01.12.2017 | Research article | Ausgabe 1/2017 Open Access

Adipokines, insulin resistance, and adiposity as a predictors of metabolic syndrome in child survivors of lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia of a developing country
- Zeitschrift:
- BMC Cancer > Ausgabe 1/2017
Background
Methods
Subjects
Procedures
Anthropometry
Body composition
Metabolic syndrome definition (MS)
Analytical methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables
|
Firts Assessesment
|
After 6 months
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All
|
No MS
|
MS
|
No MS
|
MS
|
||||||
n
|
52
|
45
|
7
|
42
|
10
|
|||||
Sex (M)
n (%)
|
39
|
75
|
33
|
73
|
6
|
86
|
31
|
74
|
8
|
80
|
Current age (Y)
a
|
12.1
|
(7.1, 17.0)
|
12.2
|
(7.1, 17.0)
|
11.1
|
(7.1, 17.1)
|
12.1
|
(7.1, 17.0)
|
11.6
|
(7.1, 17.1)
|
Age at cancer diagnosis (Y)
a
|
5.3
|
(1.0, 13)
|
6
|
(0.8, 13.0)
|
4
|
(2, 11.1)
|
6.1
|
(2.1, 13.0)
|
4.1
|
(0.08, 12.1)
|
Time since completion of therapy (Y)
a
|
4
|
(2, 5)
|
4
|
(2, 5)
|
4
|
(2, 5)
|
4
|
(2, 5)
|
4
|
(2, 5)
|
Diagnosis (
n %)
|
||||||||||
ALL
|
26
|
50
|
22
|
48.9
|
4
|
57.1
|
20
|
47.6
|
6
|
60.0
|
Lymphoma
|
26
|
50
|
23
|
51.1
|
3
|
42.9
|
22
|
52.4
|
4
|
40.0
|
Pubertal stage (
n %)
|
||||||||||
1
|
33
|
63.5
|
28
|
62.2
|
5
|
71.4
|
18
|
42.9
|
7
|
70.0
|
≥ 2
|
19
|
36.5
|
17
|
37.8
|
2
|
28.6
|
24
|
57.1
|
3
|
30.0
|
Treatment recived (
n %)
|
0.0
|
|||||||||
Ch
|
35
|
67.3
|
31
|
68.9
|
4
|
57.1
|
28
|
66.7
|
7
|
70.0
|
Ch + R
|
17
|
32.7
|
14
|
31.1
|
3
|
42.9
|
14
|
33.3
|
3
|
30.0
|
Nutritional Status (
n %)
|
||||||||||
Normal
|
29
|
55.8
|
28
|
62.2
|
1
|
14.3
|
27
|
64.3
|
0
|
0
|
Overweight/Obesity
|
20
|
38.4
|
14
|
31.1
|
6
|
85.7
|
13
|
31.0
|
10
|
100
|
Low weight
|
3
|
5.8
|
3
|
6.7
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
4.8
|
0
|
0
|
MS Components median (min, max)
|
||||||||||
WC (cm)
|
70.5 (51.1, 105.7)
|
69.9 (51.1, 94.8)
|
78.1 (60.4, 105.7)*
|
50 (10, 100)
|
90 (90, 100)*
|
|||||
SBP (pc)
|
47 (2, 99)
|
42.5 (2, 93)
|
58 (14, 99)
|
16 (1, 70)
|
65 (19, 95)*
|
|||||
DBP (pc)
|
76 (15, 99)
|
75 (15, 97)
|
94 (19, 99)*
|
54 (11, 92)
|
94 (66, 99)*
|
|||||
Triglicerydes (mg/dL)
|
96.6 (34, 231)
|
85 (34, 205)
|
182 (117, 231)*
|
80 (28, 259)
