Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 3/2018

30.05.2016 | Hepatitiden | Übersichten

Akutes Leberversagen

verfasst von: Dr. K. Rutter, T. Horvatits, A. Drolz, K. Roedl, S. Siedler, S. Kluge, V. Fuhrmann

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 3/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das akute Leberversagen (ALV) ist ein seltenes, aber lebensbedrohliches Zustandsbild. Charakteristisch ist das rasche Auftreten eines schweren Leberschadens mit hepatozellulärer Nekrose und eingeschränkter Leberfunktion. Bei weiterhin hoher Mortalität ist ein frühzeitiges Erkennen und Einleiten einer ursachenspezifischen unterstützenden sowie v. a. intensivmedizinischen symptomatischen Therapie essenziell. Durch Fortschritte im Bereich der intensivmedizinischen Behandlung von Patienten mit akutem Leberversagen sowie der Lebertransplantation konnte das Überleben deutlich verbessert werden.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Trey C, Davidson CS (1970) The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 3:282–298PubMed Trey C, Davidson CS (1970) The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 3:282–298PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R (1989) Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 97:439–445CrossRefPubMed O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R (1989) Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 97:439–445CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Oketani M, Ido A, Nakayama N et al (2013) Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis and late-onset hepatic failure in Japan: Summary of the annual nationwide survey between 2004 and 2009. Hepatol Res 43(2):97–105CrossRefPubMed Oketani M, Ido A, Nakayama N et al (2013) Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis and late-onset hepatic failure in Japan: Summary of the annual nationwide survey between 2004 and 2009. Hepatol Res 43(2):97–105CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostapowicz G (2002) Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 137:947–954CrossRefPubMed Ostapowicz G (2002) Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 137:947–954CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lidofsky SD (1993) Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22(2):257–269PubMed Lidofsky SD (1993) Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22(2):257–269PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Denzer U, Helmreich-Becker I, Galle PR, Lohse AW (2003) Liver assessment and biopsy in patients with marked coagulopathy: value of mini-laparoscopy and control of bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 98(4):893–900CrossRefPubMed Denzer U, Helmreich-Becker I, Galle PR, Lohse AW (2003) Liver assessment and biopsy in patients with marked coagulopathy: value of mini-laparoscopy and control of bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 98(4):893–900CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalambokis G, Manousou P, Vibhakorn S et al (2007) Transjugular liver biopsy–indications, adequacy, quality of specimens, and complications–a systematic review. J Hepatol 47(2):284–294CrossRefPubMed Kalambokis G, Manousou P, Vibhakorn S et al (2007) Transjugular liver biopsy–indications, adequacy, quality of specimens, and complications–a systematic review. J Hepatol 47(2):284–294CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Drolz A, Jäger B, Wewalka M et al (2013) Clinical impact of arterial ammonia levels in ICU patients with different liver diseases. Intensive Care Med 39(7):1227–1237CrossRefPubMed Drolz A, Jäger B, Wewalka M et al (2013) Clinical impact of arterial ammonia levels in ICU patients with different liver diseases. Intensive Care Med 39(7):1227–1237CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J (2007) Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 46(6):1844–1852CrossRefPubMed Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J (2007) Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 46(6):1844–1852CrossRefPubMed
11.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson KJ, Bates CM, Henderson NC et al (2009) The utilization of liver transplantation in the management of acute liver failure: comparison between acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen etiologies. Liver Transplant 15(6):600–609CrossRef Simpson KJ, Bates CM, Henderson NC et al (2009) The utilization of liver transplantation in the management of acute liver failure: comparison between acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen etiologies. Liver Transplant 15(6):600–609CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993) Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 342(8866):273–275CrossRefPubMed O’Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993) Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 342(8866):273–275CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou JP (1986) Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 6(2):97–106CrossRefPubMed Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou JP (1986) Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 6(2):97–106CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bundesärztekammer (2013) Richtlinien zur Organtransplantation gem. §16 ABs. 1S. 1 Nrn. 2 u. 5 TPG. Dtsch Arztebl 110(6):A-241–A-242 Bundesärztekammer (2013) Richtlinien zur Organtransplantation gem. §16 ABs. 1S. 1 Nrn. 2 u. 5 TPG. Dtsch Arztebl 110(6):A-241–A-242
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt LE, Larsen FS (2007) MELD score as a predictor of liver failure and death in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology 45(3):789–796CrossRefPubMed Schmidt LE, Larsen FS (2007) MELD score as a predictor of liver failure and death in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology 45(3):789–796CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernal W, Auzinger G, Dhawan A, Wendon J (2010) Acute liver failure. Lancet 376(9736):190–201CrossRefPubMed Bernal W, Auzinger G, Dhawan A, Wendon J (2010) Acute liver failure. Lancet 376(9736):190–201CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadem J, Tacke F, Bruns T et al (2012) Etiologies and outcomes of acute liver failure in Germany. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(6):664–669 e2CrossRefPubMed Hadem J, Tacke F, Bruns T et al (2012) Etiologies and outcomes of acute liver failure in Germany. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(6):664–669 e2CrossRefPubMed
