Introduction
Patients and methods
Study design
Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) bleeding classification
Calculation of kidney function and definition of CKD
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics
Number (%)/mean (SD) | TIMI bleeding (n = 53) | No TIMI bleeding (n = 2766) |
p value | IHB(−)/CKD(−) (n = 1,846) | IHB(+)/CKD(−) (n = 24) | IHB(−)/CKD(+) (n = 920) | IHB(+)/CKD(+) (n = 29) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (male) | 38 (71.70 %) | 2192 (79.25 %) | 0.181 | 1530 (82.88 %) | 21 (87.50 %) | 662 (71.96 %) | 17 (58.62 %) | <0.01 |
Age (year) | 68.29 ± 13.83 | 62.77 ± 13.51 | <0.01 | 59.45 ± 13.03 | 63.30 ± 15.69 | 69.43 ± 11.93 | 72.42 ± 10.69 | <0.01 |
Killip | ||||||||
Class 1 | 12 (26.67 %) | 1394 (62.20 %) | <0.01 | 1053 (69.23 %) | 6 (31.58 %) | 341 (47.36 %) | 6 (23.08 %) | <0.01 |
Class 2 | 8 (17.78 %) | 394 (17.58 %) | 262 (17.23 %) | 5 (26.32 %) | 132 (18.33 %) | 3 (11.54 %) | ||
Class 3 | 7 (15.56 %) | 238 (10.62 %) | 111 (7.30 %) | 2 (10.53 %) | 127 (17.64 %) | 5 (19.23 %) | ||
Class 4 | 18 (40.00 %) | 215 (9.59 %) | 95 (6.25 %) | 6 (31.58 %) | 120 (16.67 %) | 12 (46.15 %) | ||
Blood pressure | ||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 126.39 ± 35.66 | 139.57 ± 32.63 | <0.01 | 139.64 ± 30.47 | 126.38 ± 32.98 | 139.44 ± 36.63 | 126.41 ± 38.51 | 0.043 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.06 ± 21.67 | 82.10 ± 20.82 | 0.040 | 83.63 ± 19.73 | 73.08 ± 16.82 | 79.04 ± 22.55 | 78.70 ± 25.25 | <0.01 |
Heart rate (beat/min) | 85.33 ± 30.80 | 82.03 ± 22.13 | 0.292 | 79.79 ± 19.66 | 84.29 ± 29.36 | 86.54 ± 25.84 | 86.21 ± 32.50 | <0.01 |
Height (cm) | 162.13 ± 7.93 | 164.03 ± 7.87 | 0.082 | 164.60 ± 7.67 | 164.67 ± 6.08 | 162.90 ± 8.15 | 160.03 ± 8.73 | <0.01 |
Weight (kg) | 63.98 ± 12.60 | 68.70 ± 12.81 | <0.01 | 69.92 ± 12.81 | 66.27 ± 13.16 | 66.26 ± 12.47 | 62.09 ± 12.01 | <0.01 |
Waist circumference | 86.47 ± 11.61 | 90.53 ± 9.51 | 0.084 | 90.68 ± 9.23 | 83.67 ± 13.41 | 90.19 ± 10.13 | 88.00 ± 10.88 | 0.241 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.73 ± 1.43 | 1.64 ± 1.82 | 0.730 | 0.96 ± 0.19 | 1.07 ± 0.16 | 3.01 ± 2.65 | 2.27 ± 1.76 | <0.01 |
MDRD eGFR | 56.05 ± 23.92 | 73.62 ± 50.90 | 0.012 | 92.30 ± 51.68 | 77.66 ± 11.75 | 36.14 ± 18.00 | 38.17 ± 14.77 | <0.01 |
Dyslipidemia | 20 (37.74 %) | 1073 (39.13 %) | 0.837 | 708 (38.69 %) | 9 (37.50 %) | 365 (40.02 %) | 11 (37.93 %) | 0.919 |
Hypertension | 35 (66.04 %) | 1741 (63.52 %) | 0.706 | 1040 (56.83 %) | 13 (54.17 %) | 701 (76.95 %) | 22 (75.86 %) | <0.01 |
Diabetes | 24 (45.28 %) | 988 (35.91 %) | 0.160 | 505 (27.49 %) | 8 (33.33 %) | 483 (52.84 %) | 16 (55.17 %) | <0.01 |
Smoker | ||||||||
Current | 22 (41.51 %) | 1161 (42.72 %) | 0.916 | 899 (49.48 %) | 15 (62.50 %) | 262 (29.08 %) | 7 (24.14 %) | <0.01 |
Former | 10 (18.87 %) | 454 (16.70 %) | 264 (14.53 %) | 3 (12.50 %) | 190 (21.09 %) | 7 (24.14 %) | ||
Never | 21 (39.62 %) | 1103 (40.58 %) | 654 (35.99 %) | 6 (25.00 %) | 449 (49.83 %) | 15 (51.72 %) | ||
FH of premature CAD | 7 (16.67 %) | 478 (22.58 %) | 0.363 | 378 (25.93 %) | 5 (27.78 %) | 100 (15.17 %) | 2 (8.33 %) | <0.01 |
Previous CAD | 12 (22.64 %) | 663 (23.97 %) | 0.822 | 354 (19.18 %) | 4 (16.67 %) | 309 (33.59 %) | 8 (27.59 %) | <0.01 |
