Introduction
Case presentation
Laboratory parameters | One day before admission | Day 1 (January 30th. On admission) | Day 2 (diagnosis of SLE and MAS. Start of MPT) | Day 3 (detection of pancreatitis) | Day 5 | Day 7 | Day 15 | Day 34 | Normal range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (× 109/L) | 2.29 | 1.4 | – | – | 8.71 | 7.82 | 11.73 | 7.93 | 4–10 |
Neutrophils (× 109/L) | 1.53 | 0.74 | – | – | 7.69 | 6.59 | 10.51 | 6.24 | 2–7.5 |
Lymphocytes (× 109/L) | 0.57 | 0.46 | – | – | 0.6 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 1.16 | 0.8–4 |
Platelets (× 109/L) | 78 | 56 | – | – | 63 | 56 | 114 | 374 | 100–300 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 96 | 90 | – | – | 97 | 71 | 80 | 98 | 110–140 |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | – | 1.38 | – | – | 1.32 | 1.6 | 1.7 | – | 2–4 |
Serum albumin (g/L) | – | 27.6 | – | – | 27 | 29.8 | 26.8 | 39.1 | 38–54 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | – | 2.57 | – | – | 2.5 | 2.87 | 2.3 | 2.33 | 0–1.7 |
ALT (U/L) | – | 374 | – | – | 185.7 | 135.9 | 89.4 | 53.7 | 5–35 |
AST (U/L) | – | 995.8 | – | – | 620.3 | 521.1 | 259.5 | 54.3 | 10–67 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | – | 42.5 | – | – | 73.56 | 108.98 | 78 | 18.87 | 3.4–17.1 |
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | – | 33.2 | – | – | 60.32 | 87.36 | 62.62 | 12.52 | 0–10 |
serum creatinine (μmol/L) | – | 54.9 | – | – | 57.7 | 52.7 | 34.7 | 37.8 | 5–84 |
Amylase (U/L) | – | – | – | 438.5 | – | 433.3 | 99 | 184 | 0–100 |
Lipase (U/L) | – | 45.3 | – | 1113.1 | – | 814.9 | 145 | 72.2 | 13.0–63.0 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1364 | 2115 | – | – | 1852 | 1605 | 687 | 583 | 11.00–336.20 |
Proteinuria | – | 50 mg/dL (+) | – | – | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Hematuria (/µL) | – | 52 | – | – | 314 | 268 | 61 | 28 | 0–22 |
24 h urine protein (mg) | – | 627 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2–119 |
ANA | – | 1:1000 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Negative |
Anti-dsDNA antibody | – | 1:320 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Negative |
Soluble CD25 (pg/mL) | – | 21127 | – | – | – | – | – | – | < 6400 |
NK cell activity | – | 12.79% | – | – | – | – | – | – | > 15.11% |
IgA (g/L) | – | 2.46 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.62 | 0.63–1.79 |
IgG (g/L) | – | 14.46 | – | – | – | – | – | 11.54 | 6.36–10.04 |
IgM (g/L) | – | 1.01 | – | – | – | – | – | 1.51 | 0.29–1.41 |
C3 (g/L) | – | 0.16 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.75 | 0.79–1.52 |
C4 (g/L) | – | 0.05 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.14 | 0.16–0.38 |
Search strategy
Literature review
Year, author | Country | No. of cases | Age (years)/gender | Time interval between SLE diagnosis and detection of pancreatitis | MAS | Treatment after the first episode of pancreatitis | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988, Rupprecht et al.(abstract in English) [4] | Germany | 1 | 17, F | 6 years before SLE | NA | NA | Improved |
1991, Montes de Oca et al. [5] | France | 1 | 14.3, M | NA | NA | NA | Death |
1992, Garcia-Consuegra et al. [6] | Spain | 1 | 15, F | 9 months after SLE | Yes | Prednisone 100 mg/day | Improved, pancreatic pseudocyst |
1994, Huang et al. [7] | China | 1 | 13, F | Simultaneous | No | Oral prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day | Improved |
1995, Kolk et al. [8] | Germany | 1 | 16, F | 3 years after SLE | NA | NA | Death |
2002, Al-Mayouf et al. [9] | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 13, F | 9 years after SLE | No | Intravenous MP, then changed to prednisone 1 mg/kg/day | Improved, pancreatic pseudocyst |
