Background
Methods
Description of study area
Ethical compliance
Field study and data collection
Collection identification and preservation
Quantitative data analysis
Use value (UV)
Frequency of citation (FC) and relative frequency of citation (RFC)
Fidelity level (FL)
Jaccard index (JI)
Chi-square test
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
Parameters | Participants (N) | N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 70 | 39 |
Male | 110 | 61 | |
Age | 36–46 | 20 | 11 |
47–57 | 35 | 19 | |
57–67 | 43 | 24 | |
68–78 | 62 | 34 | |
80> | 20 | 12 | |
Education | No formal education | 55 | 30 |
Primary | 63 | 35 | |
Secondary | 32 | 18 | |
Tertiary | 16 | 9 | |
Others | 14 | 8 | |
Collaboration with modern medicine | Collaborative | 80 | 44 |
Non collaborative | 100 | 56 | |
Occupation | Student | 24 | 13 |
Herbalists | 41 | 23 | |
Physician | 32 | 18 | |
Retired | 12 | 7 | |
Housewife | 46 | 25 | |
Professional | 12 | 7 | |
Others | 13 | 7 | |
Residence | Urban | 22 | 12 |
Rural | 158 | 88 | |
Marital status | Single | 66 | 37 |
Married | 78 | 43 | |
Widowed | 29 | 16 | |
Divorced | 7 | 4 |
Diversity of medicinal plants used
Family / Scientific name / coll. # | Vernacular Name | Habit | Plant Part used | Mode of utilization | Disease treated | Preparation | FC | RFC | UV | FL | Comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda L. LI 58 | Behkar | Shrub | Leaf | Decoction, powder | Wound healing | Leaf are directly applied on wounds | 23 | 0.13 | 0.043 | 73.91 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 ■, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. □□LI 6 | Piaz | Herb | Bulb | Juice | Wound healing | Juice of plant is given 3 cups daily | 29 | 0.16 | 0.034 | 79.31 | 1 ■, 2 □, 3 ■, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 ■, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ■, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 ■, 18 ●, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 ●, 25 □, 26 □, 27, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ■, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ■, 50 □ |
Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum L LI 7 | Lehsan | Herb | Leaf | Paste | Pimples | Paste of plant is added in different a edibles for pimples | 36 | 0.20 | 0.028 | 91.67 | 1 ●, 2 □, 3 ■, 4 □, 5 □, 6 ●, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 ●, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ■, 50 □ |
Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. LI 10 | Soye | Herb | Whole plant | Decoction | pimples | 3 cups of decoction at two time is given twice a week | 20 | 0.11 | 0.050 | 75.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum L. LI 33 | Dhania | Herb | Whole plant | Raw, cooked | Pimples | Whole plant as it is or add in different dishes while cooking to cure pimples | 32 | 0.18 | 0.031 | 87.50 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ●, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Apiaceae Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel. LI 47 | Herb | Latex | Poultice | Wound healing | Its poultice is used for wound cure | 40 | 0.22 | 0.025 | 92.50 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Apiaceae Pleurospermum brunonis Benth. ex C.B.Clarke LI 80 | Spairkai | Leaf | Powder | Skin problems | Crushed leaves are mixed in oil and applied on the skin to prevent infections. | 28 | 0.16 | 0.036 | 85.71 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 ■, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Apocynaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. LI 24 | Desi aak | Herb | Flower and branches | Decoction | inflammation | The decoction of flowers with honey in two ounce is given once a day | 18 | 0.10 | 0.056 | 61.11 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ●, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 ●, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 ■, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Apocynaceae Carissa spinarum L. Haines LI 22 | Granda | Shrub | Root, bark, Leaf | Paste | Wound healing, boil | The paste prepared from bark and root is applied on wounds for healing | 25 | 0.14 | 0.080 | 80.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Apocynaceae Rauvolfia serpentina L. LI 84 | Tilian | Shrub | Leaf | Extract | Skin problem | Extract or paste prepared from flower and leaf is used to cure anemia, skin diseases and blood purification | 22 | 0.12 | 0.045 | 86.36 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. LI8 | Herb | Whole plant, flowers | Paste | Skin burn | Poultice made of whole plant is useful for skin burns | 32 | 0.18 | 0.031 | 81.25 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L. LI 12 | Jaokay | Herb | Leaf | Powders | boils | Dried leaves are grinded to fine powder and taken 3 spoons in the early morning. | 45 | 0.25 | 0.022 | 80.00 | 1 ■, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 ■, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Asteraceae Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauverd LI 50 | Kofe | Herb | Roots | Paste | Wound healing | Paste prepared from roots is applied to newly cut wounds to control the bleeding. | 39 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 69.23 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Asteraceae Gnaphalium affine D.Don LI 51 | Jangli dodal | Herb | Leaf | Decoction | Skin problems | A decoction made from leaves is used to cure sore throat, influenza and weeping pruritus of the skin. | 12 | 0.07 | 0.083 | 50.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Asteraceae Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. LI 60/ | Herb | Leaf | Powder | Wound healing | Dried leaves are powdered and taken with water twice a day. | 19 | 0.11 | 0.053 | 78.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Asteraceae Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip. LI 93 | Herb | Roots | Extract | Skin problem | Tonic, carminative, used in cholera and in chronic skin problems | 39 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 76.92 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Asteraceae Senecio chrysanthemoides DC LI 94 | Herb | Leaf | Oil | Skin problem | Oil is used for treatment | 36 | 0.20 | 0.056 | 80.56 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Asteraceae Sonchus asper (L.) Hill LI 96 | Herb | Flower, Leaf | Powder | Skin problem | Dried flowers and leaves are powdered and taken for the treatment of rheumatism. | 26 | 0.14 | 0.038 | 100.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale aggr. F.H. Wigg. LI 99 | Haand | Herb | Flowers, Leaf, roots | Tea | Pimples | The tea prepared from flowers is used internally to cure pimples and is used cosmetically to clear the skin | 35 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 94.29 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Asteraceae Tussilago farfara L. LI 103 | Bann Hulla | Flowers | Poultice | Skin problems | A poultice made from flowers is used for the treatment of a range of skin disorders including ulcers, sores, and Inflammations. | 27 | 0.15 | 0.037 | 77.78 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Balsaminaceae Impatien edgeworthii Hook. f LI 54 | Buntil | Herb | Whole plant | Paste | Skin burn | The plant paste is used externally for burns | 33 | 0.18 | 0.030 | 81.82 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Berberidaceae Berberis lycium Royle LI 15 | Sumblu/ komal | Shrub | Leaf, root, flowers | Paste | Wound healing | The paste prepared from leaves and roots is externally applied on wounds. | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 80.