Background
Methods
Study design
General setting
Non-communicable disease division
Study population
Data variables
a Modifiable Behavioral NCD Risk Factor | ||
S.no | NCD risk factor | Definition |
1 | Tobacco use | Smoker: Currently smokes any tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, etc. Smokeless: Currently use any smokeless tobacco such as snuff, chewing tobacco, betel, etc. A detailed study using NCD STEPS data for tobacco use has already been done and it is currently under review for publication. Therefore this study will not focus on tobacco use; any information required will be used from that study. However, this variable will be used during the analysis of clustering of NCD risk factors. |
2 | High alcohol consumption | Current alcohol drinker (intermediate or high) Those who are current alcohol drinker and drinks pure alcohol above 40 g for men and above 20 g for women on average per occasion. |
3 | Low consumption of fruit and vegetable | Less than five serving of fruit and/or vegetable on an average day In a typical week, number of days the respondent ate fruit and/or vegetable, and number of servings of vegetables they ate on one of those days. |
4 | Low physical activity | Percentage of respondents not meeting WHO recommendations on physical activity for health (respondents doing less than 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or equivalent). |
5 | Salt intake | Levels of sodium and creatinine in spot urine samples are used to estimate population 24 h salt intake, using the INTERSALT equation: Males: 23.51 + 0.45*spot Na concentration (mmol/L) -3.09*spot creatinine concentration (mmol/L) + 4.16*BMI + 0.22*Age Females: 3.74 + 0.33* spot Na concentration (mmol/L)-2.44* spot creatinine concentration (mmol/L) + 2.42* BMI +2.34* Age − 0.03* Age ^2 The 24 h sodium values in mmol are divided by 17.1 in order to get grams of salt. |
b Modifiable Biological NCD Risk Factor | ||
1 | Overweight | Overweight is defined as Body Mass Index ≥25 kg/m2
|
2 | Raised blood pressure | Raised blood pressure individuals are those with SBP ≥140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or currently on medication for raised blood pressure. This study took BP 3 measurements and for the purpose of this study, the average reading of these three measurements will be used. |
3 | Impaired fasting glycaemia | Impaired fasting glycaemia is defined as those with capillary whole blood value: ≥5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dl) and <6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dl) |
4 | Raised fasting cholesterol level | Raised fasting cholesterol level is defined as total cholesterol level ≥ 5.0 mmol/L or ≥190 mg/dl or currently on medication for raised cholesterol |
Sampling and sample size
Analysis and statistics
Results
Characteristics | Number (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Total | 2822 | 100% |
Age group (years) | ||
18–39 | 1469 | 52 |
40–65 | 1353 | 48 |
Gender | ||
Male | 1074 | 38 |
Female | 1748 | 62 |
Education Level | ||
None | 1766 | 63 |
Primary | 632 | 22 |
Secondary and above | 421 | 15 |
Employment | ||
Salaried (Non/Government employee) | 480 | 17 |
Self employed | 1558 | 55 |
Unpaid | 782 | 28 |
Area of Residence | ||
Rural | 1952 | 69 |
Urban | 870 | 31 |
Income Level (in USD)a
| ||
Poorest (<=1147) | 1562 | 57 |
Middle (1148–2823) | 758 | 28 |
Richest (> = 2824) | 419 | 15 |
Socio-demographic characteristics | High alcohol consumption | High salt intake | Unhealthy diet | Low physical activity |
---|---|---|---|---|
m/n(%) | m/n(%) | m/n(%) | m/n(%) | |
National | 189/2756 (7) | 2592/2618 (99) | 1901/2817 (67) | 207/2742(6) |
Age group (years) | ||||
18–39 | 71/1444 (6) | 1318/1329 (99) | 988/1469 (67) | 116/1437 (6) |
40–65 | 118/1312 (9) | 1274/1289 (99) | 913/1348 (67) | 91/1305 (7) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 98/1046 (8) | 1015/1018 (99) | 702/1071 (65) | 54/1033 (4) |