Previous heart failure | 4 (7.55 %) | 144 (5.21 %) | 0.449 | 53 (2.87 %) | 1 (4.17 %) | 91 (9.89 %) | 3 (10.34 %) | <0.01 |
Old CVA | 0 (0.00 %) | 252 (9.11 %) | 0.021 | 118 (6.39 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 134 (14.57 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | <0.01 |
In-hospital medication | ||||||||
Aspirin | 44 (83.02 %) | 2551 (92.23 %) | 0.014 | 1738 (94.15 %) | 19 (79.17 %) | 813 (88.37 %) | 25 (86.21 %) | <0.01 |
Clopidogrel | 46 (86.79 %) | 2614 (94.50 %) | 0.016 | 1769 (95.83 %) | 21 (87.50 %) | 845 (91.85 %) | 25 (86.21 %) | <0.01 |
Ticlopidine | 0 (0.00 %) | 21 (0.76 %) | 0.524 | 13 (0.70 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 8 (0.87 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 0.889 |
Warfarin | 0 (0.00 %) | 27 (0.98 %) | 0.470 | 14 (0.76 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 13 (1.41 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 0.348 |
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa | 17 (32.08 %) | 457 (16.52 %) | <0.01 | 317 (17.17 %) | 9 (37.50 %) | 140 (15.22 %) | 8 (27.59 %) | <0.01 |
Unfractional heparin | 29 (54.72 %) | 2024 (73.17 %) | <0.01 | 1361 (73.73 %) | 13 (54.17 %) | 663 (72.07 %) | 16 (55.17 %) | 0.020 |
LMWH | 16 (30.19 %) | 816 (29.50 %) | 0.913 | 559 (30.28 %) | 9 (37.50 %) | 257 (27.93 %) | 7 (24.14 %) | 0.429 |
ACEI | 24 (45.28 %) | 1392 (50.33 %) | 0.467 | 1005 (54.44 %) | 10 (41.67 %) | 387 (42.07 %) | 14 (48.28 %) | <0.01 |
ARB | 5 (9.43 %) | 316 (11.42 %) | 0.651 | 178 (9.64 %) | 1 (4.17 %) | 138 (15.00 %) | 4 (13.79 %) | <0.01 |
β-blocker | 15 (28.30 %) | 1268 (45.84 %) | 0.011 | 873 (47.29 %) | 8 (33.33 %) | 395 (42.93 %) | 7 (24.14 %) | <0.01 |
Statin | 18 (33.96 %) | 1367 (49.42 %) | 0.026 | 953 (51.63 %) | 9 (37.50 %) | 414 (45.00 %) | 9 (31.03 %) | <0.01 |
Pharmacological management during admission
Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) |
p value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | <0.01 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.015 |
Killip IV | 1 | – | 1 | |
III | 0.35 (0.14–0.86) | 0.022 | 0.33 (0.13–0.83) | 0.018 |
II | 0.24 (0.10–0.57) | <0.01 | 0.25 (0.11–0.60) | <0.01 |
I | 0.10 (0.05–0.22) | <0.01 | 0.11 (0.05–0.24) | <0.01 |
SBP | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | <0.01 | ||
DBP | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.040 | ||
Weight (kg) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | <0.01 | ||
MDRD eGFR | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | <0.01 | ||
Aspirin | 0.41 (0.20–0.86) | 0.017 | ||
Clopidogrel | 0.38 (0.17–0.86) | 0.020 | ||
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa | 2.39 (1.33–4.29) | <0.01 | 2.49 (1.27–4.88) | <0.01 |
Unfractional heparin | 0.44 (0.26–0.77) | <0.01 | 0.36 (0.19–0.68) | <0.01 |
β-blocker | 0.47 (0.26–0.85) | 0.013 | ||
Statin | 0.53 (0.30–0.93) | 0.028 |
Cardiovascular outcomes
Parameters number (%)/mean ± SD | TIMI bleeding (n = 53) (%) | No TIMI bleeding (n = 2766) (%) | All (n = 2819) (%) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
In-hospital | ||||
Death | 5 (8.77) | 46 (1.50) | 51 (1.63) | <0.01 |
Re-infarction | 1 (1.75) | 23 (0.75) | 24 (0.77) | 0.388 |
Stroke | 2 (3.51) | 11 (0.36) | 13 (0.42) | <0.01 |
3-month follow-up | ||||
Death | 8 (15.69) | 84 (3.18) | 92 (3.42) | <0.01 |
