Background
Subjects and methods
Study subjects
Laboratory tests
Genetic analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable
|
Normoweight (51)
|
Overweight (53)
|
Obese (145)
|
P-value
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 46.6. ± 8.3 | 47.9 ± 6.9 | 48.7 ± 9.2 |
0.323
|
Ethnics [White], % | 78.4 (40) | 69.8 (37) | 71.0(103) |
0.539
|
Woman, % | 92.2 (47) | 79.2 (42) | 75.2 (109) |
0.035
|
Menopause,% | 10.6 (5) | 26.2 (11) | 33.9 (37) |
0.011
|
Hypertension, % | 13.7 (7) | 28.3 (15) | 45.5 (66) |
<0.001
|
Type 2 diabetes, % | 33.3 (17) | 41.5 (22) | 55.7 (99) |
<0.001
|
Family history of CAD | 11.7 (6) | 20.8 (11) | 17.9 (26) |
0.455
|
Tobacco smoking,% | 17.6 (9) | 23.2 (10) | 13.1 (19) |
0.527
|
Alcohol consumption, % | 2.0 (1) | 3.8 (2) | 3.4 (5) |
0.845
|
Physical exercise practice,% | 50.9 (26) | 50.9 (27) | 29.6 (43) |
0.003
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 22.6 ± 1.7a | 27.4 ± 1.4b | 35.1 ± 4.2c |
<0.001
|
Waist circumference, cm | 73.9 ± 8.7a | 86.8 ± 9.4b | 104.1 ± 11.0c |
<0.001
|
Waist- hip ratio | 0.78 ± 0.07a | 0.84 ± 0.08b | 0.90 ± 0.10 c |
<0.001
|
Body fat, % | 30.9 ± 4.7a | 33.9 ± 6.4b | 38.5 ± 5.0c |
<0.001
|
BMR, kcal | 1272 ± 240a | 1501 ± 295b | 1742 ± 280c |
<0.001
|
Leptin, ng/mL | 13.6 ± 8.1a | 15.7 ± 12.0a,b | 22.9 ± 19.2b |
0.012
|
sLEPR, ng/mL | 23.8 ± 12.4a | 19.1 ± 13.5a,b | 20.0 ± 24.0b |
0.011
|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 24.6 ± 23.2 | 17.7 ± 23.0 | 27.2 ± 26.4 |
0.070
|
Glucose, mg/dL | 92 ± 9a | 102 ± 26a,b | 106 ± 29b |
<0.001
|
HbA1c, % | 5.5 ± 0.4a | 6.0 ± 1.3a,b | 6.0 ± 1.4b |
0.005
|
Insulin, mU/L | 6.6 ± 4.3a | 9.7 ± 6.1b | 21.3 ± 12.2b |
<0.001
|
HOMA-β | 23.0 ± 18.2a | 33.3 ± 24.5b | 68.7 ± 37.2b |
<0.001
|
HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 1.0a | 2.4 ± 1.5b | 5.9 ± 4.8b |
<0.001
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194 ± 36 | 203 ± 37 | 209 ± 40 |
0.077
|
HDL ccholesterol, mg/dL | 65 ± 19a | 55 ± 17b | 51 ± 12b |
<0.001
|
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 113 ± 32a | 125 ± 32a,b | 128 ± 32b |
0.016
|
VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 16 ± 8a | 23 ± 10b | 30 ± 18c |
<0.001
|
Triglycerids, mg/dL | 79 ± 38a | 114 ± 53b | 150 ± 88c |
<0.001
|
Apolipoprotein AI, mg/dL | 160 ± 40a | 152 ± 36a,b | 146 ± 31b |
0.009
|
Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL | 89 ± 28a | 109 ± 38b | 101 ± 28b |
0.004
|
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 341 (304–374)a | 350 (319–409)a,b | 374 (328–446)b |
<0.001
|
PAI-1, ng/mL | 62.5 (44.7-76.1)a | 63.6 (51.0-95.4)a | 96.1(60.0-150.6)b |
<0.001
|
IL-6, pg/mL | 0.08 (0.07-0.09)a | 0.09 (0.08-0.55)a,b | 0.56 (0.28-1.6)c |
<0.001
|
IL-1β, pg/dL | 5.0 (4.0-5.6)a | 5.9 (4.0-6.1)a,b | 18.0 (15.0-51.5)c |
<0.001
|
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.14 (0.05-0.58)a | 0.49 (0.08-1.17)a,b | 1.72 (0.26-5.69)c |
<0.001
|
TNFα, pg/mL | 0.56 (0.09-1.25)a | 0.71 (0.32-2.85)a,b | 3.17 (1.45-6.05)c |
<0.001
|
Minor Allele Frequency, % | ||||
ADIPOQ 45 T > G (rs2241766) | 19.6 | 22.6 | 21.7 |
0.858
|
IL6 -174G > C (rs1800795) | 26.4 | 37.7 | 31.0 |
0.209
|
Independent variables
|
B
|
SE
|
P-value
|
---|---|---|---|
Anthopometrics
| |||