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 ●, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 ■, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Boraginaceae Hackelia americana (A.Gray) Fernald LI 52 | Neelaan | Herb | Flowers | Wounds | The flowers are good expectorant, used for wound healing and treating tumors. Flowers are used to cure coughs, sores, and swellings. | 28 | 0.16 | 0.036 | 78.57 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Boraginaceae Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. LI 71 | Lal jari | Tree | Leaf, Flower, Roots | Poultice | Skin burn | Leaf poultice are applied on the Burnt wounds with ghee/ oil. | 33 | 0.18 | 0.030 | 72.73 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Brassicaceae Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. LI 20 | Sharsham | Herb | Leaf | Cooked | Wound healing | Leaf are cooked and used for wound healing | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 66.67 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Buxaceae Buxus papillosa C.K. Schneid. LI 21 | Angaroo | Shrub | Leaf | Oil | Skin problems | Oil of Leaf are applied on skin | 29 | 0.16 | 0.034 | 79.31 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 ■, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 ■, 33 ■, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L LI 26 | Bhang | Shrub | Flower, fruit, Leaf | Juice, powder | Dandruff, wounds healing | The fresh juice of Leaf and flowers are used for removing dandruff Fr.om the head. Powder of the Leaf and fruits are beneficial for dressing fresh wounds | 17 | 0.09 | 0.118 | 94.12 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ■, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 ●, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Capparaceae Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. LI 27 | Keera | Tree | Seeds | Decoction | Wound healing | Decoction prepared from seeds is taken 3 cups daily to cure wounds. | 24 | 0.13 | 0.042 | 91.67 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Caprifoliaceae Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. LI 105 | Murma | Roots | Juice | Pimples | The root juice is used to cure hysteria, pimples, rheumatism, nausea and cholera | 22 | 0.12 | 0.045 | 86.36 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet, LI 29 | Bark | Powder | Skin problem | Powdered bark along with milk is taken orally at morning to treat skin problems. | 38 | 0.21 | 0.026 | 89.47 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | ||
Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L LI 32 | Chora | Herb | Leaf, Fruit | Raw | Wound infection | Whole fruit is used to treat wounds | 33 | 0.18 | 0.030 | 84.85 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ■, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 ●, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Convolvulaceae Cuscta reflexa Roxb. LI 35 | Neeltharee | Tree | Roots | Decoction | Skin problems | Crushed roots are boiled in water and some sugar is added. | 28 | 0.16 | 0.036 | 92.86 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo L. LI 36 | Tori | Herb | Fruit | Infusion | Skin burn | Infusion of fruits used to cure skin burns | 26 | 0.14 | 0.038 | 92.31 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 ■, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. LI 59 | Gya Kadoo | Herb | Leaf, fruit | Raw | Wound healing, skin burn | Eaten daily as tonic | 28 | 0.16 | 0.071 | 57.14 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. LI 67 | Kareela | Herb | Flowers, roots | Paste | Wound healing | Paste of herb is applied for wound healing | 19 | 0.11 | 0.053 | 94.74 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 ■, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 ■, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. LI 56 | Gojar | Tree | Berries | Decoction | Skin problem | An ointment of berries are used in skin problem | 25 | 0.14 | 0.040 | 76.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cupressaceae Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. LI 57 | Pencil Cedar | Tree | Bark | Powder | Skin Problem | Powder of the bark is used in certain skin infection areas | 11 | 0.06 | 0.091 | 72.73 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis L LI 38 | Motkopragha | Herb | Whole plant | Paste | Skin problems | Paste prepared from whole plants is applied externally to cure skin infections. | 14 | 0.08 | 0.071 | 71.43 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Elaeagnaceae Hippophae rhamnoides L. LI 53 | Tree | Fruit, seeds | Decoction | Skin problems | A decoction of the fruits are used for skin problems | 37 | 0.21 | 0.027 | 83.78 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ■, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ●, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. LI 43 | Chew Shina | Herb | Whole Plant | Powder | Skin problems, allergy | Plant material are mixed with different herbs and used on skin troubles and allergy | 36 | 0.20 | 0.056 | 86.11 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ●, 50 □ |
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia L. LI 44 | Cat milk | Herb | Leaf | powder | Wound healing | Dried leaves are mixed in water and taken orally for 4–5 days. | 22 | 0.12 | 0.045 | 81.82 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Fabaceae Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze LI 14 | Chichra | Tree | Root | Decoction | Skin problem | Root decoction is used in skin diseases | 36 | 0.20 | 0.028 | 94.44 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 ●, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 ●, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Fabaceae Delbergia sissoo L. LI 41 | Shesham | Tree | Leaf | Decoction, infusion | Skin problem, abscesses | Leaves are dried, mixed with water and taken orally for 4–5 days. | 40 | 0.22 | 0.050 | 95.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Fabaceae Pisum sativum L. LI 77 | Matar | Herb | Seed | Extract | Skin burn | Fresh seeds are milled then extract drops being used. | 21 | 0.12 | 0.143 | 80.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Fabaceae Trigonella foenum-graecum L LI 102 | Jangli | Herb | Leaf, flowers | Decoction | Wound healing | Leaf and flowers are boiled in water used for cure wounds | 39 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 82.05 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 ■, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ■, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ●, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Gentianaceae Swertia abyssinica Hochst. LI 97 | Chratia | Shrub | Flower, Leaf | Paste | Skin problems | Plant is crushed into paste and applied on skin. | 17 | 0.09 | 0.059 | 94.12 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Ajuga integrifolia Buch-Ham-ex D. Don LI 5 | Bootei | Herb | Leaf | Powder | Boils | One table spoon of powdered leaves is taken for boils treatment on daily basis. | 22 | 0.12 | 0.045 | 81.82 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) LI 55 | Sperkay | Shrub | Leaf | Powder | Wound healing | Powdered leaves are taken 3 times a day after each meal. | 20 | 0.11 | 0.050 | 90.