19.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Pischke S, Behrendt P, Bock CT, Jilg W, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H (2014) Hepatitis E in Germany–an under-reported infectious disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int 111(35–36):577–583PubMedPubMedCentral Pischke S, Behrendt P, Bock CT, Jilg W, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H (2014) Hepatitis E in Germany–an under-reported infectious disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int 111(35–36):577–583PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Manka P, Bechmann LP, Coombes JD et al (2015) Hepatitis E virus infection as a possible cause of acute liver failure in europe. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(10):1836–1842CrossRefPubMed Manka P, Bechmann LP, Coombes JD et al (2015) Hepatitis E virus infection as a possible cause of acute liver failure in europe. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(10):1836–1842CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ et al (2015) Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 372(10):914–922CrossRefPubMed Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ et al (2015) Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 372(10):914–922CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Poethko-Muller C, Zimmermann R, Hamouda O et al (2013) Epidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and C among adults in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 56(5–6):707–715CrossRefPubMed Poethko-Muller C, Zimmermann R, Hamouda O et al (2013) Epidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and C among adults in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 56(5–6):707–715CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Khuroo MS, Kamili S (2003) Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat 10(3):224–231CrossRefPubMed Khuroo MS, Kamili S (2003) Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat 10(3):224–231CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Torres HA, Davila M (2012) Reactivation of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9(3):156–166CrossRefPubMed Torres HA, Davila M (2012) Reactivation of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9(3):156–166CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrillo RP, Martin P, Lok AS (2015) Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments. JAMA 313(16):1617–1618CrossRefPubMed Perrillo RP, Martin P, Lok AS (2015) Preventing hepatitis B reactivation due to immunosuppressive drug treatments. JAMA 313(16):1617–1618CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiodt FV, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, McGuire B, Samuel G, Lee WM (2003) Viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol 98(2):448–453CrossRefPubMed Schiodt FV, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, McGuire B, Samuel G, Lee WM (2003) Viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol 98(2):448–453CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM (2010) Drug-induced acute liver failure: Results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 52(6):2065–2076CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM (2010) Drug-induced acute liver failure: Results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 52(6):2065–2076CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiodt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL, Lee WM (1997) Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 337(16):1112–1117CrossRefPubMed Schiodt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL, Lee WM (1997) Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med 337(16):1112–1117CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Auzinger G, Wendon J (2008) Intensive care management of acute liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 14(2):179–188CrossRefPubMed Auzinger G, Wendon J (2008) Intensive care management of acute liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 14(2):179–188CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann V, Jager B, Zubkova A, Drolz A (2010) Hypoxic hepatitis – epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(5–6):129–139CrossRefPubMed Fuhrmann V, Jager B, Zubkova A, Drolz A (2010) Hypoxic hepatitis – epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122(5–6):129–139CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Drolz A, Horvatits T, Roedl K, Fuhrmann V (2014) Shock liver and cholestatic liver in critically ill patients. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 109(4):228–234CrossRefPubMed Drolz A, Horvatits T, Roedl K, Fuhrmann V (2014) Shock liver and cholestatic liver in critically ill patients. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 109(4):228–234CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann V, Kneidinger N, Herkner H et al (2011) Impact of hypoxic hepatitis on mortality in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 37(8):1302–1310CrossRefPubMed Fuhrmann V, Kneidinger N, Herkner H et al (2011) Impact of hypoxic hepatitis on mortality in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 37(8):1302–1310CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Horvatits T, Trauner M, Fuhrmann V (2013) Hypoxic liver injury and cholestasis in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 19(2):128–132CrossRefPubMed Horvatits T, Trauner M, Fuhrmann V (2013) Hypoxic liver injury and cholestasis in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 19(2):128–132CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jager B, Drolz A, Michl B et al (2012) Jaundice increases the rate of complications and one-year mortality in patients with hypoxic hepatitis. Hepatology 56(6):2297–2304CrossRefPubMed Jager B, Drolz A, Michl B et al (2012) Jaundice increases the rate of complications and one-year mortality in patients with hypoxic hepatitis. Hepatology 56(6):2297–2304CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann V, Kneidinger N, Herkner H et al (2009) Hypoxic hepatitis: underlying conditions and risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 35(8):1397–1405CrossRefPubMed Fuhrmann V, Kneidinger N, Herkner H et al (2009) Hypoxic hepatitis: underlying conditions and risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 35(8):1397–1405CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Mueller C et al (2006) Hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with hypoxic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 131(1):69–75CrossRefPubMed Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Mueller C et al (2006) Hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with