Background
Study 1
Method
Participants
Materials
Questionnaires
Procedure
Data preparation and analysis
Alcohol (n = 20) | Soda (n = 20) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brand | Health | Rest | Brand | Health | Rest | |
Variable |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
Size (% of total container) | 34.24 (12.56)a
| 4.25 (3.38)b
| 61.51 (15.04)c
| 25.10 (10.90)d
| 5.47 (2.88)b
| 69.42 (12.21)c
|
Complexity (compression ratio) | .22 (.04)a
| .27 (.06)b
| .10 (.02)c
| .26 (.03)d
| .22 (.07)d
| .12 (.02)e
|
Brightness (average luminosity) | 111.92 (44.07)a
| 105.78 (53.48)a
| 91.54 (37.22)a
| 128.21 (36.87)a
| 118.19 (48.83)a
| 107.45 (38.19)a
|
Contrast (luminosity variance) | 59.07 (11.71)a
| 48.58 (15.46)b
| 54.22 (12.33)a
| 59.07 (11.71)a
| 46.79 (11.92)b
| 52.70 (13.05)a
|
Results
Attention to branding and health warnings (Fig. 1)
Stimulus characteristics
Individual differences
Variable | Model 2 (stimulus-level and participant-level predictors) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two-way interactions | Three-way interactions. | |||||
Main effect | × Picture type | × AOI brand | × AOI health | × AOI brand × Picture type | × AOI health × Picture type | |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) | |
Intercept | 3.22 (0.84) | - | - | - | - | - |
AOI brand | −3.73 (1.20)** | 0.88 (1.72) | - | - | - | - |
AOI health | −2.95 (0.97)** | 0.18 (1.29) | - | - | - | - |
Picture type | −0.61 (1.09) | - | 0.88 (1.72) | 0.18 (1.29) | - | - |
Order | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01)* | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.003 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
Brightness | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.003) | 0.002 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.002 (0.004) |
Contrast | −0.01 (0.01)* | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
Complexity | 11.12 (4.18)** | −1.90 (5.98) | −8.624 (4.83)+
| −10.46 (4.27)* | 2.41 (6.62) | −0.76 (6.13) |
Size | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01)* | 0.08 (0.03)* | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.01)+
|
AUDIT | −0.004 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.004 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.004 (0.03) |
Alcohol consumption (last 14 days) | 0.002 (0.01) | −0.004 (0.01) | −0.002 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
Motivation to reduce drinking | −0.04 (0.03)+
| 0.08 (0.04)** | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03)+
| −0.08 (0.04)** | −0.09 (0.04)* |
Dietary restraint | −0.02 (0.01)* | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01)* | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
Random effects | Residual variance | Proportion residual variance explained | ||||
Level 3 | 0.14 (0.03) | 1.46% | ||||
Level 2 | 3.18 (0.06) | 17.15% | ||||
Level 1 | 0 (0) | - | ||||
χ
2(24) | 894.27*** |
Study 2
Method
Participants
Alcohol advice (n = 60) | Control advice (n = 60) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Brand exposure (n = 30) | Health exposure (n = 30) | Brand exposure (n = 30) | Health exposure (n = 30) | |
Variable |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
Gender (% female) | 66.7% | 60% | 66.7% | 66.7% |
Age | 24.27 (10.26) | 22.27 (4.58) | 25.33 (8.02) | 25.10 (11.05) |
AUDIT (α = .66) | 13.37 (5.37) | 13.33 (5.42) | 13.10 (4.25) | 13.07 (4.63) |
Alcohol consumption (last 14 days) | 48.13 (26.48) | 51.23 (23.54) | 47.00 (17.37) | 48.27 (23.05) |
Baseline motivation to reduce drinking (α = .81) | 1.61 (3.64)a
| 2.90 (3.92)a
| 4.51 (2.95)b
| 2.64 (3.55)a
|
DEBQ Restraint (α = .92) | 34.73 (8.08) | 35.30 (10.48) | 34.47 (8.93) | 34.53 (10.92) |
Materials
Procedure
Data preparation and analyses
Results
Baseline differences
Free viewing
Variable | Model 2 (stimulus-level and participant-level predictors) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two-way interactions | Three-way interactions. | |||||
Main effect | x picture type | x AOI brand | x AOI health | x AOI brand x picture type | x AOI health x picture type | |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) |
b (SE) | |
Intercept | 1.78 (1.45) | - | - | - | - | - |
AOI brand | −0.26 (2.14) | −22.46 (3.04)*** | - | - | - | - |
AOI health | −0.54 (1.72) | −8.46 (2.23)*** | - | - | - | - |
Picture type | 8.46 (1.93)*** | - | 22.46 (3.04)*** | −8.46 (2.23)*** | - | - |
Order | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.002 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) |
Brightness | 0.005 (0.003)+ | −0.03 (0.01)*** | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01)*** | 0.04 (0.01)*** |
Contrast | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.15 (0.02)*** | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02)*** | 0.15 (0.02)*** |
Complexity | 10.98 (7.94) | 23.85 (11.08)* | −4.14 (9.06) | −10.41 (8.20) | −18.89 (12.32) | −30.03 (11.36)** |
Size | 0.03 (0.01)** | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.02)* | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.03)*** | 0.20 (0.07)** |
Advice condition | 0.03 (0.27) | 0.37 (0.32) | −0.69 (0.29)* | 0.11 (0.29) | −0.45 (0.40) | −0.51 (0.40) |
Baseline motivation to reduce drinking | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.06 (0.06) |
Random effects | Residual variance | Proportion residual variance explained | ||||
Level 3 | 0.55 (0.12) | −29.67% | ||||
Level 2 | 4.29 (0.26) | 12.76% | ||||
Level 1 | 16.97 (0.29) | 35.1% | ||||
χ
2(47) | 31.72** |