13% | ||
Difference in age, median, IQR (years)
| 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 0.97 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.02 |
Difference in education
| 0.34 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Report same | 69 | 73% | 57 | 83% | 12 | 17% | 61 | 88% | 8 | 12% | ||
Report different | 26 | 27% | 24 | 92% | 2 | 8% | 23 | 88% | 3 | 12% | ||
Difference in race
| 1.00 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
Report same (both black, white, other) | 76 | 84% | 64 | 84% | 12 | 16% | 68 | 89% | 8 | 11% | ||
Report different | 15 | 16% | 13 | 87% | 2 | 13% | 13 | 87% | 2 | 13% | ||
Difference in orientation
| 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Report same | 56 | 63% | 50 | 89% | 6 | 11% | 49 | 88% | 7 | 13% | ||
Report different | 33 | 37% | 27 | 82% | 6 | 18% | 29 | 88% | 4 | 12% | ||
Difference in agreements
| 0.80 | 0.46 | ||||||||||
Report same | 50 | 53% | 43 | 86% | 7 | 14% | 43 | 86% | 7 | 14% | ||
Report different | 44 | 47% | 37 | 84% | 7 | 16% | 40 | 91% | 4 | 9% |
Actor-partner and dyad-level factors associated with IPV
Crude OR | (90% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR | (90% CI) | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACTOR VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Age, per year increase
| 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 0.09 | ||||
Race/ethnicity
| ||||||||
Black/African American | ref | |||||||
Other | 2.25 | 0.88 | 5.77 | 0.16 | 4.25 | 1.49 | 12.12 | 0.024 |
Education
| ||||||||
Some education post-high school | ref | |||||||
High school, GED, or less | 7.20 | 1.98 | 26.18 | 0.013 | 5.01 | 1.23 | 20.45 | 0.06 |
Sexual orientation
| ||||||||
Homosexual/gay | ref | |||||||
Bisexual/other | 1.07 | 0.40 | 2.86 | 0.91 | ||||
Serostatus
| ||||||||
HIV positive | ref | |||||||
HIV negative | 1.57 | 0.27 | 9.21 | 0.67 | ||||
UAI with a man other than (and concurrent with) main partner in past 3 months
| ||||||||
Yes | ref | |||||||
No | 1.33 | 0.36 | 5.00 | 0.72 | ||||
Agreements about sex outside the relationship
| ||||||||
Monogamy | ref | |||||||
Other (Outside sex, no agreements) | 2.40 | 0.92 | 6.26 | 0.13 | ||||
PARTNER VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Age, per year increase
| 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 0.05 | ||||
Race/ethnicity
| ||||||||
Black/African American | ref | |||||||
Other | 1.13 | 0.41 | 3.14 | 0.85 | ||||
Education
| ||||||||
Some education post-high school | ref | |||||||
High school, GED, or less | 7.20 | 1.98 | 26.18 | 0.01 | 5.14 | 1.26 | 20.92 | 0.056 |
Sexual orientation
| ||||||||
Homosexual/gay | ref | |||||||
Bisexual/other | 1.51 | 0.58 | 3.93 | 0.48 | ||||
Serostatus
| ||||||||
HIV positive | ref | |||||||
HIV negative | 1.57 | 0.27 | 9.21 | 0.67 | ||||
UAI with a man other than (and concurrent with) main partner in past 3 months
| ||||||||
Yes | 1.78 | 0.62 | 5.06 | 0.36 | ||||
No | ref | |||||||
Agreements about sex outside the relationship
| ||||||||
Monogamy | ref | |||||||
Other (Outside sex, no agreements) | 1.74 | 0.68 | 4.40 | 0.33 | ||||
DYAD-LEVEL VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Duration of relationship with main partner (average reported by both partners, per year increase)
| 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.15 | ||||
UAI with main partner in past year (reported by either partner)
| ||||||||
Yes | 1.86 | 0.60 | 5.71 | 0.36 | ||||
