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Erschienen in: Allergo Journal 3/2019

29.04.2019 | Rhinoconjunctivitis allergica | Übersicht

Entwicklung der subkutanen Allergen-Immuntherapie (Teil 1): von den Anfängen zu immunologisch orientierten Therapiekonzepten

verfasst von: Ludger Klimek, Randolf Brehler, Eckard Hamelmann, Matthias Kopp, Johannes Ring, Regina Treudler, Thilo Jakob, Margitta Worm, Prof. Dr. Oliver Pfaar

Erschienen in: Allergo Journal | Ausgabe 3/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Allergen-Immuntherapie durch subkutane Injektionen (SCIT) des relevanten Allergens ist die klassische kausale Behandlungsmethode IgE-vermittelter allergischer Atemwegserkrankungen, und wird bereits seit über 100 Jahren erfolgreich eingesetzt. Das wachsende Verständnis immunologischer Grundlagen erweitert fortlaufend das Wissen über Wirkmechanismen der SCIT. Hinsichtlich verwendeter Therapieschemata und Art der Therapieextrakte finden ständig Weiterentwicklungen statt. Derzeit sind zur SCIT in Deutschland nicht modifizierte Allergenpräparate als wässrige oder physikalisch gekoppelte (Semidepot-)Extrakte sowie chemisch modifizierte Extrakte (Allergoide) als Semidepotextrakte kommerziell verfügbar. Für die Vielfalt an Allergenen sind Daten zur Wirksamkeit aus klinischen Studien in unterschiedlicher Anzahl und Qualität vorhanden.

Methoden

Für die vorliegende Publikation wurde eine selektive Literaturrecherche in Pubmed und Medline durchgeführt, und zusätzlich wurden die aktuellen Publikationen nicht in Literaturdatenbanken verfügbarer deutschsprachiger Zeitschriften analysiert. Diese Literaturrecherche erfasste Original- und Reviewarbeiten in deutscher oder englischer Sprache.

Ergebnisse

Die SCIT ist ein langjährig etabliertes und außerordentlich gut dokumentiertes Therapieverfahren für Inhalations- und Insektengiftallergien mit guter Wirksamkeits- und Sicherheitsdokumentation sowohl bei Erwachsenen, als auch im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Am Markt befindliche Präparate werden kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt und vor allem im Rahmen der Therapieallergeneverordnung klinisch evaluiert. Sie können in kontinuierlich ganzjährig (perennialen), präsaisonalen und kombiniert prä-/kosaisonalen Therapieschemata als Standard-, Cluster-, Rush- und Boostertherapieverfahren angewendet werden. Die SCIT ist vor allem gut etabliert für häufig vorkommende Inhalationsallergene wie Pollen aus der Familie der Süßgräser, Betula sp. (Birke, Erle, Hasel), Dermatophagoides sp. (Arten der Gattung Hausstaubmilbe) und für Insektengifte (Bienen- und Wespengift). Jedoch existieren auch für einige andere Therapieallergene gute Daten: zum Beispiel Kräuterpollen („Ragweed“, Beifuß etc.), Schimmelpilze (u. a. Alternaria, Cladosporium etc.), Vorratsmilben und Tierepithelien (u. a. Katze). Klinische Untersuchungen in weiteren Indikationen wie dem oralen Allergiesyndrom und der atopischen Dermatitis werden durchgeführt.

Schlussfolgerung

SCIT-Präparate sind bei sachgerechter Applikation durch allergologisch erfahrene Ärzte sicher sowie gut verträglich anwendbar und hinsichtlich vielfältiger Indikationen gut dokumentiert.
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Metadaten
Titel
Entwicklung der subkutanen Allergen-Immuntherapie (Teil 1): von den Anfängen zu immunologisch orientierten Therapiekonzepten
verfasst von
Ludger Klimek
Randolf Brehler
Eckard Hamelmann
Matthias Kopp
Johannes Ring
Regina Treudler
Thilo Jakob
Margitta Worm
Prof. Dr. Oliver Pfaar
Publikationsdatum
29.04.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Allergo Journal / Ausgabe 3/2019
Print ISSN: 0941-8849
Elektronische ISSN: 2195-6405
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15007-019-1819-8

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