|
169 (104, 264)*
|
|||||
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
40 (18, 84)
|
40 (18, 84)
|
40 (18,46)
|
45 (20, 80)
|
37 (22, 68)
|
|||||
Glucose (mg/dL)
|
89 (74, 116)
|
89 (74, 116)
|
93 (76, 112)
|
93 (77, 105)
|
90 (83, 115)
|
|||||
Others metabolic variables median (min, max)
|
||||||||||
Insulin (μU/mL)
|
18.9 (4.3, 55)
|
18.7 (4.3, 55)
|
28.2 (17.5, 50)*
|
22.8 (3.4, 56.6)
|
31.5 (24.5, 64)*
|
|||||
HOMA-IR
|
4.3 (0.79, 13.9)
|
4.2 (0.79, 12.7)
|
7.4 (3.3, 13.9)*
|
5.2 (0.68, 13.8)
|
7.3 (5.2, 15.4)*
|
|||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
|
20.3 (1.3, 70)
|
23.4 (1.3, 70)
|
17.5 (11.7, 25.4)
|
20.2 (0.64, 57.3)
|
20.3 (8.3, 37.2)
|
|||||
Adiponectin per Kg fat (μg/mL/kg)
|
1.4 (0.07, 8.0)
|
1.6 (0.07, 8.0)
|
1.0 (0.38, 3.9)*
|
1.7 (0.06, 14.3)
|
0.90 (0.27, 3.8)
|
|||||
Leptin (ng/mL)
|
10.1 (1.2, 30.9)
|
8.0 (1.2, 30.9)
|
17.5 (8.5, 28.6)*
|
6.5, (1.1, 30.9)
|
22 (9.4, 28.2)*
|
|||||
Leptin (μg/mL/kg)
|
0.69 (0.11, 3.9)
|
0.69 (0.11, 3.9)
|
1.0 (0.35, 3.7)
|
0.65 (0.11, 4.8)
|
1.0 (0.30, 4.2)
|
|||||
Leptin to Adiponectin ratio
|
0.44 (0.06, 11)
|
0.35 (0.06, 11)
|
0.98 (0.69, 1.5)*
|
0.34 (0.05, 10.4)
|
1.1 (0.31, 1.7)*
|
|||||
Body Fat (%)
|
29.9 (8.3, 46.7)
|
27.6 (8.3, 44.4)
|
38.3 (31.2, 46.7)*
|
25.5 (7.2, 45.5)
|
39.8 (29.6, 49.3)*
|
|||||
VCAM (ng/mL)
|
925 (425, 1730)
|
930 (425, 1730)
|
769 (490, 1697)
|
753 (377, 2045)
|
683.9 (514, 1081)
|
|||||
ICAM (ng/mL)
|
459 (254, 1079)
|
468 (254, 1079)
|
412 (325, 685)
|
456.5 (184, 137)
|
404 (199, 631)
|
MS
|
First assessment
|
After 6 months
|
---|---|---|
n
|
52
|
52
|
WC
a ≥90 pc
b
|
15 (28.8)
|
15 (28.8)
|
Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL
|
9 (17.3)
|
12 (23.1)
|
HDL-C
c <40 mg/dL
|
22 (42.3)
|
22 (42.3)
|
High BP
d
|
14 (26.9)
|
8 (15.4)
|
Glucose >100 mg/dL
|
4 (7.7)
|
9 (17.3)
|
No. of MS criteria
|
||
0
|
14 (26.9)
|
17 (32.7)
|
1 criteria
|
19 (36.5)
|
17 (32.7)
|
2 criteria
|
12 (23.1)
|
8 (15.4)
|
3 criteria
|
6 (11.5)
|
6 (11.5)
|
4 criteria
|
1 (1.9)
|
4 (7.7)
|
MS
|
7 (13.5)
|
10 (19.2)
|
Treatment
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemotherapy
n = 32
a
|
Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy
n = 17
b
|
|||
Variables
|
Normal
|
