Skip to main content
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Akute Nierenschädigung – Status Quo

verfasst von : Michael Haase, Anja Haase-Fielitz

Erschienen in: Akute Nierenschädigung

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Zusammenfassung

Die akute Nierenschädigung kann auch bei scheinbar vollständiger Nierenfunktionserholung ursächlich für die Entwicklung einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz sein und trägt zu einer Auslösung bzw. Verschlimmerung nicht-renaler Organschäden bei.
Es herrscht Einigkeit darüber, dass der Anstieg des Serumkreatinins und eine rückläufige Diurese sehr aussagekräftige Marker für die Charakterisierung eines akuten Rückgangs der glomerulären Filtrationsrate sind, weshalb auch neuere Empfehlungen für die Diagnosekriterien der akuten Nierenschädigung diese Nierenfunktionsparameter weiterhin uneingeschränkt berücksichtigen. Jedoch weisen Kreatinin und Diurese als funktionelle Marker inhärente Limitationen auf, d. h. sie können die akute renale Schädigung oft nicht frühzeitig und nicht vollumfänglich abbilden. Marker des akuten Tubulusschadens geben direkte Informationen über den tubulären Status, dies oftmals erheblich vor einem Anstieg der klassischen Nierenfunktionsparameter. Eine Aussage bezüglich der Reversibilität des akuten Nierenfunktionsverlusts kann mithilfe solcher Marker erleichtert werden.
Fachspezifische Empfehlungen zielen auf eine individualisierte Ursachensuche sowie frühzeitige und multimodale Behandlung der akuten Nierenschädigung ab und umfassen das Vermeiden von Nephronoxen bzw. den Ausschluss oder die Behandlung eines Harnstaus, einer Sepsis und der Komplikationen einer akuten Nierenschädigung.
Aufgrund vielfältiger Umstände, wie des initial zumeist asymptomatischen Krankheitsgeschehens und eines erwarteten zumeist vollständig spontan reversiblen Verlaufs vollständig reversiblen Verlaufs, ist eine verzögerte und unvollständige Behandlung der akuten Nierenschädigung eher die Regel als die Ausnahme. Eine Verbesserung der Prognose betroffener Patienten könnte sich durch optimierte Behandlungspfade, z. B. mittels eines EDV-gestützten Frühwarnsystems, erreichen lassen.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Basile DP, Donohoe D, Roethe K, Osborn JL. Renal ischemic injury results in permanent damage to peritubular capillaries and influences long-term function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281:F887–99CrossRefPubMed Basile DP, Donohoe D, Roethe K, Osborn JL. Renal ischemic injury results in permanent damage to peritubular capillaries and influences long-term function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281:F887–99CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P; Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R204–12 Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P; Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R204–12
Zurück zum Zitat Bucaloiu ID, Kirchner HL, Norfolk ER, Hartle JE 2nd, Perkins RM. Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;81: 477–485CrossRefPubMed Bucaloiu ID, Kirchner HL, Norfolk ER, Hartle JE 2nd, Perkins RM. Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;81: 477–485CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Buchborn E, Edel H. „Akutes Nierenversagen“ in Schwiegk H. et al. (eds.) „Nierenkrankheiten“, Springer Verlag 1968 Buchborn E, Edel H. „Akutes Nierenversagen“ in Schwiegk H. et al. (eds.) „Nierenkrankheiten“, Springer Verlag 1968
Zurück zum Zitat Chawla LS, Davison DL, Brasha-Mitchell E, Koyner JL, Arthur JM, Shaw AD, Tumlin JA, Trevino SA, Kimmel PL, Seneff MG. Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R207CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Chawla LS, Davison DL, Brasha-Mitchell E, Koyner JL, Arthur JM, Shaw AD, Tumlin JA, Trevino SA, Kimmel PL, Seneff MG. Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R207CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA, Kimmel PL. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:58–66CrossRefPubMed Chawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA, Kimmel PL. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:58–66CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Shaw AD, Faselis C, Palant CE, Kimmel PL. Association between Acute Kidney Injury and Long-Term Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Veterans. CJASN. 2014;9:448–56PubMedCentralPubMed Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Shaw AD, Faselis C, Palant CE, Kimmel PL. Association between Acute Kidney Injury and Long-Term Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Veterans. CJASN. 2014;9:448–56PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012;81:442–8CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012;81:442–8CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz DN, Bagshaw SM, Maisel A, Lewington A, Thadhani R, Chakravarthi R, Murray PT, Mehta RL, Chawla LS. Use of biomarkers to assess prognosis and guide management of patients with acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:45–64CrossRefPubMed Cruz DN, Bagshaw SM, Maisel A, Lewington A, Thadhani R, Chakravarthi R, Murray PT, Mehta RL, Chawla LS. Use of biomarkers to assess prognosis and guide management of patients with acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:45–64CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Di Somma S, Magrini L, De Berardinis B, Marino R, Ferri E, Moscatelli P, Ballarino P, Carpinteri G, Noto P, Gliozzo B, Paladino L, Di Stasio E. Additive value of blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to clinical judgement in acute kidney injury diagnosis and mortality prediction in patients hospitalized from the emergency department. Crit Care. 2013;17:R29CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Di Somma S, Magrini