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth LI 66 | Narayshamakay | Herb | Flowers, Leaf, roots | Paste | Wound healing | Root Leaf and flower paste is used for poultice making to treat wounds. | 15 | 0.08 | 0.067 | 60.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Nepeta hindostana (B.Heyne ex Roth) Haines. LI 68 | Indian catnip | Herb | Leaf | Extract | Skin problems | The leaf extract is prepared and one small teaspoon is taken twice a day. | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 80.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Rydingia limbata (Benth.) Scheen & V.A. Albert LI 90 | Ghawareja | Shrub | Leaf | Extract | Skin problem | Leaves extract is taken orally to cure mouth ulcers and skin disorders. | 23 | 0.13 | 0.043 | 100.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Salvia moorcroftiana wall. ex Benth LI 92 | Khaar dug, Zarshal, | Herb | Leaf | Poultice | Wound healing, skin itching | Poultice of the Leaf are used for external skin itching | 17 | 0.09 | 0.059 | 64.71 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lamiaceae Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. LI 101 | Kwandi Bootay | Herb | Leaf | Decoction | Wound healing | Decoction of Leaf is employed in wound healing. | 25 | 0.14 | 0.040 | 88.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Loranthaceae Loranthus pulverulentus Wall LI 62 | Parwikh | Shrub | Leaf | Powder | Wound healing | Leaf powder is used for wound healing. | 32 | 0.18 | 0.031 | 71.88 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. LI 61 | Mhendi | Shrub | Leaves | Infusion | Skin burn, boils | Crushed leaves are dissolved in water and infusion made is taken for 4–5 days | 39 | 0.22 | 0.051 | 61.54 | 1 ■, 2 ●, 3 ■, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ■, 10 ●, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 ■, 16 □, 17 □, 18 ■, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 ■, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ●, 50 □ |
Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench LI 1 | Bhindi | Herb | Seeds | Tea | pimples | Seeds are boil in water and make tea which is used in pimples cure | 29 | 0.16 | 0.034 | 72.41 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Meliaceae Melia azadarach L. LI 65 | Draik | Tree | Leaf | Powder | Pimples, Inflammation | Three teaspoons of grinded leaves are mixed in three cups of hot water and used twice a day. | 27 | 0.15 | 0.074 | 74.07 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Myrsinaceae Myrsine africana L. LI 63/ | Gugal | Shrub | Leaf | Skin problems | Leaves are used to cure cough, cold, flue and skin disorders. | 35 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 91.43 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Nitrariaceae Peganum harmala L. LI 72 | Isman | Herb | Leaf | Extract | Skin problem | The aqueous extract of leaves is used thrice a day to treat skin problems. | 35 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 65.71 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 ■, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ■, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Nyctaginaceae Boerrehavia diffusa L. LI 19/ | Snnati | Herb | Leaf | Infusion | abscesses | Leaves are crushed and added in water, used to cure skin abscission. | 27 | 0.15 | 0.037 | 81.48 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Oleaceae Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif LI 70 | Ghawareja | Shrub | Leaf,seeds | Tea | Skin problems | Leaves are boiled and the tea is taken orally to cure mouth ulcers and skin disorders. | 31 | 0.17 | 0.032 | 80.65 | 1 ■, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 ■, 8 ●, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ●, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 ●, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ■, 50 □ |
Papaveraceae Corydalis govaniana Wall. LI 34 | Bhutyata | Herb | Roots | Powder | Skin burn | The powdered root is effective as antiperiodic, appetizer, diuretic and skin, tonic. | 34 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 91.18 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 ■, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Phytolaceae Phytolacea letsenia L. LI 73 | Amlok | Shrub | Flower, roots | Powder | Wound healing | Shade dried flowers are powdered and mixed with sugar, is recommended for wound healing. | 37 | 0.21 | 0.027 | 83.78 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Pinaceae Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don). LI 28 | Deodar | Tree | Roots | Extracts | Skin problems | Oil extracted from roots is used for skin disorders. | 36 | 0.20 | 0.028 | 86.11 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Pinaceae Pinus roxburgii Sarg LI 75/ | Cheerh | Tree | Seed, stem | Juice | Skin problems | Juice of Seed is given 3 cups daily | 16 | 0.09 | 0.063 | 56.25 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Pinaceae Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. LI 76 | Tree | Seed | Powder | Wound infection | The seeds are grinded to flour and few grains of sugar are mixed and taken with tea in the morning. | 18 | 0.10 | 0.056 | 44.44 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Plantaginaceae Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle. ex Benth. LI 74 | Kutakisafed | Herb | Roots | Burning sensations | It is useful in the treatment of burning sensation, | 39 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 76.92 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. LI 78 | Achar | Herb | Seed | Poultice | Skin problems, wound healing, boils | Polutice of fresh seeds is wrapped around the boils, after three day the pus drains out and the heals up within a week. | 31 | 0.17 | 0.032 | 83.87 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 ■, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ■, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □□□, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. LI 79 | Herb | Seed, Leaf | Poultice | Wounds healing | Leaf are applied to Wounds. | 33 | 0.18 | 0.030 | 75.76 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LI 37 | Kabalor | Herb | Whole plants | Powder | Wound healing, skin problems | Whole plant is grinded with water to cure skin problem | 16 | 0.09 | 0.125 | 68.75 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 ■, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ●, 10 ■, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 ●, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Polygonaceae Fagopyrum acutatum (Lehm.) Mansf. ex K.Hammer LI 45 | Buck wheat | Herb | Leaf | Powder | Wound healing | Powder Leaf mixed with oil is applied over