No | ref | |||||||
Difference in age (per year decrease)
| 1.02 | 0.93 | 1.13 | 0.69 | ||||
Difference in education
| ||||||||
Report same | 2.36 | 0.65 | 8.70 | 0.28 | ||||
Report different | ref | |||||||
Difference in race
| ||||||||
Report same (both black, white, other) | 1.20 | 0.32 | 4.46 | 0.82 | ||||
Report different | ref | |||||||
Difference in orientation
| ||||||||
Report same | ref | |||||||
Report different | 1.77 | 0.65 | 4.78 | 0.35 | ||||
Difference in agreements
| ||||||||
Report same | ref | |||||||
Report different | 1.15 | 0.46 | 2.89 | 0.80 |
Actor-partner and dyad-level factors associated with coercion
Crude OR | (90% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR | (90% CI) | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACTOR VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Age, per year decrease
| 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 0.21 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.098 |
Race/ethnicity
| ||||||||
Black/African American | n/a | |||||||
Other | ||||||||
Education
| ||||||||
Some education post-high school | ref | |||||||
High school, GED, or less | 1.53 | 0.56 | 4.18 | 0.48 | ||||
Sexual orientation
| ||||||||
Homosexual/gay | ref | |||||||
Bisexual/other | 1.77 | 0.66 | 4.79 | 0.34 | ||||
Serostatus
| ||||||||
HIV positive | ref | |||||||
HIV negative | 1.31 | 0.22 | 7.78 | 0.80 | ||||
UAI with a man other than (and concurrent with) main partner in past 3 months
| ||||||||
Yes | 2.74 | 0.47 | 16.05 | 0.35 | ||||
No | ref | |||||||
Agreements about sex outside the relationship
| ||||||||
Monogamy | 1.65 | 0.58 | 4.70 | 0.43 | ||||
Other (Outside sex, no agreements) | ref | |||||||
PARTNER VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Age, per year decrease
| 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.57 | ||||
Race/ethnicity
| ||||||||
Black/African American | 1.85 | 0.50 | 6.90 | 0.44 | ||||
Other | ref | |||||||
Education
| ||||||||
Some education post-high school | ref | |||||||
High school, GED, or less | 2.24 | 0.79 | 6.37 | 0.21 | 3.04 | 1.03 | 9.00 | 0.092 |
Sexual orientation
| ||||||||
Homosexual/gay | ref | |||||||
Bisexual/other | 1.77 | 0.66 | 4.79 | 0.34 | ||||
Serostatus
| ||||||||
HIV positive | 1.78 | 0.46 | 6.86 | 0.48 | ||||
HIV negative | ref | |||||||
UAI with a man other than (and concurrent with) main partner in past 3 months
| ||||||||
Yes | 1.19 | 0.31 | 4.52 | 0.83 | ||||
No | ref | |||||||
Agreements about sex outside the relationship
| ||||||||
Monogamy | 1.13 | 0.41 | 3.08 | 0.84 | ||||
Other (Outside sex, no agreements) | ref | |||||||
DYAD-LEVEL VARIABLES
| ||||||||
Duration of relationship with main partner (average reported by both partners, per year increase)
| 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.46 | ||||
UAI with main partner in past year (reported by either partner)
| ||||||||
Yes | ref | |||||||
No | 1.61 | 0.57 | 4.56 | 0.45 | ||||
Difference in age (per year increase)
| 1.01 | 0.92 | 1.11 | 0.87 | ||||
Difference in education
| ||||||||
Report same | 1.13 | 0.36 | 3.56 | 0.86 | ||||
Report different | ref | |||||||
Difference in race
| ||||||||
Report same (both black, white, other) | ref | |||||||
Report different | 1.14 | 0.30 | 4.34 | 0.88 | ||||
Difference in orientation
| ||||||||
Report same | 1.19 | 0.42 | 3.41 | 0.78 | ||||
Report different | ref | |||||||
Difference in agreements
| ||||||||
Report same | 1.25 | 0.46 | 3.41 | 0.71 | ||||
Report different | ref |