L, De Berardinis B, Marino R, Ferri E, Moscatelli P, Ballarino P, Carpinteri G, Noto P, Gliozzo B, Paladino L, Di Stasio E. Additive value of blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to clinical judgement in acute kidney injury diagnosis and mortality prediction in patients hospitalized from the emergency department. Crit Care. 2013;17:R29CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Feltes CM, Van Eyk J, Rabb H. Distant-organ changes after acute kidney injury. Nephron Physiol 2008;109:80–4CrossRef Feltes CM, Van Eyk J, Rabb H. Distant-organ changes after acute kidney injury. Nephron Physiol 2008;109:80–4CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Cruz DN, Wagener G, Krawczeski CD, Koyner JL, Murray P, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Makris K, Ronco C, Martensson J, Martling CR, Venge P, Siew E, Ware LB, Ikizler TA, Mertens PR. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1752–1761CrossRefPubMed Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Cruz DN, Wagener G, Krawczeski CD, Koyner JL, Murray P, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Makris K, Ronco C, Martensson J, Martling CR, Venge P, Siew E, Ware LB, Ikizler TA, Mertens PR. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1752–1761CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Haase-Fielitz A, Haase M, Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014;51:335–51CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Haase-Fielitz A, Haase M, Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a critical evaluation of current status. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014;51:335–51CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Haase-Fielitz A, Albert C, Westphal S, Hoffmann J, Mertens PR, Plass M, Westerman M, Bellomo R, Maisel A, Ronco C, Haase M. Tubular damage markers linked to iron metabolism or inflammation may improve classical clinical and routine biological risk assessment for major adverse kidney events. ERA-EDTA 2014; [SP111] Haase-Fielitz A, Albert C, Westphal S, Hoffmann J, Mertens PR, Plass M, Westerman M, Bellomo R, Maisel A, Ronco C, Haase M. Tubular damage markers linked to iron metabolism or inflammation may improve classical clinical and routine biological risk assessment for major adverse kidney events. ERA-EDTA 2014; [SP111]
Zurück zum Zitat Kashani K, Al-Khafaji A, Ardiles T, Artigas A, Bagshaw SM, Bell M, Bihorac A, Birkhahn R, Cely CM, Chawla LS, Davison DL, Feldkamp T, Forni LG, Gong MN, Gunnerson KJ, Haase M, Hackett J, Honore PM, Hoste EA, Joannes-Boyau O, Joannidis M, Kim P, Koyner JL, Laskowitz DT, Lissauer ME, Marx G, McCullough PA, Mullaney S, Ostermann M, Rimmelé T, Shapiro NI, Shaw AD, Shi J, Sprague AM, Vincent JL, Vinsonneau C, Wagner L, Walker MG, Wilkerson RG, Zacharowski K, Kellum JA. Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R25CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Kashani K, Al-Khafaji A, Ardiles T, Artigas A, Bagshaw SM, Bell M, Bihorac A, Birkhahn R, Cely CM, Chawla LS, Davison DL, Feldkamp T, Forni LG, Gong MN, Gunnerson KJ, Haase M, Hackett J, Honore PM, Hoste EA, Joannes-Boyau O, Joannidis M, Kim P, Koyner JL, Laskowitz DT, Lissauer ME, Marx G, McCullough PA, Mullaney S, Ostermann M, Rimmelé T, Shapiro NI, Shaw AD, Shi J, Sprague AM, Vincent JL, Vinsonneau C, Wagner L, Walker MG, Wilkerson RG, Zacharowski K, Kellum JA. Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R25CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 doi:10.1038/kisup.2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 doi:10.1038/kisup.2012
Zurück zum Zitat Kerr M, Bedford M, Matthews B, O'Donoghue D. The economic impact of acute kidney injury in England. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1362–8CrossRefPubMed Kerr M, Bedford M, Matthews B, O'Donoghue D. The economic impact of acute kidney injury in England. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1362–8CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, Crow M, Ross CA, Mattson MP, Rabb H. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1360-1370CrossRef Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, Crow M, Ross CA, Mattson MP, Rabb H. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1360-1370CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McCullough PA, Shaw AD, Haase M, Bouchard J, Waikar SS, Siew ED, Murray PT, Mehta RL, Ronco C. Diagnosis of acute kidney injury using functional and injury biomarkers: workgroup statements from the tenth Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus Conference. Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:13–29 McCullough PA, Shaw AD, Haase M, Bouchard J, Waikar SS, Siew ED, Murray PT, Mehta RL, Ronco C. Diagnosis of acute kidney injury using functional and injury biomarkers: workgroup statements from the tenth Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus Conference. Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:13–29
Zurück zum Zitat McCullough PA, Bouchard J, Waikar SS, Siew ED, Endre ZH, Goldstein SL, Koyner JL, Macedo E, Doi K, Di Somma S, Lewington A, Thadhani R, Chakravarthi R, Ice C, Okusa MD, Duranteau J, Doran P, Yang L, Jaber BL, Meehan S, Kellum JA, Haase M, Murray PT, Cruz D, Maisel A, Bagshaw SM, Chawla LS, Mehta RL, Shaw AD, Ronco C. Implementation of Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management of Acute Kidney Injury: Executive Summary from the Tenth Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:5–12 McCullough PA, Bouchard J, Waikar SS, Siew ED, Endre ZH, Goldstein SL, Koyner JL, Macedo E, Doi K, Di Somma S, Lewington A, Thadhani R, Chakravarthi R, Ice C, Okusa MD, Duranteau J, Doran P, Yang L, Jaber BL, Meehan S, Kellum JA, Haase M, Murray PT, Cruz D, Maisel A, Bagshaw SM, Chawla LS, Mehta RL, Shaw AD, Ronco C. Implementation of Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management of Acute Kidney Injury: Executive Summary from the Tenth Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Contrib Nephrol. 2013;182:5–12
