Background
As the population ages, the incidence of femoral intertrochanteric fracture is increasing. Indeed, intertrochanteric fracture has become the most prevalent type of hip fracture among elderly individuals [1]. At present, surgery is the most common treatment for femoral intertrochanteric fracture [2]. During surgery, loss of blood is inevitable. In the past, dominant blood loss during operations has received great attention in clinical practice. However, the existence of perioperative hidden blood loss has been neglected frequently. However, the haemoglobin level of patients after surgery has a great influence on hidden blood loss [3]. At present, an increasing number of studies have focused on the influencing factors of hidden blood loss perioperatively. However, most of these reports are not comprehensive, especially with respect to the relationship between bone density and hidden blood loss. Therefore, we carried out this retrospective study to explore the influencing factors of hidden blood loss perioperatively and thereby provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Methods
General information
From January 2016 to October 2019, 118 patients with intertrochanteric fractures treated at Hai’an People’s Hospital were included. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) fresh intertrochanteric fractures without multiple fractures or pathological fractures; (2) no previous blood disease history and normal coagulative function on the preoperative test; and (3) routine blood examination performed preoperatively and on days 2 and 3 postoperatively. A total of 118 patients, 57 males and 61 females, met the inclusion criteria. The age distribution of patients was as follows: 31 patients < 60 years old and 87 patients ≥60 years old. There were 58 stable fractures (Evans type I, II) and 60 unstable fractures (Evans type III, IV) [4]. Anaesthesia method: Forty-seven patients received general anaesthesia, and 71 patients received intraspinal anaesthesia. Sixty-four patients were treated with anticoagulant drugs. There were 57 patients with hypertension and 60 patients with diabetes. All patients underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to test their bone density before surgery. During the bone density subgroup analysis, the included patients were divided into three groups according to the criteria recommended by the WHO for the diagnosis of osteoporosis: the group with normal bone density (T-value > − 1.0), the osteopenia group (− 2.5< T-value < − 1.0), and the osteoporosis group (T-value < − 2.5).
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Detection index
Hidden blood loss = total blood loss - apparent blood loss + transfusion. Patient blood volume (PBV) =K1× height (h)3 +K2× weight (kg) +K3. For men, K1, K2 and K3 were 0.3669, 0.03219 and 0.6041, respectively. For women, K1, K2 and K3 were 0.3561, 0.03308, and 0.1833, respectively [5]. Total red blood cell (RBC) loss = preoperative blood volume (PBV) × (preoperative HCT- postoperative HCT). Total theoretical blood loss = total RBC loss/preoperative HCT. Actual perioperative blood loss = hidden blood loss + apparent blood loss. Apparent blood loss = intraoperative blood loss + volume of drainage. For patients requiring blood transfusions, 1 μl of concentrated RBC suspension is equivalent to 200 ml of standard RBC volume.
Statistical analysis methods
SPSS 13.0 software was used for analysis. A statistical analysis was carried out on the variables of patient gender, age, weight, bone density, underlying diseases (hypertension, diabetes), fracture type, internal fixation method, anaesthesia method, use of anticoagulant medication, etc. The risk factors were analysed by multiple linear regression analysis, with hidden blood loss as the dependent variable and influencing factors as the independent variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Blood loss
The intraoperative apparent blood loss was 203.81 ± 105.51 ml, while the hidden blood loss was 517.55 ± 191.47 ml.
