Background
Method
Participants
Procedure and measures
Physical activity behaviour
Parental attitudes about their own physical activity behaviour
Parental attitudes about their child’s physical activity behaviour
Abbreviation | Specific attitudinal questionsa |
---|---|
Possible | In my current situation, it’s absolutely possible to let my child participate in aerobic/strength exercises |
Facilities | There are enough facilities to let my child participate in aerobic/strength exercises |
Fit/strong | My child is very fit/strong and healthy, and therefore my child does not have to participate in aerobic/strength exercises. |
Worse/better | My child is (1) much worse – (7) much better at aerobic/strength exercises compared to other children of the same age and gender. |
Enjoyable | Compared to other children of the same age and gender, my child thinks aerobic/strength exercises are (1) less enjoyable – (7) more enjoyable |
Good | My child is good in aerobic/strength exercises |
Allowed when wanted | When my child wants to, he/she is allowed to participate in aerobic/strength exercises. |
Encouraged when wanted | When my child wants to participate in aerobic/strength exercises, I will encourage him/her. |
Expectation | I expect my child to start participating in aerobic/strength exercises |
Child and parental background factors
Data analyses
Results
Parent | Child | |
---|---|---|
M (sd) | M (sd) | |
Gender (Female:Male) | 137:177 | 152:162 |
Age in years (SD) | 45.8 (4.7) | 13.4 (1.0) |
Education level | ||
Low (%) | 70 (22.3) | - |
Medium (%) | 142 (45.2) | - |
High (%) | 102 (32.5) | - |
BMI (z) (SD)b | 26.65 (4.51) | −0.05 (1.32) |
Underweight (%) | 4 (1.3) | 36 (12.0) |
Normal-weight (%) | 119 (37.9) | 199 (66.3) |
Overweight (%) | 128 (40.8) | 36 (12.0) |
Obese (%) | 63 (20.1) | 29 (9.7) |
Physical activity in min/week (SD) | 168.5 (272.4) | 319.1 (401.9) |
Aerobic exercise (%) | 74 (38.5) | 56 (24.1) |
Mostly aerobic (%) | 70 (36.5) | 102 (44.0) |
Both aerobic and strength (%) | 38 (19.8) | 62 (26.7) |
Mostly strength (%) | 9 (4.7) | 11 (4.7) |
Strength exercises (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) |
No physical activity (%) | 122 (38.9) | 82 (26.1) |
Types of physical activity behaviour and reasons for not being physically active
Differences in attitudes of parent vs. child towards aerobic vs. strength exercises
Parent | Child | t (df) |
p
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (sd) | M (sd) | ||||
General attitude (1–7) | Sport | 5.33 (.96) | 5.87 (.87) | −11.84 (313) | < .001 |
Aerobic | 5.18 (1.02) | 5.54 (.94) | −6.78 (313) | < .001 | |
Strength | 4.09 (1.10) | 4.03 (1.33) | .83 (313) | .41 |
Determinant (1–7) | Aerobic | Strength | t (df) |
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
M (sd) | M (sd) | |||
Possible | 5.36 (1.53) | 4.20 (1.82) | −11,76 (313) | < .001 |
Facilities | 5.54 (1.37) | 4.74 (1.66) | −9,87 (313) | < .001 |
Fit/strong | 3.63 (1.63) | 4.39 (1.55) | −8,35 (313) | < .001 |
Worse/better | 4,58 (1.33) | 4.15 (1.16) | −5,85 (313) | < .001 |
Enjoyable | 4,42 (1.31) | 3.61 (1.30) | −9,62 (313) | < .001 |
Good | 4,73 (1.45) | 4.26 (1.35) | −5,69 (313) | < .001 |
Allowed when wanted | 5,82 (1.08) | 4.82 (1.38) | −12,50 (313) | < .001 |
Encouraged when wanted | 5,75 (1.02) | 4.33 (1.46) | −16,96 (313) | < .001 |
Expectation | 4,74 (1.62) | 2.88 (1.54) | −18,35 (313) | < .001 |
Attitudinal correlates of strength exercise behaviour
General attitude about child’s strength exercises | Is your child allowed to participate in exercises with the emphasis on strength exercises? | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 314) | ||||||
(N = 314) | ||||||
Determinant |
r
|
β
| CI (95 %) |
r
|
β
| CI (95 %) |
Age parent | -.11 |
-
| -.03 |
-
| ||
Age child | -.01 | - | .05 |
-
| ||
Gender parent (1 = M) | .06 | - | .02 |
-
| ||
Gender child (1 = M) | -.02 | - | .02 |
-
| ||
BMI parent | -.03 | - | -.002 | - | ||
BMI z-score child | -.16* | - | -.10 | - | ||
Parent exercise (minutes/week) (n = 192) | .13 | - | .13 | - | ||
Child exercise (minutes/week) (n = 232) | -.06 | - | -.03 | - | ||
Kind of exercise parent (n = 192)a | .25* | - | .21 | - | ||
Kind of exercise child (n = 232)a | -.06 | - | .02 | - | ||
Parental assent strength exercises child | .68** | NA | - | - | ||
Parental assent aerobic exercises child | .26** | .02 | -.08, .12 | .42** | .21** | .10, .24 |
Parental Attitudes about physical activity | ||||||
Attitude about parent physical activity | .24** | -.07 | -.27, .08 | .12 | - | |
Attitude about child physical activity | .15* | - | .10 | - | ||
Attitudes about strength exercises | ||||||
Attitude about parent strength exercises | .55** | .44** | .39, .64 | .32** | .12* | .04, .33 |
Attitude about child strength exercises | - | - | .68** | NA | ||
Possible | .30** | .07 | -.02, .11 | .30** | .09 | -.001, .16 |
Facilities | .14* | - | .16* | - | ||
Fit/strong | -.15 * | - | -.07 | - | ||
Worse/better | .20** | -.07 | -.21, .06 | .19* | - | |
Enjoyable | .40** | .13* | .02, .24 | .31** | .12* | .02, .29 |
Good | .23** | -.01 | -.13, .11 | .20** | .07 | -.11, .13 |
Allowed when wanted | .52** | .05 | −08, .18 | .55** | .19* | .06, .40 |
Encouraged when wanted | .65** | .37** | .20, .47 | .60** | .35** | .22, .57 |
Expectation | .42** | .003 | -.09, .09 | .29** | -.06 | -.18, .05 |
Attitudes about aerobic exercises | ||||||
Parental attitude about aerobic exercises | .24** | .005 | -.17, .18 | .12 | - | |
Child attitude about aerobic exercises | .21** | .12 | .01, .32 | .12 | - | |
Possible | -.07 | - | .003 | - | ||
Facilities | -.06 | - | .04 | - | ||
Fit/strong | .01 | - | .04 | - | ||
Worse/better | .10 | - | .11 | - | ||
Enjoyable | .10 | - | -.004 | - | ||
Good | .08 | - | .06 | - | ||
Allowed when wanted | .07 | - | .19* | - | ||
Encouraged when wanted | .07 | - | .15* | - | ||
Expectation | .06 | - | -.003 | - | ||
Adjusted R2 | .60 | .46 |