Waist circumference, cm | 0.361 | 0.017 |
<0.001
|
Body fat, % | 0.840 | 0.055 |
<0.001
|
Waist-hip ratio | 21.317 | 4.397 |
<0.001
|
Biochemical parameters
| |||
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 0.021 | 0.004 |
<0.001
|
PAI-1, pg/mL | 0.121 | 0.038 |
0.002
|
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.31 | 0.07 |
<0.001
|
IL-6, pg/mL | −0.006 | 0.118 |
0.962
|
IL-1β, pg/dL | 0.110 | 0.018 |
<0.001
|
TNFα, pg/mL | 0.348 | 0.130 |
0.008
|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 0.0023 | 0.0170 |
0.890
|
Leptin, ng/mL | 0.120 | 0.024 |
<0.001
|
sLEPR, ng/mL | 0.0007 | 0.0232 |
0.975
|
Polymorphisms
| |||
ADIPOQ 45 T > G (ref TT) | 0.259 | 0.773 |
0.738
|
IL6 -174G > C (ref GG) | 0.099 | 0.740 |
0.893
|
Independent variables
|
Risk for overweight
|
Risk for Obesity
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
| |
Clinical and anthropometric variables
| ||||||
Age, years | 1.02 | 0.97 – 1.06 |
0.453
| 1.03 | 0.99 – 1.07 |
0.145
|
Gender [ref: male] | 0.37 | 0.11 – 1.25 |
0.110
| 0.25 | 0.08 – 0.73 |
0.011
|
Ethnics [ref: white] | 0.64 | 0.26 – 1.55 |
0.318
| 0.67 | 0.31 – 1.43 |
0.297
|
Menopause | 1.13 | 0.50 – 2.52 |
0.774
| 0.54 | 0.27 – 1.08 |
0.081
|
Hypertension | 2.48 | 0.92 – 6.72 |
0.074
| 5.32 | 2.25 – 12.60 |
<0.001
|
T2DM | 1.42 | 0.64 – 3.15 |
0.390
| 4.40 | 2.23 – 8.69 |
<0.001
|
Dyslipidemia | 3.30 | 1.48 – 7.38 |
0.004
| 5.02 | 2.53 – 9.97 |
<0.001
|
Family history of CAD | ||||||
Tobacco smoking | 1.09 | 0.40 – 2.94 |
0.872
| 0.71 | 0.30 – 1.69 |
0.437
|
Alcohol consumption | 1.96 | 0.17 – 22.32 |
0.587
| 1.80 | 0.21 -15.77 |
0.596
|
Physical exercise practice | 0.93 | 0.43 – 2.00 |
0.845
| 0.41 | 0.21 – 0.79 |
0.008
|
Waist circumference, cm | 1.21 | 1.12 – 1.30 |
<0.001
| 1.42 | 1.30 – 1.55 |
<0.001
|
Body fat, % | 1.13 | 1.04 – 1.23 |
0.004
| 1.34 | 1.23 – 1.46 |
<0.001
|
Biochemical parameters
| ||||||
Leptin, ng/mL | 1.02 | 0.98 – 1.06 |
0.434
| 1.05 | 1.01 – 1.08 |
0.006
|
sLEPR, ng/mL | 0.99 | 0.90 – 1.01 |
0.397
| 0.99 | 0.97 – 1.01 |
0.421
|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 0.99 | 0.97–- 1.01 |
0.155
| 1.00 | 0.99 – 1.02 |
0.555
|
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
0.037
| 1.01 | 1.00 – 1.01 |
<0.001
|
PAI-1, pg/mL | 1.03 | 0.98 – 1.08 |
0.204
| 1.04 | 1.00 – 1.08 |
0.057
|
IL-6, pg/mL | 1.23 | 0.91 – 1.67 |
0.183
| 1.24 | 0.92 – 1.66 |
0.154
|
IL-1β, pg/dL | 1.08 | 1.01 – 1.16 |
0.029
| 1.14 | 1.06 – 1.22 |
<0.001
|
hsCRP, mg/L | 1.24 | 0.87 – 1.76 |
0.232
| 1.75 | 1.28 – 2.3 |
<0.001
|
TNFα, pg/mL | 1.18 | 0.96 – 1.45 |
0.123
| 1.35 | 1.13 – 1.62 |
0.001
|
Polymorphisms
| ||||||
ADIPOQ 45 T > G (ref TT) | 1.03 | 0.46 - 2.32 |
0.946
| 1.06 | 0.54 - 2.09 |
0.858
|
IL6 -174G > C (ref GG) | 1.50 | 0.68 - 3.30 |
0.317
| 0.95 | 0.50 - 1.81 |
0.884
|
Variable
|
Genotypes
| ||
---|---|---|---|
TT (163)
|
TG + GG (86)
|
P-value
| |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 30.9 ± 6.2 | 31.1 ± 6.2b |
0.818
|
Waist circumference, cm | 94.4 ± 16.4 | 94.1 ± 15.3 |
0.881
|
Waist- hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.87 ± 0.10 |
0.249
|
Body fat, % | 35.8 ± 6.0 | 36.3 ± 6.5 |
0.527
|
BMR, kcal | 1611 ± 336 | 1530 ± 328 |
0.190
|
Leptin, ng/mL | 20.5 ± 17.6 | 18.8 ± 15.8 |