2002, Ramanan et al. [10] | United Kingdom | 1 | 14, F | 1 month after SLE (after MP pulse therapy) | Yes | MP pulse therapy, hemodialysis, plasmapheresis | Death |
2003, Penalva et al. [11] | Spain | 1 | 14, F | 5 years after SLE | No | Prednisone, splenopancreatectomy | Improved, small pseudocysts |
2003, Fan et al. [12] | China | 1 | 12, F | 1 year after SLE | No | Intravenous MP 45 mg/day | Improved |
2005, Cosentini et al. [13] | Italy | 1 | 16, NA | NA | NA | NA | Death |
2006, Perrin et al. [14] | France | 1 | 13, F | Simultaneous | No | MP pulse therapy, then prednisone 1.5 mg/kg/day | Improved |
2007, Richer et al. [1] | France | 12 | NA | 8 patients with pancreatitis at the onset of SLE, 4 patient after the diagnosis of SLE | One patient had MAS | Starting GC or increasing the dosage of GC | Improved |
2009, Rose et al. [15] | India | 1 | 14, F | Simultaneous | NA | MP pulse therapy | Improved, stabilized in 8 months, then died (no detailed information) |
2010, Tominaga et al. [16] | Japan | 1 | 12, F | Within 1 month after SLE | Yes | Plasmapheresis, MP pulse therapy, CTX pulse therapy | Improved |
2010, Campos et al. [3] | Brazil | 11 | 11.5 (8.8–17.9), 10 F, 1 M | 0 (5 months before–57 months after) months, 4 patients had pancreatitis at the onset of SLE | 10 patients had MAS | Intravenous methylprednisolone/IVIG/MMF/intravenous cyclophosphamide | 4 patients died, 2 patients had diabetes mellitus after AP |
2011, Al-Musawi et al. [17] | Kingdom of Bahrain | 1 | 12, M | 5 months before SLE, and several pancreatitis attacks occurred in subsequent years | No | Oral GC + CTX pulse therapy + hydroxychloroquine, intermittent MP pulse therapy, rituximab | Improved |
2012, Yang et al. [2] | China | 5 | 14 (14–16), gender information not available | 2 (1–3) years after SLE | NA | GC | 4 patients died |
2013, Limwattana et al. [18] | Thailand | 2 | 9 (7–11), F | 2 days after prednisone was given 2 mg/kg/day for the treatment of SLE/3 days after prednisone was given 2 mg/kg/day for the treatment of SLE. | NA | MP pulse therapy/continue oral prednisone | Improved |
2016, Gormezano et al. [19] | Brazil | 12 patients with 13 episodes | 13.57 ± 0.75, 11 F, 1 M | 8 (5–88) months after SLE | there were 13 episodes,11 episodes with MAS | Intravenous MP, intravenous immunoglobulin, CTX | 4 patients died, 2 patients had diabetes mellitus after AP |
2016, Marques et al. [20] | Brazil | 22 | 15 (9–20), 20 F, 2 M | 0.6 (0–10) years,6 patients had pancreatitis at the onset of SLE | 8 patients had MAS | GC/antimalarials/immunosuppressive agents/IVIG | 7 patients died |
2016, Basturk et al. [21] | Turkey | 1 | 3, F | Pancreatitis occurs before MP treatment after the diagnosis of SLE | Yes | Intravenous MP 2 mg/kg/day + azathioprine | Improved |
2017, Marija et al. [22] | Serbia | 1 | 14, F | Simultaneous | Yes | Intravenous MP 2 mg/kg/day + IVIG | Death |
2017, Manjusha et al. [23] | India | 1 | 17, F | 2 years after SLE | NA | MP 100 mg twice a day | Death |
2018, Parasher et al. [24] | India | 1 | 12, F | Simultaneous | Yes | MP pulse therapy 30 mg/kg/day and then oral GC | Improved |
2018, Jiang et al. [25] | China | 1 | 11, F | Simultaneous | NA | MP pulse therapy 10 mg/kg/day and then oral GC | Improved |
2018, Qadiry et al. [26] | Morocco | 2 | Both 14, F | Simultaneous | NA | GC + CTX | Both of them died |
2018, Loulouga et al. [27] | Morocco | 1 | 14, F | 11 months after SLE | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine + prednisone 15 mg/day | Death |
2018, Aanchal et al. [28] | China | 1 | 11, F | 1 day after prednisone was given when SLE was diagnosed | NA | Intravenous MP therapy, CRRT | Improved |