Female | 91/1710 (5) | 1577/1600 (99) | 1199/1746 (70) | 153/1709 (10) |
Education Level | ||||
None | 145/1716 (8) | 1633/1655 (99) | 1195/1763 (68) | 105/1709 (5) |
Primary | 33/623 (6) | 583/586 (99) | 431/632 (67) | 44/620 (5) |
Secondary and above | 10/416 (5) | 375/376 (100) | 274/421 (65) | 58/412 (13) |
Employment | ||||
Salaried (Non/Govt. employee) | 27/489 (7) | 453/456 (99) | 346/496 (66) | 44/486 (7) |
Self employed | 135/1508 (8) | 1450/1467 (99) | 956/1557 (63) | 83/1497 (4) |
Unpaid | 27/759 (4) | 689/695 (99) | 599/764 (77) | 80/759 (10) |
Area of Residence | ||||
Rural | 164/1894 (8) | 1801/1820 (99) | 1342/1949 (67) | 79/1886 (3) |
Urban | 25/862 (5) | 791/798 (99) | 559/868 (68) | 128/856 (13) |
Income Level (in USD)b
| ||||
Poorest (<=1147) | 133/1517 (8) | 1436/1454 (99) | 1050/1560 (68) | 72/1511 (4) |
Middle (1148–2823) | 38/747 (6) | 694/700 (99) | 522/757 (64) | 70/743 (8) |
Richest (> = 2824) | 13/415 (4) | 381/383 (99) | 265/419 (66) | 60/411 (13) |
Socio-demographic characteristics | Raised Blood Pressure | Raised Impaired Fasting Glycaemia | Raised Cholesterol Level | Overweight |
---|---|---|---|---|
m/n(%) | m/n(%) | m/n(%) | m/n(%) | |
National | 1101/2816 (36) | 287/2724 (11) | 374/2761 (13) | 1050/2739 (33) |
Age group(years) | ||||
18–39 | 381/1467 (26) | 128/1419 (9) | 132/1434 (10) | 493/1400 (29) |
40–65 | 720/1349 (53) | 159/1305 (19) | 242/1327 (13) | 557/1339 (40) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 423/1071 (36) | 109/1037 (12) | 135/1049 (11) | 320/1067 (27) |
Female | 678/1745 (36) | 178/1687 (13) | 239/1712 (10) | 730/1672 (40) |
Education Level | ||||
None | 783/1764 (41) | 174/1712 (12) | 230/1734 (10) | 660/1724 (33) |
Primary | 215/632 (33) | 75/608 (15) | 101/619 (13) | 241/612 (31) |
Secondary and above | 102/419 (24) | 37/401 (10) | 43/405 (9) | 148/402 (35) |
Employment | ||||
Salaried (Non/Govt. employee) | 189/494 (34) | 49/473 (11) | 57/482 (10) | 192/484 (41) |
Self employed | 661/1557 (39) | 156/1526 (14) | 224/1532 (11) | 554/1522 (28) |
Unpaid | 251/765 (30) | 81/723 (11) | 93/745 (11) | 304/733 (36) |
Area of Residence | ||||
Rural | 778/1950 (36) | 192/1887 (12) | 265/1915 (11) | 629/1905 (28) |
Urban | 323/866 (35) | 95/837 (13) | 109/846 (11) | 421/834 (45) |
Income Level (in USD)b
| ||||
Poorest (<=1147) | 650/1561 (39) | 155/1509 (12) | 208/1534 (11) | 494/1518 (26) |
Middle (1148–2823) | 262/757 (30) | 72/735 (12) | 89/745 (10) | 336/731 (41) |
Richest(> = 2824) | 154/417 (36) | 50/398 (14) | 59/399 (12) | 195/409 (42) |
Socio-demographic characteristics | High alcohol consumption | Unhealthy diet | Low physical activity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | |
Age group | ||||||
18–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
40–65 | 1.53(1.48, 1.58)**
| 1.26(0.97, 1.65) | 0.98(0.97, 1)*
| 0.98(0.87, 1.1) | 1.02(0.99, 1.06) | 1.42(1.1, 1.85)*
|
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.6(0.58, 0.62)**
| 0.71(0.53, 0.97)*
| 0.86(0.85, 0.87)**
| 0.94(0.84, 1.06) | 2.46(2.37, 2.54)**
| 2.06(1.54, 2.75)**
|
Education Level | ||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 0.76(0.73, 0.79)**
| 0.79(0.55, 1.13) | 1.01(1, 1.03) | 0.95(0.83, 1.08) | 1.09(1.04, 1.14)**
| 0.93(0.66, 1.31) |
Secondary and above | 0.61(0.58, 0.64)**
| 0.96(0.6, 1.53) | 1.09(1.08, 1.11)**
| 1.06(0.89, 1.26) | 2.66(2.56, 2.76)**
| 1.71(1.24, 2.35)**
|
Employment | ||||||
Salaried (Non/Govt employee) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Self employed | 1.27(1.22, 1.32)**
| 1.06(0.72, 1.56) | 1.08(1.06, 1.09)**
| 1.19(1.02, 1.39)*
| 0.61(0.58, 0.64)**
| 1.48(1.05, 2.08)*
|
Unpaid | 0.54(0.51, 0.57)**
| 0.55(0.3, 1.03) | 0.69(0.67, 0.7)**
| 0.77(0.63, 0.94)*
| 1.44(1.39, 1.5)**
| 1.73(1.27, 2.34)**
|
