Background
Methods
Study identification
Eligibility criteria
Assessment of the risk of bias
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Study selection
Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Study characteristics | Group | N | Male (n) | GA (wk) | BW (g) | Antenatal glucocorticoid | RDS (n) | Surfactant(n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AACs vs placebo | |||||||||
Arnon [35] 1996 | 1 centre UK | T C | 15 15 | NA NA | 27.5 (0.7)a
27.1 (0.89)a
| 1024 (92.3)a
1041 (113)a
| 7 (46.7%) 8 (53.3%) | NA NA | NA NA |
Bassler [16] 2015 | 10 centres Switzerland | T C | 437 419 | NA NA | 26.1 (1.3)a
26.1 (1.2)a
| 798 (193)a
803 (189)a
| 388 (88.8%) 383 (91.4%) | NA NA | NA NA |
Cao [36] 2016 | 1 centre China | T C | 40 40 | NA NA | 30.1 (2.2)a
30.7 (1.8)a
| 1333 (110)a
1339 (105)a
| NA NA | 40 40 | 40 40 |
Cole [37] 1999 | 4 centres USA | T C | 123 130 | 51 53 | 26 (2)a
26 (2)a
| 800 (193)a
802 (189)a
| 77 (62.6%) 68 (52.3%) | 123 129 | 95 97 |
Denjean [38] 1998 | 6 centres France | T C | 43 43 | 26 26 | 27.6 (1.5)a
27.8 (1.6)a
| 1060 (218)a
1082 (260)a
| 11 (25.6%) 11 (25.6%) | 43 43 | 31 34 |
Fok [39] 1999 | 1 centre Hong Kong | T C | 27 26 | NA NA | 27.9 (0.5)a
27.1 (0.5)a
| 993 (71)a
981 (71)a
| 15 (55.6%) 13 (50.0%) | NA NA | NA NA |
Giep [40] 1996 | 1 centre USA | T C | 10 9 | 6 3 | 26 (2.0)a
25 (1.6)a
| 752 (110)a
784 (141)a
| 4 (40.0%) 2 (22.2%) | 8 9 | 8 9 |
Jangaard [41] 2002 | 1 centre Germany | T C | 30 30 | 13 13 | 27.2 (2)a
27.9 (2)a
| 882 (204)a
917 (178)b
| 15 (50.0%) 16 (53.3%) | 19 25 | 19 25 |
Jonsson [42] 2000 | 1 centre Sweden | T C | 15 15 | 8 11 | 25 (23,27)b
26 (24,29)b
| 766 (525,1122)b
813 (630,1227)b
| 12 (80.0%) 10 (66.7%) | 14 15 | 14 15 |
Ke [43] 2016 | 1 centre China | T C | 46 46 | 20 27 | <32 <32 | <1500 <1500 | NA NA | 46 46 | 46 46 |
LaForce [44] 1993 | 1 centre USA | T C | 10 11 | NA NA | NA NA | <1500 <1500 | NA NA | NA NA | NA NA |
Merz [45] 1999 | 1 centre Germany | T C | 12 11 | 5 7 | 28 (27,32)b
29 (27,31)b
| 1108 (820,1420)b
1120 (880,1480)b
| 7 (58.3%) 7 (63.6%) | 12 11 | 10 9 |
Nakamura [24] 2016 | 1 centre Japan | T C | 107 104 | 63 50 | 26 (25,27)b
26 (25,27)b
| 783.87 (134.8)b
784.06 (127.2)b
| 45 (42.1%) 42 (40.4%) | 90 88 | NA NA |
Pappagallo [46] 1998 | 1 centre USA | T C | 9 9 | 5 5 | 26.8 (1.1)a
26.6 (0.8)a
| 828 (64)a
849 (89)a
| NA NA | NA NA | NA NA |
Townsend [47] 1998 | 1 centre Denver | T C | 15 17 | 8 8 | 25.8 25.5 | 728 695 | NA NA | 15 17 | NA NA |
Wen [48] 2016 | 1 centre China | T C | 80 80 | 54 51 | 30.5 (2.6)a
31.2 (2.3)a
| 1220 (183)a
1250 (167)a
| NA NA | NA NA | NA NA |
Yeh [49] 2008 Kuo [50] 2010 | 1 centre Taiwan | T C | 60 56 | 31 29 | 26.4 (2.2)a
26.7 (2.3)a
| 881 (245)a
919 (272)a
| 46 (76.7%) 42 (75.0%) | 60 56 | 60 56 |
Yeh [25] 2016 | 1 centre Taiwan | T C | 131 134 | NA NA | 26.5 (2.2)a
26.8 (2.2)a
| 882 (249)a
935 (283)a
| NA NA | 131 134 | 131 134 |
