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Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 7/2016

30.05.2016 | Polymerase-Kettenreaktion | Leitthema

Allergenanalytik

verfasst von: Dr. Martin Röder, Wolfgang Weber

Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | Ausgabe 7/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Die verlässliche Analytik allergieauslösender Lebensmittel ist die Grundvoraussetzung zur Einhaltung und Überprüfung der gesetzlichen Kennzeichnungspflicht und kann über den DNA(Desoxyribonukleinsäure)- oder Proteinnachweis erfolgen. Der Proteinnachweis birgt den Vorteil des direkten Nachweises der allergieauslösenden Fraktion und kann derzeit immunologisch (ELISA [Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay]/Schnelltest) oder massenspektrometrisch erfolgen. Der DNA-Nachweis ist indirekt, ermöglicht aber eine Absicherung der Anwesenheit des allergenen Lebensmittels durch einen anderen Marker. Jede Methode hat Vor- und Nachteile, die im Einzelfall abzuwägen sind. Der ELISA ist quantitativ, schnell und einfach in der Durchführung, mit sehr guter Empfindlichkeit. Der qualitative Schnelltest ist ideal für die Industrie, da er direkt vor Ort durchführbar ist. Beide antikörperbasierten Tests können Probleme mit prozessierten Lebensmitteln (LM) und falsch positiven Ergebnissen aufweisen. Die massenspektrometrische Anwendung hat viel Potenzial, ist derzeit aber noch aufwendig und langwierig in der Durchführung. Sie hat Probleme mit prozessierten Lebensmitteln, und die Empfindlichkeit variiert parameter- und matrixabhängig. Deshalb kommt diese Technik nur vereinzelt zur Anwendung. Die Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) ermöglicht die höchste Spezifität und hat in Abhängigkeit von der Zielsequenz eine sehr gute bis gute Empfindlichkeit. Trotz der hohen Stabilität der DNA ist aber auch die PCR nicht frei von Prozessierungs- und Matrixeinflüssen. Aufgrund natürlicher Schwankungen und produktionsbedingter Veränderungen in den nachweisrelevanten Strukturen weisen alle Methoden eine vergleichsweise große Messunsicherheit auf. Derzeit gibt es keine Methode, die absolut richtig analysieren kann. In der Auftragsanalytik kann aber bei Kalibration auf das jeweilige Allergen bereits jetzt mit den verfügbaren Methoden richtig gemessen werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Allergenanalytik
verfasst von
Dr. Martin Röder
Wolfgang Weber
Publikationsdatum
30.05.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz / Ausgabe 7/2016
Print ISSN: 1436-9990
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1588
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-016-2370-3

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