hypoxic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 131(1):69–75CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Drolz A, Horvatits T, Michl B et al (2014) Statin therapy is associated with reduced incidence of hypoxic hepatitis in critically ill patients. J Hepatol 60(6):1187–1193CrossRefPubMed Drolz A, Horvatits T, Michl B et al (2014) Statin therapy is associated with reduced incidence of hypoxic hepatitis in critically ill patients. J Hepatol 60(6):1187–1193CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ludwig J, Hashimoto E, McGill DB, van Heerden JA (1990) Classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction: ambiguous terminology of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 65(1):51–55CrossRefPubMed Ludwig J, Hashimoto E, McGill DB, van Heerden JA (1990) Classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction: ambiguous terminology of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 65(1):51–55CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Seijo S, Plessier A, Hoekstra J et al (2013) Good long-term outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome with a step-wise management. Hepatology 57(5):1962–1968CrossRefPubMed Seijo S, Plessier A, Hoekstra J et al (2013) Good long-term outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome with a step-wise management. Hepatology 57(5):1962–1968CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T et al (2007) Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Crit Care Med 35(11):2498–2508CrossRefPubMed Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T et al (2007) Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Crit Care Med 35(11):2498–2508CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines (2015) Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 63(4):971–1004CrossRef EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines (2015) Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 63(4):971–1004CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernal W, Hyyrylainen A, Gera A et al (2013) Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients. J Hepatol 59(1):74–80CrossRefPubMed Bernal W, Hyyrylainen A, Gera A et al (2013) Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients. J Hepatol 59(1):74–80CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Tujios SR, Hynan LS, Vazquez MA et al (2015) Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(2):352–359CrossRefPubMed Tujios SR, Hynan LS, Vazquez MA et al (2015) Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(2):352–359CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Slack AJ, Auzinger G, Willars C et al (2014) Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease. Liver Int 34(1):42–48CrossRefPubMed Slack AJ, Auzinger G, Willars C et al (2014) Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease. Liver Int 34(1):42–48CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Chevret L, Durand P, Lambert J et al (2014) High-volume hemofiltration in children with acute liver failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 15(7):300–305CrossRef Chevret L, Durand P, Lambert J et al (2014) High-volume hemofiltration in children with acute liver failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 15(7):300–305CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer L, Tribl B, Gendo A et al (2000) Partial pressure of ammonia versus ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 31(1):30–34CrossRefPubMed Kramer L, Tribl B, Gendo A et al (2000) Partial pressure of ammonia versus ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 31(1):30–34CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Acharya SK, Bhatia V, Sreenivas V, Khanal S, Panda SK (2009) Efficacy of L‑ornithine L‑aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 136(7):2159–2168CrossRefPubMed Acharya SK, Bhatia V, Sreenivas V, Khanal S, Panda SK (2009) Efficacy of L‑ornithine L‑aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 136(7):2159–2168CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Singanayagam A, Bernal W (2015) Update on acute liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 21(2):134–141CrossRefPubMed Singanayagam A, Bernal W (2015) Update on acute liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 21(2):134–141CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann V, Horvatits T, Drolz A, Rutter K (2014) Extracorporeal therapy of patients with liver disease in the intensive care unit. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 109(4):246–251CrossRefPubMed Fuhrmann V, Horvatits T, Drolz A, Rutter K (2014) Extracorporeal therapy of patients with liver disease in the intensive care unit. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 109(4):246–251CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr. et al (2007) Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 46(6):1853–1862CrossRefPubMed Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr. et al (2007) Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 46(6):1853–1862CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Saliba F, Camus C, Durand F et al (2013) Albumin dialysis with a noncell artificial liver support device in patients with acute liver failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 159(8):522–531CrossRefPubMed Saliba F, Camus C, Durand F et al (2013) Albumin dialysis with a noncell artificial liver support device in patients with acute liver failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 159(8):522–531CrossRefPubMed
55.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen FS, Schmidt LE, Bernsmeier C et al (2015) High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 64(1):69–78CrossRefPubMed Larsen FS, Schmidt LE, Bernsmeier C et al (2015) High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 64(1):69–78CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Germani G, Theocharidou E, Adam R et al (2012) Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. J Hepatol 57(2):288–296CrossRefPubMed Germani G, Theocharidou E, Adam R et al (2012) Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. J Hepatol 57(2):288–296CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Akutes Leberversagen
verfasst von
Dr. K. Rutter
T. Horvatits
A. Drolz
K. Roedl
S. Siedler
S. Kluge
V. Fuhrmann
Publikationsdatum
30.05.2016

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2018

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 3/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Update Intensivmedizin

Sepsis

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.