area | 26 | 0.14 | 0.038 | 80.77 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Polygonaceae Polygonum nepalense Meissn. LI 81 | Hulla | Herb | Leaf, Seeds | Paste | Wounds | A poultice prepared from the roots is used on fresh wounds. | 30 | 0.17 | 0.033 | 76.67 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Polygonaceae Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. LI 87 | Sa-shing | Roots | Decoction | Skin problem | Decoction of roots is taken with Aloe vera to treat skin problems | 34 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 76.47 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Polygonaceae Rumex dissectus H. Lév. LI 88 | Khatimmer | Herb | Leaf, roots | Extract, powder | Wound infections | Fresh Leaf extracts are crushed and used to stop wounds bleeding | 29 | 0.16 | 0.034 | 86.21 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Polygonaceae Rumex dentatus L. LI 89 | Shalkhay | Herbs | Leaf | Powder | Boils | 2–3 leaves are powdered. Tea made by adding 4-5 grams of powder in 2 cups of water. This can be taken for treating boils. | 27 | 0.15 | 0.037 | 88.89 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Polygonaceae Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. LI 46 | Bro Kho-Bro | Herb | Leaf. seeds | Paste | Skin problem | Paste is applied on skin effected areas | 35 | 0.19 | 0.029 | 91.43 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Primulaceae Androsace rotundifolia Lehm. ex Roem. & Schult. LI 9 | Marcholla | Herb | Leaf | Extracts | Skin problem | Aqueous leaf extract is prepared and used in treating skin infections. | 22 | 0.12 | 0.045 | 72.73 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Pteridaceae Adiantum venustum D. Don LI 4 | Pata, kakwa | Herb | Leaf | Paste | Wound healing | The rhizome paste is applied to heal cuts and wounds. | 48 | 0.27 | 0.021 | 91.67 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20□, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Ranunculaceae Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes LI 2 | Bishmoulo (Shina) Mori | Herb | Leaf | Decoction | Mumps, measles | Decoction of the Leaf are given for 2 weeks to cure diseases | 44 | 0.24 | 0.023 | 88.64 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Ranunculaceae Aconitum delphinifolium DC. LI 3 | Booma | Herb | Leaf | Decoction | Wound healing, boils | Dried leaves are boiled in water to make decoction and is taken on daily basis to cure boils. | 31 | 0.17 | 0.065 | 90.32 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Ranunculaceae Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle LI 13 | Koo-kuk | Herb | Leaf, floral parts | Paste | Skin burns and wound healing | Fresh plant parts are crushed in water to prepare paste and applied on affected areas to avoid pain from burns and wounds. | 39 | 0.22 | 0.051 | 79.49 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 ■, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ■, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Ranunculaceae Caltha alba Cambess LI 25/ | Neel kanth | Leaf | Extract | Skin problems | Leaf extract is used for cleaning skin lesions, sores and skin diseases. | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 80.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. LI 69 | Kaloongee | Herb | Seed, Leaf | Wound healing | Latex is effective for rheumatic pain. | 26 | 0.14 | 0.038 | 61.54 | 1 ■, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 ■, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Rhamnaceae Colubrina oppositifolia Brongn. ex H. Mann LI 23 | Lansa | Shrub | Leaf | Paste | Wound healing, Skin problem | Leaf Paste are applied on wound and bruises | 32 | 0.18 | 0.063 | 81.25 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rosaceae Malus pumila Mill LI 64 | Manra | Tree | Leaf | Raw, Juice | Boils | Juice extracted from the Leafare used in boils | 28 | 0.16 | 0.071 | 75.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. LI 82 | Apricot | Tree | Fruit | Skin problem | 32 | 0.18 | 0.031 | 96.88 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 ●, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | ||
Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch LI 83 | Aru | Tree | Fruit and Leaf | Skin problems | 18 | 0.10 | 0.056 | 55.56 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 ●, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | ||
Rosaceae Rosa chinensis Jacq LI 85 | Gulab | Shrub | Flower | Raw | Skin problem | Fruit is used to reduce pain | 40 | 0.22 | 0.050 | 95.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rosaceae Rubus abchaziensis Sudre LI 86 | Akhray, Karwarra | Shrub | Flowers, roots | Decoction | Wound healing, boils | Fruit decoction is given for 2 week to cure wounds and boils. | 36 | 0.20 | 0.028 | 75.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rubiaceae Galium abaujense Borbás LI 48 | Khrrhatani | Herb | Leaf | Poultice | Wound healing | Poultice prepared from leaves is applied on wounds and used as an antiseptic. | 19 | 0.11 | 0.053 | 36.84 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rubiaceae Gallium aparine L. LI 49 | Loothar | Herb | Leaf | Poultice | Wound healing | Leaf are externally used on wounds as antiseptic | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 80.95 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum DC LI 11 | Dumbara | Shrubs | Leaf | Raw, paste | Skin burn | Fresh Leaf paste are used to cure skin burn | 19 | 0.11 | 0.053 | 57.89 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ●, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rutaceae Citrus medica L. LI 30 | Lemmon | Tree | Fruit | Juice | skin irritation | Juice of fruit is applied on skin to reduce skin irritation | 14 | 0.08 | 0.071 | 78.57 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 ●, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Rutaceae Citrus sinensis L. LI 31 | Orange | Tree | Fruit | Raw | Pimples | Fruit as a whole is used to reduce pimples | 20 | 0.11 | 0.050 | 80.00 | 1 ■, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 ●, 50 □ |
Salicaceae Salix babylonica L. LI 91 | Bainsa | Tree | Leaf, roots | Extract | Skin cleanser | The extract of Leaf and root are taken for skin cleanser | 20 | 0.11 | 0.100 | 60.00 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq LI 42 | Ghwaraskay, Santha | Shrub | Leaf | Powders | Skin burn, wound healing | Grinded leaves are mixed in water to make juice and used for skin problems. | 33 | 0.18 | 0.061 | 84.85 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Saxifragaceae Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb LI 16 | Batweyaa | Bark | Paste | Wound healing | Paste of Bark is antibacterial and is used to heal up wounds and cuts. | 18 | 0.10 | 0.056 | 61.11 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 ■, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Saxifragaceae Bergenia ligulata Engl. LI 17 | ZakamJat | Herb | Whole plant | Extracts | Wound healing, boil | Extract of whole dried plant is mixed in hot water and applied externally on, boil, cuts and wounds. | 17 | 0.09 | 0.118 | 76.47 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Saxifragaceae Bergenia stracheyi