Overweigth/Obese
|
Normal
|
Overweigth/Obese
|
n: number (%)
|
17
|
15 (47)
|
12
|
5 (29)
|
Sex (M)
|
12
|
12
|
9
|
4
|
Current age (Y)
|
12.1 (8.1, 17.0)
|
12 (7.1, 17.0)
|
12.6 (7.1, 16.1)
|
12.1 (8.0, 17.1)
|
Age at cancer diagnosis (Y)
|
6.0 (2.0, 13.0)
|
4.0 (2.0, 12.1)
|
6.5 (0.08, 12.1)
|
7 (1.0, 11.1)
|
Time since completion of therapy (Y)
|
4.0 (2.0, 5.1)
|
4.0 (2.1, 5.1)
|
3.1 (3.0, 5.0)
|
4.0 (2.0, 5.0)
|
Weight (kg)
|
46.9 (18.1, 91.2)
|
48.9 (26.2, 102.9)
|
||
Height (cm)
|
148.4 (116.2, 178)
|
157.9 (123, 176.1)
|
||
Diagnosis : ALL/Lymphoma
|
11/6
|
9/6
|
4/8
|
1/4
|
Pubertal stage
|
||||
1
|
9
|
13*
|
5
|
3
|
≥ 2
|
8
|
2
|
7
|
2
|
MS Components
|
||||
WC (pc)
|
25 (10, 75)
|
90 (50, 100)*
|
50 (10, 90)
|
90 (75, 100)
|
SBP (pc)
|
47 (3, 92)
|
53 (18, 93)
|
17 (2, 65)
|
47 (20, 99)
|
DBP (pc)
|
76 (15, 94)
|
82 (57, 99)
|
75 (19, 96)
|
89 (39, 99)
|
Triglicerydes (mg/dL)
|
76 (34, 149)
|
114 (50, 231)
|
72 (35, 164)
|
188 (148, 210)
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
42 (25, 84)
|
39.5 (26, 78)
|
42 (18, 64)
|
43 (18, 48)
|
Glucose (mg/dL)
|
90 (75.5, 115.7)
|
91 (76, 105.7)
|
86 (74, 112.5)
|
93 (82, 99)
|
Others metabolic variables
|
||||
Insulin (μU/mL)
|
16.3 (9.1, 38.7)
|
24.9 (14.2, 35.3)*
|
20.5 (4.3, 50)
|
36.3 (19, 55)
|
HOMA-IR
|
3.6 (1.7, 9.5)
|
5.5 (2.8, 8.2)*
|
4.3 (0.79, 13.9)
|
8.3 (4.7, 12.7)
|
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
|
23 (1.3, 44.3)
|
22 (6.8, 70)
|
19.1 (11.7, 41.2)
|
16 (1.3, 27.6)
|
Adiponectin per Kg fat (μg/mL/kg)
|
1.5 (0.39, 6.7)
|
1.2 (0.28, 4.9)
|
1.8 (0.51, 5.1)
|
0.75 (0.7, 1.8)
|
Leptin ((μg/mL)
|
4.4 (2, 13.4)
|
18.2 (9.8, 30.9)*
|
7.4 (1.2, 19.0)
|
17.5 (13.5, 18.5)
|
Leptin per Kg fat (μg/mL/kg)
|
0.49 (0.11, 3.0)
|
1.0 (0.34, 3.7)*
|
0.46 (0.16, 3.9)
|
0.72 (0.53, 1.31)
|
Leptin to Adiponectin ratio
|
0.27 (0.08, 2.7)
|
0.98 (0.20, 3.0)*
|
0.33 (0.06, 0.76)
|
0.85 (0.67, 11.0)
|
Body Fat (%)
|
23.4, (9.9, 36.2)
|
38.3 (32.0, 46.7)*
|
27.4 (8.3, 38.1)
|
37.1 (28.5, 40.2)
|
VCAM (ng/mL)
|
1058 (561, 1727)
|
818 (425, 1730)
|
856 (586, 1207)
|
989 (490, 1697)
|
ICAM (ng/mL)
|
459 (254, 661)
|
418 (294, 1079)
|
500 (265, 952)
|
398 (324, 598)
|
MS
|
||||
Yes/No
|
0/17
|
4/11
|
1/11
|
2/3
|
Treatment