Yong [20] 1999 | 1 centre UK | T C | 20 20 | 13 12 | 27.4 (1.7)a
27.7 (1.7)a
| 1011 (223)a
932 (401)a
| NA NA | NA NA | NA NA |
Zimmerman [51] 2000 | 1 centre USA | T C | 20 19 | 12 8 | 26 (2.0)a
26 (2.0)a
| 910 (198)a
802 (225)a
| 14 (70.0%) 15 (78.9%) | 15 18 | 15 18 |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs systemic corticosteroids | |||||||||
Dimitriou [52] 1997 | 1 centre UK | T C | 20 20 | NA NA | 27 (24,30)b
27 (24,31) | 849 (584,1270)b
818 (425,1460)b
| 12 (60.0%) 11 (55.0%) | NA NA | 14 12 |
Groneck [53] 1999 | 1 centre Germany | T C | 7 9 | 3 3 | 26 (25,28)b
26 (25,28)b
| 800 (500,1020)b
847 (660,1030)b
| NA NA | NA NA | NA NA |
Halliday [54] 2001 Wilson [55] 2006 | 47 centre Europe | T C | 285 285 | 142 164 | 27.2 (1.9)a
27.2 (1.9)a
| 1002 (281)a
1011 (285)a
| 177 (62.1%) 164 (57.5%) | NA NA | 265 260 |
Rozycki [56] 2003 | 1 centre USA | T C | 46 15 | 23 7 | <31 <31 | <1500 <1500 | 6 (13.0%) 2 (13.3%) | 46 15 | 46 15 |
Suchomski [57] 2002 | 1 centre USA | T C | 51 27 | 25 19 | 26 (1.6)a
26 (2.0)a
| 844 (157)a
843 (227)a
| 34 (66.7%) 16 (59.3%) | NA NA | NA NA |
Study | Age at enrollment | Type of AACS | Intervention dose | Mode of delivery | Intervention treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AACs vs placebo | |||||
Arnon [35] 1996 | 15 (0.6)a
14 (0.5)a
| BUD | 600 μg BID | MDI | 7 days or until the infant had been extubated |
Bassler [16] 2015 | within 12 h | BUD | 400 μg Q12H for 14 days 200 μg Q12H for 15 days | MDI | Until extubation and no oxygen dependent or 32 weeks PMA |
Cao [36] 2016 | within 6 h | BUD | 250 μg Q8H | Airway instillation | Until FIO2 < 0.4 or extubation |
Cole [37] 1999 | 5.7 (3.4)a
5.4 (2.9)a
| BDP | 40 μg/kg for 7 days 30 μg/kg for 7 days 15 μg/kg for 7 days 5-10 μg/kg for 7 days | MDI | 28 days |
Denjean [38] 1998 | 10 days | BDP | 250 μg Q6H | MDI | 28 days |
Fok [39] 1999 | within 24 h of birth | FPP | 250 μg Q12H | MDI | 14 days |
Giep [40] 1996 | 14 days | BDP | 1 mg/kg/d | MDI | 7 days |
Jangaard [41] 2002 | 3 years | BDP | 0.2 mg/kg/d | MDI | Until 28 days of age |
Jonsson [42] 2000 | 6 days | BUD | 0.5 mg/times BID | Electronic dosimetric jet nebulizer | 14 days |
Ke [43] 2016 | within 6 h | BUD | 250 μg Q12H | Airway instillation | Until stop respiratory support |
LaForce [44] 1993 | 14 days | BDP | 50 μg Q8H | A Whisper Jet nebulizer system | 28 days |
Merz [45] 1999 | 3 days | BUD | 1.6 mg/d Q6H | MDI | 10 days or until extubation |
Nakamura [24] 2016 | within 24 h of birth | FPP | 50 μg BID | MDI | Until 6 weeks of age or extubation |
Pappagallo [46] 1998 | 22.6 (3.0)a
19.1 (1.6)a
| DXM | 1 mg/kg Q8H for 7 days 0.5 mg/kg Q8H for 7 days | A jet nebulizer | 10 days |
Townsend [47] 1998 | at 48-96 h of age | FPP | 500 μg TID | MDI | 28 days or until extubation |
Wen [48] 2016 | within 24 h of birth | BUD | 0.4 mg/kg Q12H | MDI | 14 days |
Yeh [49] 2008 Kuo [50] 2010 | 2.1 (2.2)a