Hook.f. & Thomson) Engl LI 18 | Zakham-i- hayat | Herb | Leaf, flower | Powder | Sun strokes, wound healing | Powder of Leaf and flowers are mixed with butter and sun blocking cream. | 34 | 0.19 | 0.059 | 85.29 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ●, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus L. LI 106 | Gadikand | Aerial part | Infusion | Pimples, skin problem | Aerial plants are crushed, mixed in water and taken for 4–5 days to cure skin problems. | 38 | 0.21 | 0.053 | 76.32 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. LI 40 | Dhatura | Shrub | Seeds, Leaf | Paste | Boils | Leaf are applied on boils | 21 | 0.12 | 0.048 | 71.43 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 ●, 4 ●, 5 ■, 6 □, 7 ●, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Solanaceae Solanum virginianum L. LI 95 | Kandiari | Fruits, Leaf | Decoction, extract | Skin problem, swelling of skin | Fruits are boiled and prepared decoction mixed in water is used for taking bath to cure skin problems, The fruits and leaves extract are applied on body swellings to get relief. | 28 | 0.16 | 0.036 | 96.43 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst. LI 98 | Ghaz | Herb | Leaf | Decoction | Wounds | The decoction of the plant is given to the patient for 1 week | 12 | 0.07 | 0.083 | 58.33 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Taxaceae Taxus wallichiana Zucc. LI 100 | Bermi | Fruits | Extracts | Skin problems | Extract of the fruits obtained and is used daily | 29 | 0.16 | 0.034 | 72.41 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 □, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Thymelaeaceae Daphne mucronata S Royle LI 39 | Shrub | Seeds | Raw | Skin problem | Seeds can be used for skin diseases. | 39 | 0.22 | 0.026 | 74.36 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 □, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 ■, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 □, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 ■, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ | |
Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. LI 104 | Bichu- buti | Herb | Leaf, Seeds | Paste | Wound healing | Its Leaf and seeds are mixed with oil and used on skin for wound. | 18 | 0.10 | 0.056 | 83.33 | 1 □, 2 □, 3 □, 4 □, 5 □, 6 □, 7 □, 8 □, 9 □, 10 □, 11 □, 12 ■, 13 □, 14 □, 15 □, 16 □, 17 □, 18 □, 19□, 20 □, 21□, 22 ■, 23 □, 24 □, 25 □, 26 □, 27 □, 28 ■, 29 □, 30 □, 31 □, 32 □, 33 □, 34 □, 35 □, 36 □, 37 □, 38 □, 39 □, 40 □, 41 □, 42 □, 43 □, 44 □, 45 □, 46 □, 47 □, 48 □, 49 □, 50 □ |
Plant parts used in herbal medicines
Mode of preparation
Used categories in skin diseases
Quantitative ethnobotany
Value of medicinal plant
Relative frequency of citation (RFC %)
Fidelity level (FL)
Family importance value (FIV)
Jaccard index (JI)
S. No | Study Site | Year | Number of plant spp. recorded in aligned areas | Plants reported for similar uses | Plants reported for dissimilar uses | Total plant spp. common in both the area | %age of plant spp. common in both the areas | Plant species enlisted only in aligned areas | Species enlisted only in study area | %age of plant spp. enlisted only in the study area | %age of plant species with similar uses | %age of plant species with dissimilar uses | Jaccard index (JI) | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amman, Jordan | 2003 | 58 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 12.07 | 51 | 99 | 93.40 | 5.6603774 | 0.94 | 4.90 | [47] |
2 | Karnataka, India | 2003 | 31 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.23 | 30 | 105 | 99.06 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.75 | [48] |
3 | Assamese, India | 2006 | 85 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 8.24 | 78 | 99 | 93.40 | 4.7169811 | 1.89 | 4.12 | [22] |
4 | Central Kenya | 2007 | 57 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.75 | 56 | 105 | 99.06 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.63 | [29] |
5 | North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan | 2010 | 66 | 14 | 1 | 15 | 22.73 | 51 | 91 | 85.85 | 13.207547 | 0.94 | 11.81 | [1] |
6 | Central Chaco, Argentina | 2010 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.78 | 70 | 104 | 98.11 | 0.9433962 | 0.94 | 1.16 | [3] |
7 | South Africa | 2014 | 117 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.71 | 115 | 104 | 98.11 | 0.9433962 | 0.94 | 0.92 | [49] |
8 | Eastern Cape, South Africa | 2014 | 106 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2.83 | 103 | 103 | 97.17 | 1.8867925 | 0.94 | 1.48 | [50] |
9 | Uttarakhand, India | 2014 | 90 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 8.89 | 82 | 98 | 92.45 | 4.7169811 | 2.83 | 4.65 | [51] |
10 | Pakistan | 2013 | 50 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8.00 | 46 | 102 | 96.23 | 2.8301887 | 0.94 | 2.78 | [26] |
11 | France | 2015 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.00 | 0 | 105 | 99.06 | 0.9433962 | 0.00 | 0.96 | [7] |
12 | Kenya | 2015 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.00 | 24 | 105 | 99.06 | 0.9433962 | 0.00 | 0.78 | [27] |
13 | South Africa | 2013 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 47 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [5] |
14 | India | 1992 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 50 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [52] |
15 | North West Punjab, Pakistan | 2012 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 25.00 | 9 | 103 | 97.17 | 2.8301887 | 0.00 | 2.75 | [53] |
16 | Saudi Arabia | 2015 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [54] |
17 | India | 95 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3.16 | 92 | 103 | 97.17 | 1.8867925 | 0.94 | 1.56 | [55] | |
18 | Nigeria | 2008 | 41 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.88 | 39 | 104 | 98.11 | 0.9433962 | 0.94 | 1.42 | [28] |
19 | India | 2010 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 11 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [84] |
20 | South Africa | 1999 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 44.44 | 5 | 102 | 96.23 | 2.8301887 | 0.94 | 3.88 | [57] |
21 | Eastern Cape, South Africa | 2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [58] |
22 | Iran | 2014 | 18 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 22.22 | 14 | 102 | 96.23 | 2.8301887 | 0.94 | 3.57 | [59] |
23 | Haryan, India | 2012 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 100 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [60] |
24 | India | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
25 | Thailand | 2015 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 55 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [17] |
26 | Mizoram, India | 2014 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [62] |
27 | Peru, Amercia | 1997 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [63] |
28 | Palestine, Israel | 2000 | 165 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 3.64 | 159 | 100 | 94.34 | 3.7735849 | 1.89 | 2.37 | [64] |
29 | Africa | 2016 | 61 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4.92 | 58 | 103 | 97.17 | 1.8867925 | 0.94 | 1.90 | [65] |