Comparison of hidden blood loss under different factors
The perioperative hidden blood loss of patients with femoral intertrochanteric unstable fractures was significantly greater than that of patients with stable fractures (P < 0.05). The hidden blood loss of patients using general anaesthesia was significantly greater than that of patients with spinal canal anaesthesia (P < 0.05). The hidden blood loss of patients using anticoagulant drugs was also significantly greater than that of the non-users (P < 0. 05). The hidden blood loss of patients equal to or older than 60 years old was significantly greater than that of patients younger than 60 years (P < 0.05). Specifically, patients with osteoporosis had significantly greater hidden blood loss than patients with normal bone density and osteopenia (P < 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1
Comparison of hidden blood loss under different factors (X±s)
Variable | Number of cases | Hidden blood loss | t/F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 57 | 529.28±193.17 | ||
Female | 61 | 506.48±190.79 | 0.648 | 0.518 |
Age (years) | ||||
≥60 | 87 | 531.49±188.37 | ||
<60 | 31 | 413.98±188.98 | 2.190 | 0.030 |
Time of the operation | ||||
<3 h | 78 | 511.37±188.37 | ||
40 | 529.58±200.87 | −0.487 | 0.627 | |
Fracture type | ||||
Stable | 58 | 437.97±164.04 | ||
Unstable | 60 | 536.84±163.26 | −3.059 | 0.003 |
Anaesthesia | ||||
General anaesthesia | 47 | 596.20±177.26 | ||
Intraspinal anaesthesia | 71 | 465.48±183.64 | −3.838 | 0.000 |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 60 | 530.90±194.70 | ||
No | 58 | 503.74±188.75 | 0.769 | 0.443 |
Diabetes | ||||
Yes | 57 | 527.35±202.12 | ||
No | 61 | 508.39±182.16 | 0.536 | 0.593 |
Bone mineral density | ||||
Normal | 23 | 391.43±145.44 | ||
Osteopenia | 46 | 497.42±181.97 | ||
Osteoporosis | 49 | 595.63±185.44 | 10.895 | 0.000 |
Use of anticoagulants | ||||
Yes | 64 | 559.17±190.16 | ||
No | 54 | 468.22±182.68 | −2.635 | 0.010 |
BMI | ||||
≥28 | 46 | 500.39±178.38 | ||
<28 | 72 | 528.51±199.83 | −0.777 | 0.439 |
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Analysis of risk factors affecting hidden blood loss
Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with hidden blood loss as the dependent variable and influencing factors as the independent variables. The results showed that fracture type, anaesthesia mode, use of anticoagulant drugs, age and bone mineral density affected the perioperative hidden blood loss of patients with intertrochanteric fractures (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2
Analysis of the risk factors affecting hidden blood loss
Affecting Factors | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standard Error | Standardized Coefficients | t | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 1.380 | 0.170 |
Age | 0.044 | 0.015 | 0.058 | 1.958 | 0.034 |
Time of the operation | −0.476 | 0.501 | - 0.059 | −0.951 | 0.344 |
Fracture type | 1.794 | 0.194 | 0. 427 | 9.242 | 0.000 |
Anaesthesia | 0.633 | 0.024 | 0. 493 | 25.938 | 0.000 |
Hypertension | 0.002 | 0.220 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.992 |
Diabetes | 0.023 | 0.055 | 0.014 | 0.427 | 0.670 |
Bone mineral density | −0.622 | 0.032 | −0.482 | −19.537 | 0.000 |
Use of anticoagulants | −0.014 | 0.004 | −0.059 | −3.212 | 0.002 |
BMI | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.099 | 0.922 |
Discussion
Femur intertrochanteric fractures have a high incidence in the elderly population, and most of these fractures are comminuted. Displacement is a factor negatively affecting the outcome of intertrochanteric fractures [6]. Currently, surgery is the preferred treatment method for intertrochanteric fractures, with satisfactory curative effects and low complication rates [6]. There are mainly two kinds of surgical approaches: extramedullary fixation and intramedullary fixation [7]. Intramedullary fixation is becoming the preferred method for the surgical treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. Regarding the outcomes and complications of femoral intertrochanteric fractures, the fracture type, blood loss, operation, level of irisin hormone and presence of a pseudoaneurysm are important influencing factors [7, 8].
Perioperative blood loss may lead to many complications and a poor prognosis [9]. Such loss also increases the incidence of infection and deep vein thrombosis. Moreover, the patient’s mortality rate rises [9]. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes of perioperative blood loss. Hidden blood loss accounts for a high percentage of the total perioperative blood loss in patients with intertrochanteric fractures. If the presence of hidden blood loss is not considered, it will often lead to anaemia or low blood volume in patients. This will affect postoperative recovery and even cause serious consequences. At present, the biological mechanism of hidden blood loss has not been clearly studied. The existing studies report that the causes of hidden blood loss include the following aspects: 1) blood that enters the tissue or the joint cavity and thus no longer participates in the humoral circulation [10] and 2) RBC haemolysis caused by injury. Some stressful events that occur during the operation, such as trauma and anaesthesia, may lead to changes in the internal blood environment and subsequent RBC peroxidation damage. On the other hand, RBC damage during the process of autologous blood transfusion and other factors may cause haemolysis, thus making hidden blood loss more serious. 3) Gastrointestinal stress ulcers caused by trauma and surgery will also cause hidden blood loss.
