Introduction
Methods
Results
Characteristic | Mild-IR (n = 37) | High-IR (n = 37) | Total group (n = 74) | Range (n = 74) |
p valuea
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n)/Female (n) | 33/4 | 29/8 | 62/12 | ||
Age (years) | 58.0 ± 1.4 | 59.0 ± 1.1 | 58.5 ± 0.9 | 36–70 | 0.582 |
Body weight (kg) | 89.8 ± 1.9 | 95.1 ± 2.1 | 92.5 ± 1.4 | 64.0–115.0 | 0.064 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 0.5 | 31.7 ± 0.6 | 30.5 ± 0.4 | 22.7–39.5 | 0.002 |
Waist:hip ratio | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.01 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 0.89–1.17 | 0.494 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 2 | 136 ± 2 | 135 ± 2 | 105–174 | 0.636 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 2 | 85 ± 1 | 85 ± 1 | 68–110 | 0.944 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 4.6–6.7 | 0.002 |
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l) | 72.3 ± 2.4 | 130.2 ± 6.6 | 101.2 ± 4.9 | 50–263.3 | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma NEFA (μmol/l) | 561 ± 22 | 598 ± 26 | 580 ± 17 | 296–1002 | 0.287 |
Fasting plasma TAG (μmol/l) | 1320 ± 103 | 1246 ± 85 | 1283 ± 66 | 415–3232 | 0.582 |
HOMA-IR | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 1.68–11.3 | <0.001 |
Variable | Mild-IR | High-IR |
p valuea
| Total group SE β |
p valueb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forearm blood flow (ml [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 0.896 | 0.054 | 0.682 |
Postprandial | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.476 | 0.118 | 0.369 |
Glycerol (μmol/l) | |||||
Fasting | 84.6 ± 3.9 | 118.5 ± 11.1 | 0.006 | 0.200 | 0.090 |
Postprandial | 64.9 ± 3.6 | 92.9 ± 10.6 | 0.016 | 0.278 | 0.025 |
Lactate (μmol/l) | |||||
Fasting | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.006 | 0.438 | <0.001 |
Postprandial | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 1.10 ± 0.05 | 0.081 | 0.224 | 0.087 |
Net flux across forearm muscle | |||||
Glucose (μmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.274 | −0.083 | 0.524 |
Postprandial | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.034 | −0.147 | 0.226 |
Glycerol (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | −28.3 ± 5.5 | −27.0 ± 7.7 | 0.883 | 0.224 | 0.092 |
Postprandial | −20.4 ± 4.5 | −25.2 ± 6.5 | 0.541 | 0.081 | 0.543 |
Lactate (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | −0.18 ± 0.02 | −0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.123 | 0.384 | 0.002 |
Postprandial | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.472 | 0.249 | 0.048 |
NEFA (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | −6.9 ± 20.4 | 26.6 ± 24.6 | 0.300 | 0.165 | 0.210 |
Postprandial | −0.8 ± 9.5 | 8.7 ± 13.4 | 0.565 | 0.112 | 0.405 |
[2H2]palmitate NEFA (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 1.58 ± 0.14 | 0.539 | 0.017 | 0.902 |
Postprandial | 1.50 ± 0.09 | 1.53 ± 0.14 | 0.846 | 0.171 | 0.208 |
TAG (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | 10.2 ± 13.2 | 45.5 ± 12.1 | 0.052 | 0.094 | 0.466 |
Postprandial | 53.9 ± 17.2 | 51.9 ± 28.4 | 0.954 | −0.105 | 0.422 |
[2H2]palmitate TAG (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fasting | −0.24 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.41 | 0.069 | 0.241 | 0.076 |
Postprandial | −0.43 ± 0.38 | 0.57 ± 0.32 | 0.045 | 0.294 | 0.037 |