30 | India | 2004 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 23 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [66] |
31 | Chinese | 2015 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 16 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [67], |
32 | Nigeria | 2014 | 41 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.88 | 39 | 104 | 98.11 | 0.9433962 | 0.94 | 1.42 | [28] |
33 | Pakistan | 2011 | 47 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 14.89 | 40 | 99 | 93.40 | 3.7735849 | 2.83 | 5.30 | [68] |
34 | Karnataka, India | 2014 | 102 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1.96 | 100 | 104 | 98.11 | 0 | 1.89 | 0.99 | [69] |
35 | Turkey | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [30] |
36 | India | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [70] |
37 | Turkey | 2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.00 | 0 | 105 | 99.06 | 0.9433962 | 0.00 | 0.96 | [71] |
38 | India | 2011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [72], |
39 | Turkey | 2010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [73] |
40 | Ethiopia | 2006 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 40.00 | 3 | 104 | 98.11 | 0.9433962 | 0.94 | 1.90 | [11], |
41 | India | 2010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [74] |
42 | Nigeria | 2010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [75] |
43 | Brazil | 2009 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [76], |
44 | India | 2007 | 51 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5.88 | 48 | 103 | 97.17 | 1.8867925 | 0.94 | 2.03 | [77], |
45 | Jordan | 2007 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 20.00 | 4 | 105 | 99.06 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.93 | [78] |
46 | China | 2006 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.00 | 24 | 105 | 99.06 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.78 | [79] |
47 | South Africa | 2013 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 45 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [80] |
48 | Ethiopia | 2005 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [81], |
49 | Italy | 2004 | 70 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8.57 | 64 | 100 | 94.34 | 2.8301887 | 2.83 | 3.80 | [82] |
50 | Jordan | 2003 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 106 | 100.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | [83] |
1.3018868 | 0.62 |
Chi-square test
S/No | Plant Species | Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|
1. |
Anethum graveolens
| Antibacterial and antimicrobial activity | |
2. |
Cynodon dactylon
| Antibacterial and wound healing activity | |
3. |
Bergenia ciliata
| Antibacterial, antibacterial, anti –inflammatory and antiviral activity | |
4. |
Adiantum venustum
| Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity | [91] |
5. |
Gerbera gossypina
| Antimicrobial activity | [92] |
6. |
Aconitum chasmanthum
| Antimicrobial activities | [93] |
7. |
Trigonella foenum-graecum,
| Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities | [94] |
8. |
Verbascum thapsus,
| Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-hyperlipidemic activity | [95] |
9. |
Saussurea lappa
| Anti-inflammatory activity | [96] |
10. | Rosa chinensis, | Antimicrobial activities | [97] |
11. |
Gerbera gossypina
| Antimicrobial activities | [98] |
12. |
Taxus wallichiana
| Antibacterial and antifungal activites | [99] |
13. |
Aquilegia pubiflora
| Antimicrobial activity | [100] |
14. |
Salix babylonica
| Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities | [101] |
15. |
Sonchus asper
| Antimicrobial activities | [102] |
16. |
Prunus armeniaca
| Antimicrobial activity | [103] |
17. |
Momordica charantia
| Antibacterial and antifungal activity | [104] |
18. |
Urtica dioica
| Antibacterial and antifungal activity | |
19. |
Dodonaea viscosa
| Antifungal activity | [107] |
20. |
Bergenia stracheyi
| Antifungal activity | [108] |
21. |
Pisum sativum
| Antifungal activity | [109] |
22. |
Butea monosperma
| Antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities | [110] |
23. |
Commelina benghalensis
| Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities | [111] |
24. |
Polygonum nepalense
| Antimicrobial. And antifungal activity | [112] |
25. |
Valeriana jatamansi
| Anti-inflammatory activity | [113] |
26. |
Cannabis sativa
| Antimicrobial activity | [114] |
27. |
Plantago major
| Antibacterial activity | [115] |
28. |
Berberis lycium
| Antibacterial, antifungal and healing properties | [116] |
29. |
Taraxacum officinale
| Antimicrobial activity | [117] |
30. |
Myrsine Africana
| Antimicrobial activity | [1] |
31. |
Allium sativum
| Antimicrobial and wound Healing | [118] |
32. |
Allium cepa
| Antimicrobial activities | [119] |
33. |
Pinus roxburgii
| Antibacterial activity | [120] |
34. |
Senecio chrysanthemoides
| Antifungal and antibacterial activities | [121] |
35. |
Olea europaea
| Antimicrobial activity | [122] |
36. |
Isodon rugosus
| Antimicrobial activities | [123] |
37. |
Micromeria biflora
| Antimicrobial activities | [124] |
38. |
Lawsonia inermis
| Antimicrobial and antibacterial activities | |
39. |
Teucrium stocksianum
| Anti-microbial activities | [127] |
40. |
Delbergia sissoo
| Anti-microbial activities | [128] |
Previous literature on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, and toxicity
S/No | Family / Scientific name / coll. # | Phytochemicals | Toxicity |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda L. LI 58 | Alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids and sterols [129] | Less toxicity [130] |
2. | Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. LI 6 | Alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpene, steroids and resins [131] | None |
3. | Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum L LI 7 | Saponin, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates and cardiac glycosides [132] | Excessive use cause toxicity like acute toxicity, burning sensation in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting [133] |
4. | Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. LI 10 | Essential oils, fatty oil, proteins, carbohydrates, fiber and ash [134] | Nontoxic [135] |
5. | Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum L. LI 33 | Alkaloids, carbohydrates, volatile oil, tannins, and flavonoids [136] | Acute and sub chronic toxicity [137] |
6. | Apiaceae Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel. LI 47 | Terpenoids, Sulfide derivatives, volatile Oil and Phenols [138] | Little toxicity including (including lung metastasis) [139] |
7. | Apiaceae Pleurospermum brunonis Benth. ex C.B.Clarke LI 80 | None | None |
8. | Apocynaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. LI 24 | Cardenolides, flavonoids, and saponins [132] . | Highly toxic [140] |
9. | Apocynaceae Carissa spinarum L. Haines LI 22 | Alkaloids, tannin, glycoside, steroids and carbohydrates [141] | Acute toxicity (Shamim, 2014) |
10. | Apocynaceae Rauvolfia serpentina L. LI 84 | Phenolic acids and flavonoids [142] | None |
11. | Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. LI8 | Flavonoids, polyacetylenes, and hydroxylactone [143] | |
12. | Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L. LI 12 | Carbohydrate, saponins, phytosterol, proteins, amino acid, tannin & phenolic compounds and flavonoids [144] | Genotoxicity [145] |
13. | Asteraceae Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauverd LI 50 | None | Less toxicity [139] |
14. | Asteraceae Gnaphalium affine D.Don LI 51 | Flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, Triterpenes and phytosterols [146] | Damage oxidative compounds and produce various toxic compound that are harmful for humans [139] |
15. | Asteraceae Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. LI 60/ | Flavonoids, anthocynadins and flavanones [147] | Nontoxic [148] |
16. | Asteraceae Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip. LI 93 | Alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids [149] | Acute toxicity [150] |
17. | Asteraceae Senecio chrysanthemoides DC LI 94 | Triterpene, emodins,polyphenol, reducing sugar and anthocyanosides [151] | Hepatotoxicity [150] |
18. | Asteraceae Sonchus asper (L.) Hill LI 96 | Ascorbic acid, carotenoids and fatty acids [152] | Acute toxicity [153] |
19. | Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale aggr. F.H. Wigg. LI 99 | phenolic compounds, flavonoid glycosides [154] | Acute toxicity [155] |
20. | Asteraceae Tussilago farfara L. LI 103 | Terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids [156] | Acute toxicity [157] |
21. | Balsaminaceae Impatien edgeworthii Hook. f LI 54 | Flavonoids, sugars, alkaloids and saponins [158] | Cytotoxicity [159] |
22. | Berberidaceae Berberis lycium Royle LI 15 | ß-sitosterol, 4,4-dimethylhexadeca-3-ol, Butyl-3-hydroxypropyl phthalate, Butyl-3-hydroxypropyl phthalate and 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin [160] | Acute toxicity and oral toxicity [158] |
23. | Boraginaceae Hackelia americana (A.Gray) Fernald LI 52 | Phenols, saponins, and flavonoids [161] | Hepatotoxicity [162] |
24. | Boraginaceae Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. LI 71 | Flavonoid, amines, iridoids and sesquiterpene [163] | Acute toxicity [164] |
25. | Brassicaceae Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. LI 20 | 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol and HEPES 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazine-ethane-sulphonic acid [165] | Poisonous [166] |
26. | Buxaceae Buxus papillosa C.K. Schneid. LI 21 | Cyclobuxupaline-C (IV)(+)-cyclopapilosine-D (VII) and (+)-buxamine-C [167] | Nonpoisonous [168] |
27. | Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L LI 26 | Alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, resins, terpins and steroids [169]. | High doses cause inhibition of hepatic drug and decreased fertilization capacity [170] |
28. | Capparaceae Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. LI 27 | alkaloids, phenols, sterols and glycosides [171] | Acute toxicity [172] |
29. | Caprifoliaceae Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. LI 105 | Phenols, flavonoids and tannins [173] | Fumigant toxicity [174] |
30. | Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet, LI 29 | None | None |
31. | Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L LI 32 | Terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides [175] | Acute and sub-acute toxicity, male reproductive toxicity [176] |
32. | Convolvulaceae Cuscta reflexa Roxb. LI 35 | Flavonoids and tannins [177] | Oral toxicity [178] |
33. | Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo L. LI 36 | Alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, phytosterols [179] | Metal toxicity [180] |
34. | Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. LI 59 | Protein, carbohydrates, Flavonoid and saponin [181] | Gastrointestinal toxicity [182] |
35. | Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. LI 67 | Alkaloid, glycoside, aglycone, tannin, sterol, phenol, protein and carbohydrate [183] | Hepatotoxicity [184] |
36. | Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. LI 56 | Steroids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids [185] | Nephrotoxicity [186] |
37. | Cupressaceae Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. LI 57 | Alkaloids,flavonoids, phenols, saponins and diterpenes [187] | Cytotoxicity [188] |
38. | Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis L LI 38 | Flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and sterols [189] | Fumigent toxicité [190](Chang et al., 2012) |
39. | Elaeagnaceae Hippophae rhamnoides L. LI 53 | Phenol, Quercetin and Catechin [191] | Non toxic [192] |
40. | Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. LI 43 | Flavonoids, alkaloids, minerals, phenolic petrosins, triterpenoids, saponins, phytosterols [193] | Acute and metal toxicity [194] |
41. | Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia L. LI 44 | Reducing sugars, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavanoids and phenolic compounds [195] | Cytotoxicity [196] |
42. | Fabaceae Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze LI 14 | Sterols, triterpenes, glycosides flavonoids and proteins [197]. | Acute and oral toxicity [198] |
43. | Fabaceae Delbergia sissoo L. LI 41 | Proteins, phyto sterols, tannins, starch, flavonoids and tannins [199]. | Acute toxicity [200] |
44. | Fabaceae Pisum sativum L. LI 77 | Tannins, terpenoides, alkaloids and flavonoids [201] | Cadmium toxicity in human [202] |
45. | Fabaceae Trigonella foenum-graecum L LI 102 | Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and phenols [203] | Acute toxicity [204] |
46. | Gentianaceae Swertia abyssinica Hochst. LI 97 | None | Hepatic toxicity [205] |
47. | Lamiaceae Ajuga integrifolia Buch-Ham-ex D. Don LI 5 | Essential oil [206] | Body weakness [205] |
48. | Lamiaceae Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) LI 55 | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, oils, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and anthraquinones [207] | Cytotoxicity [159] |
49. | Lamiaceae Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth LI 66 | None | Membrane toxicity of cell [184] |
50. | Lamiaceae Nepeta hindostana (B.Heyne ex Roth) Haines. LI 68 | None | Mycotoxin [208] |
51. | Lamiaceae Rydingia limbata (Benth.) Scheen & V.A. Albert LI 90 | None | Cytotoxicity [209] |
52. | Lamiaceae Salvia moorcroftiana wall. ex Benth LI 92 | Flavonoids, diterpenoids and sterols [210] | Nontoxic inhibitor [211] |
53. | Lamiaceae Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. LI 101 | Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroid, reducing sugar, terpenoid, anthraquinone, phlobatannin and glycoside [212] | Acute toxicity [213] |
54. | Loranthaceae Loranthus pulverulentus Wall LI 62 | Triterpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, proteins, tannins and glycosides [214] | Low toxicity [148] |
55. | Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis
L. LI 61 | Glycosides, phytosterol, steroids, saponins, and tannins [215] | Highly toxic [148] |
56. | Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench LI 1 | Carbohydrate, gums and mucilages, proteins, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic Compounds and volatile oil (Saha et al., 2011). | No toxic effect [216] |