Area of Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Urban | 0.58(0.56, 0.61)**
| 0.76(0.51, 1.13) | 0.97(0.96, 0.98)**
| 0.94(0.82, 1.09) | 4.04(3.9, 4.18)**
| 3.43(2.27, 5.18)**
|
Income Level (in USD)b
| ||||||
Poorest (<=1147) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle (1148–2823) | 0.82(0.79, 0.85)**
| 0.92(0.67, 1.27) | 1.15(1.14, 1.17)**
| 1.22(1.07, 1.4)**
| 2.37(2.27, 2.46)**
| 1.01(0.73, 1.38) |
Richest (> = 2824) | 0.54(0.51, 0.57)**
| 0.64(0.36, 1.15) | 1.09(1.07, 1.11)**
| 1.1(0.92, 1.31) | 3.71(3.55, 3.87)**
| 1.19(0.87, 1.64) |
Socio-demographic characteristics | Raised Blood Pressure | Impaired Fasting Glycaemia | Raised Cholesterol | Overweight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | |
Age group | ||||||||
18–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
40–65 | 2.02(2, 2.04)**
| 1.89(1.69, 2.11)**
| 2.06(2.01, 2.11)**
| 2.18(1.77, 2.69)**
| 1.49(1.46, 1.53)**
| 1.64(1.3, 2.08)**
| 1.38(1.36, 1.39)**
| 1.55(1.39, 1.72)**
|
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.01(1, 1.02) | 1.08(0.98, 1.19) | 1.12(1.09, 1.15)**
| 1.24(1.01, 1.52)*
| 0.88(0.85, 0.9)**
| 0.85(0.67, 1.08) | 1.48(1.46, 1.5)**
| 1.46(1.31, 1.63)**
|
Education Level | ||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 0.81(0.8, 0.82)**
| 0.92(0.82, 1.04) | 1.28(1.25, 1.31)**
| 1.65(1.33, 2.05)**
| 1.28(1.24, 1.31)**
| 1.49(1.17, 1.91)**
| 0.95(0.93, 0.96)**
| 0.97(0.86, 1.1) |
Secondary and above | 0.6(0.59, 0.61)**
| 0.78(0.64, 0.95)*
| 0.86(0.83, 0.89)**
| 1.13(0.76, 1.68) | 0.87(0.84, 0.9)**
| 1.01(0.67, 1.53) | 1.07(1.05, 1.09)**
| 0.88(0.75, 1.04) |
Employment | ||||||||
Salaried (Non/Govt employee) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Self employed | 1.13(1.12, 1.15)**
| 0.92(0.79, 1.06) | 1.25(1.22, 1.29)**
| 1.47(1.07, 2)*
| 1.11(1.07, 1.14)**
| 1.11(0.8, 1.55) | 0.7(0.69, 0.71)**
| 0.84(0.73, 0.96)*
|
Unpaid | 0.86(0.84, 0.87)**
| 0.82(0.7, 0.97)*
| 1(0.97, 1.04) | 1.19(0.83, 1.69) | 1.12(1.08, 1.16)**
| 1.26(0.89, 1.78) | 0.89(0.87, 0.9)**
| 0.86(0.74, 0.99)*
|
Area of Residence | ||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Urban | 0.99(0.98, 1)*
| 1.2(1.06, 1.36)**
| 1.03(1, 1.05)*
| 1.15(0.91, 1.46) | 1.07(1.04, 1.1)**
| 1.18(0.91, 1.53) | 1.64(1.62, 1.66)**
| 1.36(1.21, 1.54)**
|
Income Level (in USD)a
| ||||||||
Poorest (<=1147) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle (1148–2823) | 0.78(0.77, 0.79)**
| 0.85(0.75, 0.97)*
| 0.98(0.95, 1) | 1.12(0.88, 1.44) | 0.93(0.9, 0.96)**
| 0.98(0.73, 1.31) | 1.58(1.56, 1.6)**
| 1.47(1.28, 1.68)**
|
Richest(> = 2824) | 0.92(0.9, 0.93)**
| 1.02(0.88, 1.19) | 1.16(1.12, 1.2)**
| 1.15(0.86, 1.54) | 1.13(1.09, 1.17)**
| 1.14(0.83, 1.57) | 1.61(1.58, 1.63)**
| 1.47(1.26, 1.72)**
|
Socio-demographic Characteristics | 3 or more risk factor | |
---|---|---|
PR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | |
Agegroup | ||
18–39 | 1 | 1 |
40–65 | 1.44 (1.43, 1.45)**
| 1.46 (1.35, 1.58)**
|
Gender | ||
Male | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.93 (0.92, 0.94)**
| 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) |
Education Level | ||
None | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04)**
| 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) |
Secondary and above | 0.91 (0.90, 0.92)**
| 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) |
Employment | ||
Salaried (Non/Govt. employee) | 1 | 1 |
Self employed | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91)**
| 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) |
Unpaid | 0.77 (0.76, 0.78)**
| 0.87 (0.77, 0.97)*
|
Area of Residence | ||
Rural | 1 | 1 |
Urban | 1.19 (1.18, 1.20)**
| 1.21 (1.10, 1.32)**
|
Income Level (in USD)a
| ||
Poorest (<=1147) | 1 | 1 |
Middle (1148–2823) | 1.14 (1.13, 1.15)**
| 1.12 (1.02, 1.23)*
|
Richest (> = 2824) | 1.13 (1.12, 1.14)**
| 1.14 (1.01, 1.28)*
|