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemotherapy
a
n = 32
|
Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy
n =17
|
|||
Variables
|
Normal
|
Overweigth/Obese
|
Normal
|
Overweigth/Obese
|
n: number (%)
|
18
|
14 (40)
|
9
|
8 (47)
|
Sex: M
|
13
|
11
|
6
|
7
|
Current age (Y)
|
12.5 (8.0, 17.1)
|
11.6 (8.0, 17.1)
|
14.0 (8.4, 17.0)
|
13.0 (8.1, 18.0)
|
Age at cancer diagnosis (Y)
|
6.0 (2, 13)
|
4.0 (2, 12)
|
6.0 (0.08, 12)
|
70 (1.0, 11.1)
|
Time since completion of therapy (Y)
|
4.0 (2.1, 5.0)
|
4.0 (2.1, 5.0)
|
3.1 (3.0, 5.0)
|
4.0 (2.0, 5.0)
|
Δ Body weight (kg) (6 mo - first assessement)
|
1.6 (−2.5, 5.3)
|
2.0 (−1.2, 5.1)
|
||
Δ Height (cm) (6 mo - first assessment)
|
2.6 (1.7, 6.0)
|
1.0 (0.2, 3.5)*
|
||
Diagnosis : ALL/Lymphoma
|
11/7
|
9/5
|
3/6
|
2/6
|
Pubertal stage
|
||||
1
|
8
|
9
|
3
|
2
|
≥ 2
|
10
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
MS Components
|
||||
WC (pc)
|
25 (10, 50)
|
90 (35, 100)*
|
30 (10, 50)
|
83 (50, 90)**
|
SBP (pc)
|
15.5 (0, 55)
|
64 (2, 95)*
|
13 (1, 38)
|
21 (3, 65)
|
DBP (pc)
|
54 (22, 92)
|
87 (13, 99)*
|
53 (38, 79)
|
71 (39, 85)
|
Triglicerydes (mg/dL)
|
80 (28, 191)
|
124 (66, 264)*
|
91 (28, 259)
|
105 (56, 218)
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
47.3 (24.6, 79.5)
|
38.5 (21.7, 67.6)*
|
46 (32, 56)
|
37 (20, 60)
|
Glucose (mg/dL)
|
93 (76.6, 102)
|
97.5 (83.5, 115)
|
88.5 (76.6, 100.6)
|
92.6 (82.7, 101.2)
|
Others metabolic variables
|
||||
Insulin (μU/mL)
|
25 (8.3, 35.4)
|
33.4 (22.8, 64)*
|
14.9 (3.4, 43.9)
|
28.9 (16.9, 52.3)
|
HOMA-IR
|
4.8 (1.7, 7.0)
|
7.8 (5.2, 15.4)*
|
3.4 (0.68, 10.9)
|
6.6 (4.0, 11.4)
|
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
|
21.9 (7.7, 42.1)
|
20.2 (6.6, 57.3)
|
20.9 (11.6, 28.9)
|
15.3 (0.64, 33.0)
|
Adiponectin per Kg fat (μg/mL/kg)
|
1.7 (0.45, 14.3)
|
1.0 (0.27, 4.2)
|
1.9 (0.62, 4.2)
|
0.78 (0.06, 6.6)
|
Leptin ((μg/mL)
|
5.2 (1.8, 30.9)
|
21 (9.4, 40.7)*
|
6.2 (1.6, 25.1)
|
9.5 (3.6, 27.6)
|
Leptin per Kg fat (μg/mL/kg)
|
0.63 (0.13, 2.6)
|
1.1 (0.30, 4.4)*
|
0.39 (0.11, 4.8)
|
0.67 (0.13, 4.2)
|
Leptin to Adiponectin ratio
|
0.26 (0.05, 1.1)
|
1.2 (0.81, 3.5)*
|
0.34 (0.11, 1.2)
|
0.93 (0.11, 10.4)
|
Body Fat (%)
|
22 (11.2, 35.7)
|
39.8 (33.4, 49.3)*
|
23 (10.9, 43.4)
|
30.7 (18.7, 37.7)