Myocardial Infarction | 2 (.44) | 34 (1.31) | 36 (1.37) | 0.073 |
Stroke | 1 (2.22) | 14 (0.54) | 15 (0.57) | 0.137 |
Re-hospitalization | 14 (31.11) | 467 (18.04) | 481 (18.27) | 0.025 |
Cardiac | 9 (64.29) | 311 (67.90) | 320 (67.80) | |
Non-cardiac | 5 (35.71) | 144 (31.44) | 149 (31.57) | |
Both | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.66) | 3 (0.64) | |
Unknown | 0 | 9 | 9 | |
Repeat revascularization | 1 (2.22) | 55 (2.13) | 56 (2.13) | 0.965 |
6-month follow-up | ||||
Death | 12 (25.53) | 117 (4.65) | 129 (5.03) | <0.01 |
Myocardial Infarction | 2 (5.13) | 59 (2.44) | 61 (2.48) | 0.284 |
Stroke | 1 (2.63) | 24 (0.99) | 25 (1.02) | 0.318 |
Re-hospitalization | 20 (47.62) | 708 (28.51) | 728 (28.83) | <0.01 |
Cardiac | 13 (65.00) | 483 (69.20) | 496 (69.08) | |
Non-cardiac | 7 (35.00) | 192 (27.51) | 199 (27.72) | |
Both | 0 (0.00) | 23 (3.30) | 23 (3.20) | |
Unknown | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
Repeat revascularization | 2 (5.26) | 89 (3.68) | 91 (3.71) | 0.609 |
9-month follow-up | ||||
Death | 13 (28.26) | 135 (5.55) | 148 (5.97) | <0.01 |
Myocardial Infarction | 2 (5.71) | 76 (3.28) | 78 (3.32) | 0.425 |
Stroke | 1 (3.03) | 30 (1.30) | 31 (1.32) | 0.387 |
Re-hospitalization | 21 (51.22) | 906 (37.59) | 927 (37.82) | 0.074 |
Cardiac | 14 (66.67) | 619 (69.08) | 633 (69.03) | |
Non-cardiac | 6 (28.57) | 217 (24.22) | 223 (24.32) | |
Both | 1 (4.76) | 60 (6.70) | 61 (6.65) | |
Unknown | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
Repeat revascularization | 4 (12.12) | 128 (5.54) | 132 (5.64) | 0.104 |
12-month follow-up | ||||
Death | 15 (31.91) | 156 (6.54) | 171 (7.03) | <0.01 |
Myocardial Infarction | 2 (5.71) | 85 (3.77) | 87 (3.80) | 0.550 |
Stroke | 1 (3.03) | 34 (1.51) | 35 (1.53) | 0.481 |
Re-hospitalization | 22 (52.38) | 1011 (42.50) | 1033 (42.67) | 0.199 |
Cardiac | 14 (63.64) | 675 (67.43) | 689 (67.35) | |
Non-cardiac | 7 (31.82) | 236 (23.58) | 243 (23.75) | |
Both | 1 (4.55) | 90 (8.99) | 91 (8.90) | |
Unknown | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
Repeat revascularization | 4 (11.76) | 156 (6.94) | 160 (7.01) | 0.274 |
Outcome/hazard ratio (95 % CI) | Unadjusted | Model I | Model II | Model III |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome | ||||
Overall cohort | 3.66(2.18–6.17)* | 2.85(1.69–4.81)* | 1.57(0.91–2.70) | 1.42(0.79–2.58) |
STEMI | 2.88(1.35–6.18)* | 2.25(1.05–4.84)* | 0.98(0.44–2.18) | 0.96(0.42–2.17) |
NSTE-ACS | 5.36(2.62–10.95)* | 3.82(1.87–7.83)* | 2.74(1.29–5.84)* | 2.34(0.94–5.86) |
Secondary outcome | ||||
Overall cohort | 1.74(1.19–2.53)* | 1.63(1.12–2.37)* | 1.43(0.97–2.10) | 1.17(0.75–1.81) |
STEMI subpopulation | 1.35(0.81–2.25) | 1.27(0.76–2.12) | 1.16(0.69–1.97) | 1.02(0.58–1.80) |
NSTE-ACS | 2.58(1.49–4.49)* | 2.33(1.344.05)* | 1.95(1.10–3.45)* | 1.46(0.73–2.92) |
Influence of TIMI bleeding and CKD on cardiovascular outcome
Groups n (%) | Primary end point (+) (n = 274) (%) | Primary end point (−) (n = 2545) (%) | Adjusted HR (95 % CI)a
|
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
IHB(−)/CKD (−) | 101 (36.86) | 1745 (68.57) | 1 | – |
IHB(+)/CKD (−) | 5 (1.82) | 19 (0.75) | 1.88(0.68–5.21) | 0.227 |
IHB(-)/CKD (+) | 157 (57.30) | 763 (29.98) | 2.13(1.62–2.79) | <0.01 |
IHB(+)/CKD (+) | 11 (4.01) | 18 (0.71) | 2.98(1.55–5.75) | <0.01 |