[U-13C]palmitate TAG (nmol [100 ml tissue]−1 min−1) | |||||
Fastingc
| |||||
Postprandial | 0.86 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 0.353 | −0.046 | 0.736 |
Lipid | Mild-IR (n = 35) | High-IR (n = 28) |
p valuea
| Total group SE β |
p valueb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEFA | |||||
Total (μmol/[g dry weight]) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 0.360 | −0.058 | 0.642 |
% SFA | 43.9 ± 2.5 | 51.8 ± 2.8 | 0.039 | 0.219 | 0.112 |
% MUFA | 39.1 ± 1.9 | 35.2 ± 2.3 | 0.183 | −0.183 | 0.162 |
% PUFA | 17.0 ± 1.4 | 13.0 ± 1.1 | 0.034 | −0.162 | 0.266 |
FSR (%/h) | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.747 | −0.069 | 0.619 |
DAG | |||||
Total (μmol/[g dry weight]) | 10.8 ± 2.8 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 0.151 | −0.195 | 0.160 |
% SFA | 37.8 ± 1.9 | 36.6 ± 0.8 | 0.594 | −0.093 | 0.535 |
% MUFA | 44.2 ± 1.6 | 47.6 ± 0.6 | 0.052 | 0.255 | 0.086 |
% PUFA | 18.0 ± 0.8 | 15.7 ± 0.5 | 0.022 | −0.271 | 0.059 |
FSR (%/h) | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.538 | −0.058 | 0.692 |
TAG | |||||
Total (μmol/[g dry weight]) | 182.6 ± 24.3 | 232.1 ± 42.5 | 0.301 | 0.126 | 0.365 |
% SFA | 36.7 ± 0.9 | 35.8 ± 0.9 | 0.477 | −0.157 | 0.273 |
% MUFA | 47.9 ± 1.0 | 50.1 ± 0.7 | 0.076 | 0.046 | 0.749 |
% PUFA | 15.3 ± 0.8 | 14.1 ± 1.0 | 0.325 | 0.112 | 0.444 |
FSR (%/h) | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.325 | −0.186 | 0.209 |
PL | |||||
Total (μmol/[g dry weight]) | 70.2 ± 3.6 | 60.5 ± 3.2 | 0.055 | −0.155 | 0.260 |
% SFA | 41.3 ± 0.8 | 40.4 ± 0.6 | 0.364 | −0.046 | 0.754 |
% MUFA | 11.3 ± 0.3 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 0.903 | 0.017 | 0.909 |
% PUFA | 47.4 ± 1.0 | 48.2 ± 0.7 | 0.496 | 0.030 | 0.838 |
FSR (%/h) | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.486 | −0.006 | 0.966 |
Gene | Mild-IR | High-IR |
p valuea
| Total group SE β |
p valueb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidative metabolism |
n = 32 |
n = 30 | |||
mCPT1B
| 1.70 ± 0.14 | 1.74 ± 0.13 | 0.821 | 0.006 | 0.986 |
PGC1α (PPARGC1A) | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.428 | 0.027 | 0.847 |
ACC2
| 1.52 ± 0.14 | 1.59 ± 0.16 | 0.741 | 0.020 | 0.891 |
SDHB
| 2.40 ± 0.21 | 1.97 ± 0.22 | 0.153 | −0.058 | 0.683 |
NDUFB5
| 2.67 ± 0.17 | 2.14 ± 0.23 | 0.062 | −0.243 | 0.076 |
Transcription factors |
n = 28 |
n = 23 | |||
PPARα (PPARA) | 1.63 ± 0.16 | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 0.743 | 0.034 | 0.808 |
PPARδ (PPARD) | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.114 | 0.175 | 0.259 |
SREBP1c (SREBF1) | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 1.12 ± 0.14 | 0.238 | 0.028 | 0.840 |
SREBP2 (SREBF2) | 1.43 ± 0.15 | 1.86 ± 0.23 | 0.127 | 0.266 | 0.216 |
ChREBP (CREBBP) | 1.02 ± 0.19 | 0.99 ± 0.15 | 0.906 | −0.040 | 0.859 |
TAG synthesis |
n = 10 |
n = 15 | |||
GPAT1 (GPAM) | 2.55 ± 0.23 | 1.81 ± 0.25 | 0.050 | −0.666 | 0.002 |
DGAT1
| 1.89 ± 0.19 | 1.77 ± 0.20 | 0.667 | 0.079 | 0.683 |
DGAT2
| 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.509 | −0.103 | 0.671 |
TAG lipolysis |
n = 15 |
n = 8 | |||
LPL
| 0.50 ± 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 0.342 | 0.018 | 0.927 |
ATGL (PNPLA2) | 1.11 ± 0.17 | 2.52 ± 0.60 | 0.052 | 0.522 | 0.007 |
HSL (LIPE) | 0.44 ± 0.19 | 0.74 ± 0.21 | 0.329 | 0.130 | 0.515 |