|
VCAM (ng/mL)
|
801 (503, 2045)
|
818 (514, 1522)
|
617 (377, 1166)
|
727 (394, 1178)
|
ICAM (ng/mL)
|
404 (234, 753)
|
440 (200. 1124)
|
571 (184, 966)
|
411 (307, 1037)
|
MS
|
||||
Yes/No
|
0/18
|
7/14
|
0/9
|
3/5
|
Outcome variables
|
Fat percentage tertile (values)
a
|
HOMA-IR tertile
a
|
Adiponectin tertile
a
|
Leptin tertile
a
|
Leptin adiponectin ratio tertile
a
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 (24.2–35.0)
|
3 (35.1–46.7)
|
2 (3.6–5.5)
|
3 (5.6–13.9)
|
2 (15.3–25.4)
|
3 (25.5–44.3)
|
2 (4.1–13.4)
|
3 (13.5–30.8)
|
2 (0.3–0.7)
|
3 (0.8–2.9)
|
|
MS
|
||||||||||
Waist circumference (cm)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
9.5
|
17.7
|
6.2
|
13.8
|
−1.9
|
−6.2
|
7.6
|
15.7
|
10.0
|
14.6
|
95% CI
|
3.4; 16.6
|
11.6; 23.7
|
−0.6; 13.1
|
6.9; 20.7
|
−10.1; 6.3
|
−14.4; 1.9
|
0.6; 14.6
|
8.7; 22.6
|
2.8; 17.1
|
7.4; 21.7
|
P
|
0.033
|
0.000
|
0.075
|
<0.001
|
0.641
|
0.133
|
0.033
|
<0.001
|
0.007
|
<0.001
|
Blood Pressure (mmHg)
|
||||||||||
Systolic BP
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.2
|
6.2
|
2.3
|
6.2
|
−1.4
|
−0.3
|
0.4375
|
5.4
|
3.1
|
7.6
|
95% CI
|
−6.4; 6.9
|
−0.5; 12.8
|
−4.4; 9.1
|
−0.4; 12.8
|
−8.3; 5.6
|
−7.4; 6.8
|
−6.4; 7.3
|
−1.4; 12.3
|
−3.6; 9.8
|
0.9; 14.3
|
P
|
0.944
|
0.068
|
0.488
|
0.066
|
0.693
|
0.940
|
0.898
|
0.117
|
0.353
|
0.027
|
Diastolic BP
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
1.3
|
6.1
|
1.0
|
3.6
|
2.3
|
1.9
|
1.8
|
5.9
|
2.3
|
5.4
|
95% CI
|
−4.0; 7.1
|
0.3; 11.8
|
−5.0; 6.9
|
−2.3; 9.4
|
−4.0; 8.5
|
−4.4; 8.3
|
−4.4; 7.9
|
−0.3; 12.0
|
−3.9; 8.5
|
−0.8; 11.6
|
P
|
0.654
|
0.040
|
0.745
|
0.227
|
0.473
|
0.542
|
0.570
|
0.061
|
0.470
|
0.088
|
Glucose (mg/dL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
4.9
|
0.1
|
4.9
|
10.6
|
−5.1
|
−0.6
|
4.2
|
2.3
|
1.3
|
2.9
|
95% CI
|
−0.8; 10.6
|
−5.6; 4.7
|
−0.1; 10.0
|
5.6; 15.7
|
−10.9; 0.8
|
−6.4; 5.2
|
−1.8; 10.1
|
−3.6; 8.3
|
−4.7; 7.3
|
−3.1; 8.9
|
P
|
0.089
|
0.983
|
0.055
|
<0.001
|
0.087
|
0.838
|
0.165
|
0.433
|
0.657
|
0.341
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
28.4
|
52.3
|
36.6
|
38.8
|
3.7
|
−23.1
|
14.2
|
56.7
|
31.7
|
56.4
|
95% CI
|
−2.9; 59.8
|
20.9; 83.7
|
4.1; 69.0
|
6.3; 71.3
|
−30.8; 38.1
|
−57.5; 11.4