| BUD | 0.25 mg/kg Q8H | Airway instillation | Until the infant required ≤0.4 of FIO2 or until the infant was extubated |
Yeh [25] 2016 | 2.0 (1.5)a
1.8 (1.6)a
| BUD | 0.25 mg/kg Q8H | Airway instillation | Until the infant required ≤0.4 of FIO2 or until extubation |
Yong [20] 1999 | within 18 h of birth | FPP | 250 μg Q12H | MDI | 14 days |
Zimmerman [51] 2000 | within 24 h of birth | BDP | 2MDI, Q6H for 3 days; 2MDI, Q8H for 3 days; 2MDI Q12H for 3 days; 2MDI QD for 3 days | MDI | 12 days |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs systemic corticosteroids | |||||
Dimitriou [52] 1997 | After 5 days | BUD | 100 μg QD | A jet nebulizer | 10 days |
Groneck [53] 1999 | After 72 h | BDP | 250 μg QD | MDI | 10~28 days |
Halliday [54] 2001 Wilson [55] 2006 | < 72 h or > 15d | BUD | <1000 g 0.4 mg BID >1000 g 0.6 mg BID | MDI | 12 days or until extubation |
Rozycki [56] 2003 | at 14 days of age | BDP | High: 2.4-3.7 mg/kg/d Mid: 1.0-1.8 mg/kg/d Low: 0.5-0.7 mg/kg/d | MDI | 7 days or until extubation |
Suchomski [57] 2002 | 12-21 days of age | BDP | High: 800 μg/d Low: 400 μg/d | MDI | Until extubation |
Risk of bias within individual studies
Systematic review of the findings from synthesis of the results
ACCs vs placebo
Primary clinical outcome
BPD
Outcome or Subgroup | Studies | Participants | P value | Effect Estimate | NNT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPD | 14 | 2338 | 0.0005 | 0.71 [0.58, 0.86] | 10 |
Exclusion of high risk trials | 12 | 2172 | 0.0001 | 0.70 [0.58, 0.84] | 10 |
Exclusion of conference abstracts | 13 | 2298 | <0.0001 | 0.69 [0.58, 0.83] | 9 |
Exclusion of non English studies | 11 | 2006 | <0.00001 | 0.72 [0.63, 0.83] | 10 |
Exclusion of small sample trials | 6 | 1861 | <0.0001 | 0.69 [0.57, 0.83] | 10 |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 10 | 1785 | 0.003 | 0.77 [0.65, 0.91] | 14 |
Instillation of steroids using surfactants as carriers | 4 | 553 | 0.007 | 0.44 [0.24, 0.79] | 5 |
Death | 11 | 2041 | 0.55 | 0.75 [0.54, 1.04] | |
Exclusion of high risk trials | 9 | 1875 | 0.40 | 0.88 [0.56, 1.39] | |
Exclusion of conference abstracts | 10 | 2003 | 0.99 | 1.00 [0.75, 1.33] | |
Exclusion of non English studies | 10 | 1961 | 0.55 | 0.90 [0.64, 1.27] | |
Exclusion of small sample trials | 5 | 1701 | 0.98 | 1.01 [0.70, 1.45] | |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 8 | 1580 | 0.88 | 1.03 [0.69, 1.53] | |
Instillation of steroids using surfactants as carriers | 3 | 461 | 0.07 | 0.67 [0.43, 1.04] | |
Death or BPD | 8 | 1761 | 0.003 | 0.81 [0.71, 0.93] | 12 |
Exclusion of conference abstracts | 7 | 1721 | 0.01 | 0.82 [0.70, 0.96] | 12 |
Exclusion of small sample trials | 4 | 1585 | 0.03 | 0.83 [0.70, 0.99] | 13 |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 7 | 1496 | 0.03 | 0.87 [0.77, 0.99] | 20 |
Instillation of steroids using surfactants as carriers | 1 | 265 | <0.0001 | 0.69 [0.58, 0.82] | 4 |