0.666
|
sLEPR, ng/mL | 21.0 ± 21.9 | 19.6 ± 18.6 |
0.614
|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 25.7 ± 25.4 | 21.5 ± 24.0 |
0.442
|
Glucose, mg/dL | 101 ± 25 | 104 ± 27 |
0.464
|
HbA1c, % | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.3 |
0.476
|
Insulin, mU/L | 15.3 ± 1.6 | 17.6 ± 12.7 |
0.181
|
HOMA-β | 50.7 ± 38.6 | 56.0 ± 35.3 |
0.205
|
HOMA-IR | 4.1 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 4.8 |
0.153
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 205 ± 36 | 204 ± 43 |
0.663
|
HDL ccholesterol, mg/dL | 55 ± 15 | 53 ± 16 |
0.205
|
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 125 ± 32 | 124 ± 34 |
0.816
|
VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 25 ± 14 | 27 ± 19 |
0.475
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 124 ± 70 | 135 ± 93 |
0.475
|
Apolipoprotein AI, mg/dL | 151 ± 35 | 148 ± 33 |
0.557
|
Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL | 100 ± 27 | 100 ± 38 |
0.469
|
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 361 (319–423) | 353 (316–399) |
0.327
|
PAI-1, pg/mL | 74.5 (55.4-138.8) | 81.9 (58.2-137.7) |
0.713
|
IL-6, pg/mL | 0.28 (0.08-0.64) | 0.54 (0.28-1.4) |
0.012
|
IL-1β, pg/dL | 14 (4.0-23.0) | 22 (4.6-55.7) |
0.003
|
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.54 (0.1-3.1) | 0.56 (0.14-3.0) |
0.980
|
TNFα, pg/mL | 1.45 (0.34-4.81) | 2.9 (1.06-5.84) |
0.031
|
Variable
|
Genotypes
| ||
---|---|---|---|
GG (112)
|
GC + CC (137)
|
P-value
| |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 31.2 ± 6.1 | 30.7 ± 6.3 |
0.528
|
Waist circumference, cm | 96.4 ± 16.1 | 92.6 ± 15.7 |
0.067
|
Waist- hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.10 |
0.164
|
Body fat, % | 35.5 ± 6.0 | 36.4 ± 6.2 |
0.246
|
BMR, kcal | 1644 ± 373 | 1543 ± 298 |
0.057
|
Leptin, ng/mL | 21.8 ± 18.6 | 18.6 ± 15.6 |
0.394
|
sLEPR, ng/mL | 22.4 ± 23.3 | 19.2 ± 18.8 |
0.615
|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 24.0 ± 24.0 | 24.5 ± 25.9 |
0.755
|
Glucose, mg/dL | 103 ± 31 | 102 ± 21 |
0.072
|
HbA1c, % | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 1.1 |
0.876
|
Insulin, mU/L | 17.7 ± 13.6 | 14.3 ± 9.8 |
0.237
|
HOMA-β | 57.0 ± 40.3 | 47.4 ± 34.4 |
0.148
|
HOMA-IR | 4.9 ± 5.3 | 3.7 ± 2.7 |
0.379
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 205 ± 42 | 204 ± 36 |
0.755
|
HDL ccholesterol, mg/dL | 56 ± 19 | 54 ± 12 |
0.823
|
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 122 ± 34 | 127 ± 31 |
0.241
|
VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 26 ± 19 | 25 ± 13 |
0.759
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 132 ± 94 | 124 ± 64 |
0.759
|
Apolipoprotein AI, mg/dL | 152 ± 35 | 148 ± 34 |
0.753
|
Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL | 101 ± 27 | 100 ± 34 |
0.462
|
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 355 (317–407) | 365 (319–420) |
0.325
|
PAI-1, pg/mL | 82.7 (57.5-133.5) | 75.2 (56.3-145.9) |
0.991
|
IL-6, pg/mL | 0.48 (0.08-0.64) | 0.28 (0.08-0.96) |
0.288
|
IL-1β, pg/dL | 15.0 (4.0-45.0) | 13.5 (4.0-32.0) |
0.033
|
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.57 (0.13-3.2) | 0.52 (0.10-2.94) |
0.808
|
TNFα, pg/mL | 2.62 (0.41-4.92) | 2.29 (0.49-5.18) |
0.666
|