In this study, factors affecting perioperative hidden blood loss in patients with intertrochanteric fractures were analysed. We found that unstable fractures, advanced age, osteoporosis and general anaesthesia were independent risk factors for increasing hidden blood loss. Kumar et al. observed significant differences in the amount of hidden blood loss in patients with different fracture types [11]. Some researchers found that the hidden blood loss in patients with Evans I and II type fractures was significantly lower than that in patients with III and IV type fractures. They also found that there was a relationship between mean platelet volume and reoperation occurrence [4]. The results of our study showed that the hidden blood loss in patients with unstable fractures was significantly higher than that in patients with stable fractures, which confirms present research. It seems that there is a certain correlation between fracture type and hidden blood loss [12‐15]. Therefore, we should pay attention to reviewing patients’ routine blood tests and take timely blood transfusions during treatment for complicated fracture types.
In our study, we found that the selection of anaesthesia, the use of anticoagulant drugs and age are also key factors affecting perioperative hidden blood loss. This may be related to the fact that the antifibrinolytic ability of patients under general anaesthesia is lower than that of patients under epidural anaesthesia [16]. During the treatment of lower limb surgery patients, a certain amount of anticoagulant medication will be used to prevent the formation of venous thrombosis. Thus, the amount of hidden blood loss will also increase. In terms of age, in patients with total hip replacement, researchers found that the amount of hidden blood loss in patients older than 70 years was significantly higher than that in patients younger than 70 years [17]. In our study, the amount of hidden blood loss was significantly higher in patients over 60 years old than in patients under 60 years old. The effect of gender on the amount of hidden blood loss is still controversial. Most researchers believe that there is no significant difference between male and female patients with intertrochanteric femur fracture [18]. The results of our study indicate that gender is not a risk factor for hidden blood loss, which is consistent with most reports. In addition, some researchers believe that there are significant differences in the amount of hidden blood loss between different internal fixators, such as proximal femoral nail antirotation and the dynamic hip screw [19, 20]. Some investigators also undertook studies regarding the time of occurrence of hidden blood loss. They found that hidden blood loss occurred just after injury and ended on postoperative day 2 [21, 22].
At present, there are few reports on the effect of bone density on perioperative blood loss in patients with intertrochanteric fractures. In our study, we found significant differences in the amount of hidden blood loss between groups with different bone mineral densities. This may be because, in patients with low bone density, the bone trabeculae become thin, and some even fracture. Osteoporosis may cause enlargement of the bone marrow space; the appearance of micropores and cancellation of the bone cortex; and the enlargement of periosteal pores, cortical pores, and endosteum pores. As a result of the above changes, osteoporosis maight increase the amount of blood loss during the perioperative period. In addition, patients with osteoporosis are generally older, their body’s self-regulation ability is weakened, and their vascular elasticity is poor, which can also increase the risk of hidden blood loss. We should assess the bone density of each patient before surgery according to the imaging examination and the patient’s medical history.
The advantages of this study are that bone density is an important influencing factor. This might affect the clinical strategy for intertrochanteric bone fracture. For example, for osteoporosis patients, we should improve their bone density to avoid more hidden blood loss. The limitations of this study are as follows: the time span of each patient was different, and the standards for some influencing factors might be different. Other potential factors, such as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade and other complications, were not included in the study. The cases were obtained from multiple doctors, and there might have been differences during surgery.
Conclusion
Hidden blood loss is the main cause of perioperative blood loss in intertrochanteric fractures. The risk factors for hidden blood loss include internal fixation, fracture type, anaesthesia, and use of anticoagulant drugs. Specifically, we found that bone density was a risk factor for hidden blood loss. It is not reliable to use apparent blood loss as the basis for fluid replacement and transfusion. We must fully consider the existence of hidden blood loss and intervene as soon as possible to prevent complications.
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Acknowledgements
We extend thanks to our patients.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Yes
Competing interests
We declare that there are no competing interests in this study. We have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work.
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