|
−16.7; 45.0
|
25.8; 87.6
|
0.5; 62.9
|
25.2; 87.7
|
P
|
0.075
|
0.002
|
0.028
|
0.020
|
0.832
|
0.184
|
0.360
|
0.001
|
0.046
|
0.001
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−6.0
|
−3.0
|
−2.3
|
−8.2
|
−5.1
|
1.9
|
−1.1875
|
−4.9
|
−5.3
|
−9.4
|
95% CI
|
−14.5; 2.6
|
−11.6; 5.5
|
−10.6; 6.1
|
−16.6; 0.1
|
−13.2; 3.0
|
−6.2; 10.0
|
−9.4; 7.0
|
−13.1; 3.3
|
−13.2; 2.6
|
−17.3; −1.5
|
P
|
0.167
|
0.477
|
0.586
|
0.053
|
0.213
|
0.644
|
0.773
|
0.237
|
0.182
|
0.021
|
Adipokines
|
||||||||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−4.6
|
4.3
|
0.3
|
−1.1
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
-
|
-
|
||
95% CI
|
−12.9; 3.8
|
−4.2; 12.8
|
−8.7; 9.3
|
−9.9; 7.8
|
-
|
-
|
−6.9; 10.8
|
−6.9; 10.7
|
||
P
|
0.274
|
0.317
|
0.950
|
0.809
|
0.656
|
0.667
|
||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL/Kg)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−0.7
|
−0.5
|
−0.5
|
−1.7
|
−0.5
|
−1.0
|
-
|
-
|
||
95% CI
|
−2.1; 0.6
|
−1.8; 0.9
|
−1.8; 0.7
|
−2.9; −0.5
|
-
|
-
|
−1.9; 0.9
|
−2.3; 0.4
|
||
P
|
0.288
|
0.497
|
0.408
|
0.009
|
0.445
|
0.165
|
||||
Leptin (μg/mL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
7.3
|
16.0
|
4.3
|
10.0
|
4.9
|
2.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
95% CI
|
4.6; 10.0
|
13.2; 18.8
|
−0.3; 9.0
|
5.4; 14.6
|
-0.3; 10.2
|
−3.2; 7.3
|
||||
P
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.069
|
<0.001
|
0.067
|
0.441
|
||||
Leptin (μg/mL/Kg)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.6
|
1.0
|
0.7
|
0.3
|
0.7
|
0.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
95% CI
|
0.1; 1.2
|
0.4; 1.5
|
0.1; 1.3
|
−0.3; 0.9
|
0.1; 1.2
|
-0.4; 0.7
|
||||
P
|
0.048
|
0.001
|
0.037
|
0.341
|
0.032
|
0.699
|
||||
Insulin resistance
|
||||||||||
Fasting insulin (mμ/mL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
13.3
|
10.6
|
-
|
-
|
−2.2
|
−2.3
|
10.6
|
15.0
|
11.2
|
13.1
|
95% CI
|
7.0; 19.6
|
4.3; 16.9
|
−10.1; 5.6
|
−10.1; 5.5
|
4.2; 17.0
|
8.6; 21.4
|
4.6; 17.9
|
6.4; 19.8
|
||
P
|
<0.001
|
0.001
|
0.569
|
0.559
|
0.002
|
<0.001
|
0.001
|
<0.001
|
||
HOMA-IR
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
3.2
|
2.3
|
-
|
-
|
−0.8
|
−0.6
|
2.6
|
3.4
|
2.6
|
3.1
|
95% CI
|
1.6; 4.9
|
0.7; 3.9