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A; Acute Kidney Injury Network. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A; Acute Kidney Injury Network. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nickolas TL, O'Rourke MJ, Yang J, Sise ME, Canetta PA, Barasch N, Buchen C, Khan F, Mori K, Giglio J, Devarajan P, Barasch J. Sensitivity and specificity of a single emergency department measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosing acute kidney injury. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:810–819CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Nickolas TL, O'Rourke MJ, Yang J, Sise ME, Canetta PA, Barasch N, Buchen C, Khan F, Mori K, Giglio J, Devarajan P, Barasch J. Sensitivity and specificity of a single emergency department measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosing acute kidney injury. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:810–819CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nickolas TL, Schmidt-Ott KM, Canetta P, Forster C, Singer E, Sise M, Elger A, Maarouf O, Sola-Del Valle DA, O'Rourke M, Sherman E, Lee P, Geara A, Imus P, Guddati A, Polland A, Rahman W, Elitok S, Malik N, Giglio J, El-Sayegh S, Devarajan P, Hebbar S, Saggi SJ, Hahn B, Kettritz R, Luft FC, Barasch J. Diagnostic and prognostic stratification in the emergency department using urinary biomarkers of nephron damage: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:246–255CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Nickolas TL, Schmidt-Ott KM, Canetta P, Forster C, Singer E, Sise M, Elger A, Maarouf O, Sola-Del Valle DA, O'Rourke M, Sherman E, Lee P, Geara A, Imus P, Guddati A, Polland A, Rahman W, Elitok S, Malik N, Giglio J, El-Sayegh S, Devarajan P, Hebbar S, Saggi SJ, Hahn B, Kettritz R, Luft FC, Barasch J. Diagnostic and prognostic stratification in the emergency department using urinary biomarkers of nephron damage: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:246–255CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Porter CJ, Juurlink I, Bisset LH, Bavakunji R, Mehta RL, Devonald MA. A real-time electronic alert to improve detection of acute kidney injury in a large teaching hospital. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1888–93CrossRefPubMed Porter CJ, Juurlink I, Bisset LH, Bavakunji R, Mehta RL, Devonald MA. A real-time electronic alert to improve detection of acute kidney injury in a large teaching hospital. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1888–93CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294:813–8CrossRefPubMed Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294:813–8CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Bates S, Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1913–7CrossRefPubMed Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Bates S, Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1913–7CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Selby NM, Crowley L, Fluck RJ, et al. Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:533–40CrossRefPubMed Selby NM, Crowley L, Fluck RJ, et al. Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:533–40CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart J, National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Adding insult to injury: a review of the care of patients who died in hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute kidney injury (acute renal failure): a report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2009). London: National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2009, available from:▶ http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2009report1/Downloads/AKI_report.pdf Stewart J, National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Adding insult to injury: a review of the care of patients who died in hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute kidney injury (acute renal failure): a report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2009). London: National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2009, available from:▶ http://​www.​ncepod.​org.​uk/​2009report1/​Downloads/​AKI_​report.​pdf
Zurück zum Zitat Takasu O, Gaut JP, Watanabe E, To K, Fagley RE, Sato B, Jarman S, Efimov IR, Janks DL, Srivastava A, Bhayani SB, Drewry A, Swanson PE, Hotchkiss RS. Mechanisms of cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients dying of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:509–17CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Takasu O, Gaut JP, Watanabe E, To K, Fagley RE, Sato B, Jarman S, Efimov IR, Janks DL, Srivastava A, Bhayani SB, Drewry A, Swanson PE, Hotchkiss RS. Mechanisms of cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients dying of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:509–17CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Thakar CV, Arrigain S, Worley S, Yared JP, Paganini EP. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:162–8CrossRefPubMed Thakar CV, Arrigain S, Worley S, Yared JP, Paganini EP. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:162–8CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wasung ME, Chawla LS, Madero M. Biomarkers of renal function, which and when? Clin Chim Acta. 2014;438C:350–357 Wasung ME, Chawla LS, Madero M. Biomarkers of renal function, which and when? Clin Chim Acta. 2014;438C:350–357
Metadaten
Titel
Akute Nierenschädigung – Status Quo
verfasst von
Michael Haase
Anja Haase-Fielitz
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45080-8_1

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.