57. | Meliaceae Melia azadarach L. LI 65 | Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols [217] | Toxic [218] |
58. | Myrsinaceae Myrsine africana L. LI 63/ | Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, steroids and reducing sugar [219] | Acute toxicity [148] |
59. | Nitrariaceae Peganum harmala L. LI 72 | Alkaloids, flavonoids and anthraquinones [220] | Cytotoxicity [221] |
60. | Nyctaginaceae Boerrehavia diffusa L. LI 19/ | 1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl, phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid [222] | Acute toxicity [223] |
61. | Oleaceae Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif LI 70 | Flavonoids, terpenes [224] | Low toxicity [164] |
62. | Papaveraceae Corydalis govaniana Wall. LI 34 | Alkaloids [225] | Acute toxicity (Mukhopadhyay et al., 1987) |
63. | Phytolaceae Phytolacea letsenia L. LI 73 | None | |
64. | Pinaceae Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don). LI 28 | Tannins, flavanoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids [226] | Cytotoxicity [172] |
65. | Pinaceae Pinus roxburgii Sarg LI 75/ | Flavonoids and terpenoids [227] | Acute toxicity [228] |
66. | Pinaceae Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. LI 76 | Flavonoid and phenolic [229] | Toxic [228] |
67. | Plantaginaceae Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle. ex Benth. LI 74 | Sterols, glycosides and phenolic compounds [230] | Cytotoxicity [231] |
68. | Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. LI 78 | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, terpenes, lignans, tannins, polysaccharides, steroidal glycoside, thiosulfinates, proanthocyanidin and proteins [232] | Less toxicity [233] |
69. | Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. LI 79 | Anthraquinone, Glycosides and alkaloids [234] | Not toxic [235] |
70. | Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LI 37 | Alkaloids, anthroquinone, flavonoids, saponins, steriods, tannins and triterpenoid [190] | Fungal growth, biomass toxicity [236] |
71. | Polygonaceae Fagopyrum acutatum (Lehm.) Mansf. ex K.Hammer LI 45 | Protein, carbohydrates, fat and rutin [237] | Hepatotoxicity [238] |
72. | Polygonaceae Polygonum nepalense Meissn. LI 81 | None | Toxic [239] |
73. | Polygonaceae Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. LI 87 | Tannins, anthraquinones, amino acids flavonoids and carbohydrates [240] | Non toxic in cell [241] |
74. | Polygonaceae Rumex dissectus H. Lév. LI 88 | B-carotene linoleic acid, has antioxidant activity [242] | Less toxic [243] |
75. | Polygonaceae Rumex dentatus L. LI 89 | Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins [244] | Toxic [174] |
76. | Polygonaceae Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. LI 46 | Flavonoids [245] | Cytotoxicity [246] |
77. | Primulaceae Androsace rotundifolia Lehm. ex Roem. & Schult. LI 9 | None | Less toxic [247] |
78. | Pteridaceae Adiantum venustum D. Don LI 4 | Adininaneone, adininaonol and Norhopan [248] | Nontoxic (Huxley et al., 1992) |
79. | Ranunculaceae Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes LI 2 | Alkaloids, benzoylmecasonine and mesaconitine [249] | Some species are highly poisonous [250] |
80. | Ranunculaceae Aconitum delphinifolium DC. LI 3 | Alkaloids, benzoylmecasonine and mesaconitine [249] | Slightly poisonous when used in access [250] |
81. | Ranunculaceae Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle LI 13 | None | Nontoxic [251] |
82. | Ranunculaceae Caltha alba Cambess LI 25/ | Alkaloides, flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenoides [252] | Acute toxicity, cytotoxicity [216] |
83. | Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. LI 69 | Flavonoid glycosides quercetin and kaempferol 3-glucosyl [253] | Hepatotoxicity [254] |
84. | Rhamnaceae Colubrina oppositifolia Brongn. ex H. Mann LI 23 | None | |
85. | Rosaceae Malus pumila Mill. LI 64 | Triterpenoids and flavonoids [255] | Hepatotoxic [148] |
86. | Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. LI 82 | Carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and organic acids [256] | Acute and renal toxicity [257] |
87. | Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch LI 83 | Phenolics, anthocyanins and flavonoids [258] | Toxic side effects [259] |
88. | Rosaceae Rosa chinensis Jacq LI 85 | None | None |
89. | Rosaceae Rubus abchaziensis Sudre LI 86 | Diterpene glycosides, phenolic glycoside and Lignan glycoside [260] | Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity [261] |
90. | Rubiaceae Galium abaujense Borbás LI 48 | None | None |
91. | Rubiaceae Gallium aparine L. LI 49 | None | None |
92. | Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum DC LI 11 | Limonene,linalool,neral [262] | Cytotoxic and Phytotoxic potential [263] |
93. | Rutaceae Citrus medica L. LI 30 | Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and flavonoids [264] | Estrogenic effect [265] |
94. | Rutaceae Citrus sinensis L. LI 31 | tannin, alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, tripertenes [266] | Fumigant toxicity [267] |
95. | Salicaceae Salix babylonica L. LI 91 | Phenolics and saponins [268] | Cytotoxicity [269] |
96. | Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq LI 42 | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, steroids, sterols, tannins, and triterpenoids [270] | Acute toxicity [271] |
97. | Saxifragaceae Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb LI 16 | Alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols, flavonoids and diterpenes [272]. | Acute toxicity [273] |
98. | Saxifragaceae Bergenia ligulata Engl. LI 17 | Bergenin, catechin, gallicin and gallic acid [274] | Radical toxicity in renal epithelial cell [275] |
99. | Saxifragaceae Bergenia stracheyi Hook.f. & Thomson) Engl LI 18 | Bergenin 2. Tannic acid 3. Gallic acid 4. Stigmesterol 5. β-Sitosterol 6. catechin 7 [276] | Acute toxicity [277] |
100. | Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus L. LI 106 | Methanolic extract has antiviral activity against the pseudorabies virus [278] | Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids [279] |
101. | Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. LI 40 | Saponins, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides [280] | Poison and hallucinogen [281] |
102. | Solanaceae Solanum virginianum L. LI 95 | None | Cytotoxicity [282] |
103. | Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst. LI 98 | Flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins [283] | Less toxic [284] |
104. | Taxaceae Taxus wallichiana Zucc. LI 100 | Diterpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, steroids and sugar derivatives [285] | Hepatotoxicity [286] |
105. | Thymelaeaceae Daphne mucronata S Royle LI 39 | Coumarins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, lignin, glucosides, daphnine and umbelliferone [287] | Leaf extract is highly toxic [287] |
106. | Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. LI 104 | Phytosterols, saponins, flavanoids, tannins, hydrolysable tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acids [288] | Nontoxic [289] |