|
−2.8; 1.1
|
−2.5; 1.3
|
0.9; 4.3
|
1.7; 5.1
|
0.9; 4.3
|
1.3; 4.8
|
||
P
|
<0.001
|
0.007
|
0.391
|
0.537
|
0.003
|
<0.001
|
0.004
|
0.001
|
Outcome variables
|
Fat percentage Change tertiles (values)
|
HOMA-IR Change tertiles (values)
|
Adiponectin Change tertile (values)
|
Leptin Change tertile (values)
|
Leptin adiponectin ratio tertile (values)
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased
(−5.9 – −0.7)
|
Increased
(1.3–5.6)
|
Decreased
(−7.2–0.2)
|
Increased
(1.8–7.3)
|
Decreased
(−55.6 – −3.2)
|
Increased
(2.1–21.9)
|
Decreased
(−13.4 – −0.4)
|
Increased
(2.7–17.5)
|
Decreased
(−1.1 – −0.01)
|
Increased
(0.1–1.5)
|
|
MS
|
||||||||||
Waist circumference (cm)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−3.8
|
0.6
|
−0.1
|
2.5
|
−0.3
|
0.6
|
−0.1
|
2.7
|
−1.5
|
2.5
|
95% CI
|
−6.2;-1.4
|
−1.7;2.8
|
−2.4; 2.3
|
0.1; 4.9
|
−2.9; 2.4
|
−2.2; 3.3
|
−2.6; 2.5
|
0.1; 5.3
|
−3.9; 0.9
|
0.1; 5.0
|
P
|
0.003
|
0.623
|
0.950
|
0.041
|
0.850
|
0.668
|
0.963
|
0.041
|
0.218
|
0.042
|
Blood Pressure (mmHg)
|
||||||||||
Systolic BP
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.1
|
−6.8
|
5.1
|
6.7
|
−3.5
|
−4.0
|
−3.5
|
−1.7
|
−7.3
|
−5.4
|
95% CI
|
−9.2; 9.5
|
−15.5;1.9
|
−2.8; 13.1
|
−1.3; 14.6
|
−12.3; 5.3
|
−12.8; 4.8
|
−12.5; 5.6
|
−10.9; 7.5
|
−16.1; 1.6
|
−14.3; 3.6
|
P
|
0.975
|
0.123
|
0.202
|
0.098
|
0.425
|
0.361
|
0.447
|
0.709
|
0.104
|
0.235
|
Diastolic BP
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−5.6
|
−7.7
|
6.1
|
3.6
|
−2.9
|
2.2
|
−5.1
|
−0.2
|
−3.4
|
−3.5
|
95% CI
|
−13.9; 2.6
|
−15.3;-0.0
|
−1.1; 13.3
|
−3.5; 10.8
|
−10.3; 4.5
|
−5.1; 9.6
|
−12.6; 2.4
|
−7.9; 7.4
|
−11.1; 4.2
|
−11.3; 4.2
|
P
|
0.175
|
0.049
|
0.093
|
0.312
|
0.433
|
0.542
|
0.180
|
0.955
|
0.375
|
0.366
|
Glucose
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.3
|
1.9
|
−5.5
|
5.1
|
−2.0
|
−1.7
|
−6.9
|
1.7
|
−5.9
|
1.5
|
95% CI
|
−6.4; 6.9
|
−4.4; 8.1
|
−10.4; −0.7
|
0.2; 10.0
|
−7.9; 4.0
|
−7.8; 4.4
|
−12.3; -1.5
|
−3.7;7.2
|
−11.5; 0.4
|
−4.1; 7.2
|
P
|
0.936
|
0.549
|
0.027
|
0.043
|
0.509
|
0.568
|
0.013
|
0.529
|
0.037
|
0.590
|
Triglycerides
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−3.8
|
−5.4
|
−3.6
|
30.0
|
9.4
|
1.7
|
−8.9
|
2.9
|
−40.7
|
−10.8
|
95% CI
|
−37.7; 30.2
|
−37.6; 26.8
|
−31.5; 24.3
|
1.7; 58.3
|
−22.2; 41.0
|
−30.5; 33.8
|
−41.1; 23.2
|
−29.8; 35.5
|
−70.4; −11.1
|
−40.9; 19.4
|
P
|
0.823
|
0.738
|
0.797
|
0.038
|
0.551
|
0.918
|
0.579
|
0.861
|
0.008
|
0.476
|
HDL-C
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.6
|
−1.8
|
2.4
|
3.6
|
−8.3
|
−0.5
|
1.0
|
3.0
|
2.6
|
0.3
|
95% CI
|
−7.1; 8.4
|
−9.0; 5.4
|
−4.2; 9.0
|
−3.2; 10.4
|
−14.5; −2.1
|
−6.9; 5.9
|
−6.0; 8.0
|
−4.2; 10.2
|
−4.4; 9.6
|
−6.9; 7.6
|
P
|
0.867
|
0.620
|
0.469
|
0.288
|
0.010
|
0.886
|
0.770
|
0.401
|
0.453
|
0.926
|
Adipokines
|
||||||||||
Adiponectin
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.1
|
−3.9
|
5.8
|
2.5
|
-
|
-
|
−1.2
|
−2.4
|
-
|
-
|
95% CI
|
−4.0; 4.8
|
−9.0; 1.3
|
1.3; 10.3
|
−2.3; 7.3
|
−6.1; 3.8
|
−7.4; 2.6
|
||||
P
|
0.980
|
0.138
|
0.013
|
0.298
|
0.639
|
0.332
|
||||
Leptin
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
0.3
|
1.4
|
−1.8
|
1.1
|
2.8
|
3.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
95% CI
|
−4.3; 4.9
|
−2.9; 5.6
|
−5.5; 1.9
|
−2.8; 5.0
|
−0.8; 6.5
|
−0.2; 7.1
|
||||
P
|
0.895
|
0.511
|
0.331
|
0.569
|
0.130
|
0.063
|
||||
Insulin resistance
|
||||||||||
Fasting insulin (mμ/mL)
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
−6.9
|
0.1
|
-
|
-
|
−1.1
|
−6.3
|
−4.1
|
2.5
|
−7.6
|
2.4
|
95% CI
|
−12.7; -1.1
|
−5.8; 6.0
|
−7.8; 5.7
|
−13.2; 0.6
|
−11.1; 2.9
|
−4.6; 9.6
|
−14.1; −1.1
|
−4.3; 9.0
|
||
P
|
0.020
|
0.978
|
0.753
|
0.072
|
0.241
|
0.480
|
0.023
|
0.476
|
||
HOMA-IR
|
||||||||||
Coeficient
|
1.8
|
1.7
|
-
|
-
|
−0.4
|
−1.7
|
−1.1
|
0.9
|
−2.2
|
0.8
|
95% CI
|
0.1; 3.4
|
0.1; 3.4
|
−2.2; 1.5
|
−3.6; 0.2
|
−3.1; 0.8
|
−1.0; 2.9
|
−3.9; -0.4
|
−1.0; 2.6
|
||
P
|
0.033
|
0.043
|
0.708
|
0.083
|
0.237
|
0.345
|
0.017
|
0.387
|
Variable
|
First assessment
|
After 6 months
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR
a
|
95% IC
|
P
|
OR
a
|
95% IC
|
p
|
|
Body fat percentage
|
5.1
|
1.9; 22.0
|
0.028
|
9.0
|
2.0; 41.1
|
0.004
|
HOMA-IR index
|
2.3
|
0.2; 1.4
|
0.137
|
5.5
|
1.6; 19.3
|
0.007
|
Leptin
|
4.8
|
1.4; 17.2
|
0.015
|
5.7
|
1.6; 20.2
|
0.007
|
Adiponectin
|
0.5
|
0.2; 1.5
|
0.189
|
0.9
|
0.4; 2.0
|
0.728
|
Leptin to adiponectin ratio
|
5.2
|
1.2; 22.6
|
0.027
|
9.4
|
2.0; 43.8
|
0.004
|